What are complex sentences with different types of connection. Subordinating, coordinating, non-conjunctive connections in a complex sentence

Non-conjunction sentences with coordinating connection- these are non-conjunctive sentences, which in structure and semantic relationships between their parts are identical to compound sentences. These two types of sentences differ from each other only in the presence or absence of a connecting conjunction (a connecting conjunction can be substituted into non-union sentences, and, on the contrary, removed from a complex sentence).

Structurally, such non-conjunctive sentences can potentially consist of an unlimited number of predicative parts, therefore they are called open non-conjunctive complex sentences (or non-conjunctive sentences of open structure).

An open non-union sentence, consisting of several equal parts, names and lists a number of sequential or simultaneous events or phenomena:

The moon stands over a transparent mountain, The surrounding area is bathed in an uncertain light, A row of cypress trees are lined up, Their shadows run into the unknown (V. Ya. Bryusov)

Such non-conjunctive complex sentences are formed with a monotonous enumerative intonation, that is, all parts of the sentence are intonated equally. In addition, all parts of the non-union sentence are united by one leading topic. The order of the parts of a non-union sentence is free, that is, you can easily swap parts.

Non-conjunction sentences with subordinating connection- these are non-conjunctive sentences, which both in structure and in semantic relationships between parts are identical to complex sentences. Such non-conjunction sentences consist of only two parts and are called closed non-conjunction complex sentences (or closed structure non-conjunction sentences).

The fixed (not free) order of arrangement of the two parts of a closed non-conjunct sentence helps to establish semantic relationships between these predicative parts, that is, when rearranging the parts of a non-conjunct sentence, the semantic relationships between them change or the sentence as a whole is destroyed. For example, in the sentence I was late: the car broke down, the second part of a complex sentence tells the reason, and in the sentence The car broke down - I was late, the second part is a consequence of what is reported in the first part.

Parts of such a complex sentence are formed by explanatory intonation (one part explains the other) or contrastive intonation (the first part of the sentence is characterized by a very high tone, the second by a lower tone). Intonation depends on the semantic relationships between parts of a complex sentence in oral speech, and in writing - the choice of punctuation mark (colon or dash).

Between the parts of closed non-union complex sentences, various types of semantic relationships are established, that is, the semantic role of the subordinate part in relation to the main part is determined. The following varieties can be distinguished: Material from the site

An explanatory non-union sentence is a non-union complex sentence in which the first part contains supporting words - verbs that require addition, explanation, distribution, which is the content of the second part: I knew: the blow of fate would not bypass me (M. Yu. Lermontov).
An explanatory non-union sentence is a non-union complex sentence in which the second part reveals, specifies, explains the content of the first part (often a separate word or word combination of the first part): The whole city there is like this: a swindler sits on a swindler and drives the swindler (N .V. Gogol).
A non-union sentence of justification and reason is a non-union complex sentence, the second part of which contains the justification or reason for what is said in the first part: I can’t sleep, nanny: it’s so stuffy here! (A.S. Pushkin). I am sad: there is no friend with me (A.S. Pushkin).
A non-conjunction sentence with a predicative construction of a consequence is a non-conjunction sentence, the second part of which is a consequence of the action named in the first part of the sentence. Some non-conjunctive sentences with a causal predicative construction can be turned into sentences with an investigative predicative construction. To do this, it is enough to swap the predicative constructions: I opened the window: it was stuffy (reason). It was stuffy - I opened the window (consequence).
An adversarial non-union sentence is a sentence in the second part of which a sharp opposition is expressed to what is said in the first part: I knew about poetry from the very beginning - I knew nothing about prose (A. A. Akhmatova).

Opposition in a non-union complex sentence is often associated with negation:

Not for the songs of spring over the plain The green expanse is dear to me - I fell in love with the longing of a crane On a high mountain a monastery (S. A. Yesenin)

Many non-union sentences are characterized by polysemy of semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence; these relationships often defy unambiguous interpretation: the boundaries between different meanings are blurred and not clear enough.

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sentences with subordinating non-conjunctive connection
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What is a subordinating and non-union connection?
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sentence with subordinating and non-union connections.

Non-conjunction sentences with subordinating connection- these are non-union sentences, which both in structure and in semantic relationships between parts are identical to complex sentences. Such non-conjunction sentences consist of only two parts and are called closed non-conjunction complex sentences (or closed structure non-conjunction sentences).

The fixed (not free) order of arrangement of the two parts of a closed non-conjunct sentence helps to establish semantic relationships between these predicative parts, that is, when rearranging the parts of a non-conjunct sentence, the semantic relationships between them change or the sentence as a whole is destroyed. For example, in the sentence I was late: the car broke down, the second part of a complex sentence communicates the reason, and in the sentence The car broke down - I was late, the second part is a consequence of what is reported in the first part.

Parts of such a complex sentence are formed by explanatory intonation (one part explains the other) or contrastive intonation (the first part of the sentence is characterized by a very high tone, the second by a lower tone). Intonation depends on the semantic relationships between the parts of a complex sentence in oral speech, and the choice of punctuation mark (colon or dash) in writing.

Various types of semantic relationships are established between the parts of closed non-union complex sentences, that is, the semantic role of the subordinate part in relation to the main part is determined. The following varieties can be distinguished:

An explanatory non-union sentence is a non-union complex sentence in which the first part contains supporting words - verbs that require addition, explanation, distribution, which is the content of the second part: I knew: the blow of fate would not bypass me (M. Yu. Lermontov).
An explanatory non-union sentence is a non-union complex sentence in which the second part reveals, specifies, explains the content of the first part (often a separate word or phrase of the first part): The whole city there is like this: a swindler sits on a swindler and drives the swindler (N.V. Gogol).
A non-union sentence of justification and reason is a non-union complex sentence, the second part of which contains the justification or reason for what is said in the first part: I can’t sleep, nanny: it’s so stuffy here! (A.S. Pushkin). I am sad: there is no friend with me (A.S. Pushkin).
A non-union sentence with a predicative construction of a consequence is a non-union sentence, the second part of which is a consequence of the action named in the first part of the sentence. Some non-conjunctive sentences with a causal predicative construction can be turned into sentences with an investigative predicative construction. To do this, it is enough to swap the predicative constructions: I opened the window: it was stuffy (reason). It was stuffy - I opened the window (consequence).
An adversarial non-union sentence is a sentence in the second part of which a sharp opposition is expressed to what is said in the first part: I knew about poetry from the very beginning - I knew nothing about prose (A. A. Akhmatova).

Opposition in a non-union complex sentence is often associated with negation:

Not for the songs of spring over the plain

The green expanse is dear to me -

I fell in love with the melancholy crane

Monastery on a high mountain

(S. A. Yesenin).

Non-union and allied coordinating connections are one of the ways of constructing. Without them, speech is poor, because they provide more information and are capable of containing two or more sentences telling about different events.

Complex sentences and their types

Depending on the number of parts, complex structures are divided into two- and polynomial. In any of the options, the elements are connected either by a conjunction (which, in turn, is provided by the corresponding part of speech) or by a non-conjunction.

Depending on what types of relationships are present, complex formations create the following groups:

Complex sentence with non-union and allied coordinating connection: The sky suddenly darkened, a distant rumble was heard, and a wall of rain covered the ground, driving down dust and washing away the city smog.
Constructions that combine elements with a subordinating relationship, for example: The house we entered was depressing, but in this situation we had no choice.
Complex sentences with subordinating and non-conjunctive types of connections: No matter how he hurried, his help was late: another car took the wounded.
In polynomial constructions, subordinating, non-union and allied coordinating connections can be used simultaneously. The next time the phone rang, my mother answered it, but heard only the voice of a robot informing her that her loan was overdue.

It is important to be able to distinguish between complex sentences and constructions complicated, for example, by homogeneous predicates. As a rule, in the first case, the syntactic lexical unit contains several grammatical stems, while in the second there will be one subject and several predicates.

Non-union designs

In this type of lexical constructions, 2 simple sentences or more can be combined, which are connected by intonation and meaning. They can communicate with each other in the following ways:

Sentences are linked by enumeration. The evening gradually faded, night fell on the earth, the moon began to rule the world.
Constructions in which elements are divided into several parts, two of which are opposite fragments. The weather was as if to order: the sky cleared of clouds, the sun was shining brightly, a light breeze blew across the face, creating a slight coolness. In this non-union construction, the second fragment, consisting of 3 simple sentences connected by enumerative intonation, explains its first part.
A binary combination of simple elements into a polynomial complex structure, in which the parts are combined into semantic groups: The moon rose above the ridge, we did not immediately notice it: the haze hid its radiance.

A non-conjunctive, like a conjunctive coordinating connection, in a complete connection separates individual sentences from each other with punctuation marks.

Commas in non-union polynomial constructions

In complex compounds, their parts are separated by commas, semicolons, dashes and colons. Commas and semicolons are used in enumerative relations:

The parts are small in size and connected to each other in meaning. After the storm there was silence, followed by a light whisper of rain.
When parts are too common and not connected by a single meaning, a semicolon is used. Chamomiles and poppies covered the entire clearing; Grasshoppers were chirping somewhere below.

Non-union constructions are most often used to convey a large amount of information that is not always connected in meaning.

Dividing marks in non-union formations

These signs are used for the following types of relationships between elements of a syntactic structure:

Dash - when the second part is sharply opposed to the first, for example: We knew about his fears - no one knew about his readiness to die.(In such a construction with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts, I would like to put the conjunction “but”).
When the first part talks about a condition or time, then a dash is also placed between it and the second fragment. The rooster crowed - it's time to get up. In such sentences, the meaning of the conjunctions “if” or “when” is appropriate.
The same sign is placed if the second part contains a conclusion about what was discussed in the first. There was no strength to object - he silently agreed. In such conjunction constructions, “therefore” is usually inserted.
When the second part of the sentence is compared and determined by what is narrated in the first. He makes a speech - he breathes hope into people. In these constructions you can add “as if” or “as if”.
In sentences with an explanatory connection and justification of the reason, a colon is used. I’ll tell you to the point: you can’t let your friends down.

Sentences with a non-union, as well as a union, coordinating connection between parts are separated by signs depending on their semantic relationship.

Complex constructions

In sentences of this type, a coordinating connection is used, carried out using coordinating conjunctions. In this case, between their parts there may be:

Connective relationships interconnected by unions and, yes or, particles also, also and neither...nor. No birds chirp, no mosquito squeaks, no cicadas chirp.
In separating relationships, conjunctions are used what and, or, particles either... or, not that... not that and others. Either the wind brings an incomprehensible sound, or it itself approaches us.
Sentences with both non-union and allied coordinating connections with comparative relations indicate the identity of events, but in the second case with the use of conjunctions namely And that is. Everyone was happy to see him, that is, that’s what he read on their faces.
Explanatory relationships tend to use conjunctions yes, but, ah, particles but, and therefore and others. A blizzard was raging outside the window, but it was warm near the fireplace in the living room.

Often it is conjunctions and particles that explain what connects simple sentences into a single complex structure.

Complex sentences with mixed types of communication

Constructions where there is both a non-union and a union coordinating connection at the same time are found quite often. They can contain separate blocks, each of which contains several simple sentences. Within blocks, some elements are connected to others in meaning and are separated by punctuation marks with or without conjunctions. In a complex sentence with a non-conjunctive and a conjunctive coordinating connection, the boundary between them is the dividing marks, although the individual blocks may not be connected in meaning.

Complex sentences (CSS) are syntactic constructions containing two or more simple sentences, connected by a subordinating relationship and connected by appropriate conjunctions. The subordinating relationship in a complex sentence is of several types, depending on the semantic relationships between its structural elements.

In order to identify sentences with a subordinating connection, you need to check them for compliance with the following parameters:

two or more simple sentences that represent unequal parts: one is the main one, the second is the subordinate clause;
there is a subordinating conjunction or allied word;
in writing, its parts are separated by a comma.

In the IPP, from the main part to the subordinate part, you can pose a question. The type of connection depends on it. Examples: “We were unable to receive instructions on time (why?) because we were very tired and went home early,” “When I need help, I will turn to the right sources (when?).”

Connection in a phrase

Useful video: what are complex sentences

Means of subordinate communication

Parts of a sentence are connected using subordinating conjunctions: while, as, if, so that, since, as if and many others. Each union expresses a certain type of relationship that differs in meaning.

Sometimes, to connect the main and dependent parts, other linguistic means are used - allied words, which include:

relative: who, what, which, etc.;
relative pronominal adverbs: why, how, when, etc.

Conjunctive words and conjunctions that express different semantic relationships are presented in the table:

Communication type	Meaningful relations	Examples
Explanatory	formulates an explanation	I told my mom not to worry about me
Temporary	Indicate the time of action, specify the time	Marina ordered flowers when she heard that it was Masha’s birthday
Causal	expresses the reason for an action	I never thought about this before because I didn't know it could happen.
Conditional	Formulate conditional relationships	Dmitry would have placed an order immediately if he knew that the price of the goods would rise.
Target	Formulate target relationships	Oksana sang to earn money
Concessive	Formulate concessionary relations	Even though it was raining outside, there were a lot of people on the beach.

A conjunction and an allied word are elements that connect parts of a complex sentence. In the schematic representation, the conjunction belongs to the subordinate clause, it is not a member of the sentence.

Attention! The conjunction word not only connects two structural elements, but also plays a syntactic role in the subordinate clause.

For example: “There are no events that could be changed.” In this example, the word “which” is not a conjunction, but a conjunction word.

Types of subordination

A complex sentence may have more than one dependent part. They communicate with each other in different ways. Depending on this, the following types of subordination are distinguished:

homogeneous;
parallel;
sequential;
combined.

Each type has its own characteristics and differs from the others in certain characteristics.

Types of subordinating connections

Homogeneous and parallel

A homogeneous connection is formed provided that all dependent parts belong to the main one or belong to the same type. For example: “It seemed to me that I saw daylight, that I heard strange sounds, that I felt cold.”

Three subordinate clauses in this example answer one question and relate to the main one according to one characteristic. They refer to the same word and belong to the same species. In this case, all dependent elements are of the same type and answer the same question.

Parallel subordination occurs in constructions in which one of the conditions of homogeneity is not met.

For example, subordinate clauses can refer to the same word, but answer different questions. For example: “When I finished reading the book, it was difficult to understand (when? what?) what exactly I felt for its characters”, “When a storm was raging outside the window, I read a book (when?, which one?), which talked about story that happened to the children when they were relaxing in the forest with their parents.”

Homogeneous connection

Sequential and combined

Sequential subordination is connections in a sentence in which the dependent parts are interconnected by a “chain”, i.e. that is, each subsequent element depends on the previous one. They are defined as subordinate clauses of varying degrees. For example: “Maxim saw a film (which one?), where the actor (which one?) played, whom he loved (when?), when he was a child (which one?), who was in love with pictures about heroes.”

In this example, the second clause depends on the first, the third on the second, and the fourth on the third. Questions in such sentences are asked sequentially from one part to the next. They can be different and express different semantic relationships.

In combined subordination, all types of subordination are used: parallel, sequential, and homogeneous are mixed. This is typical for long structures with a large number of dependent ones. For example: “Yesterday I was so tired that I couldn’t understand whether my head hurt from the weather or from being overwhelmed at work.” In this example, two types of communication are used: sequential and homogeneous submission.