In the atlas for Pleshakov’s textbooks, almost all fauna from small insects to large mammals. The child will learn to identify animals from pictures, remember their names, and learn to divide animals into groups, that is, classify them. The atlas will be an excellent assistant in preparing lessons on the subject. the world around us in grades 1-4 primary school, especially according to the Perspective and School of Russia program, which are based on Pleshakov’s textbooks, where he often refers to searching for material in the atlas-determinant “From Earth to Sky”; in the workbooks there are also tasks on the atlas-determinant.

All classifications are very arbitrary, but using them it is easy to find the desired animal and find out its name. Pictures of animals to create the atlas were taken from the Bolshoi Soviet Encyclopedia and reference books on zoology.

Atlas-determinant "From earth to sky". Animals

If we're talking about When it comes to animals, everyone first of all remembers four-legged and furred mammals. But they are not the only ones that belong to the animal kingdom. In addition to mammals, it includes a huge variety of other organisms: fish, birds, insects, arachnids, mollusks, starfish, all kinds of worms and centipedes. Man also belongs to the animal kingdom, but is traditionally considered separately.

Unlike plants, most animals can move independently to where they need to go, and therefore are much more difficult to identify using an atlas. If you get scared, he will run away and hide. Therefore, you need to focus all your attention on it, examine and remember the color and size, so that you can later find it using the atlas-identifier.

Invertebrates

Invertebrates are animals without backbones: snails, worms, insects, spiders, crustaceans and millipedes. They are usually not too large. The exceptions are some crabs, tropical centipedes and spiders, which can reach quite large sizes.

Shellfish and worms

Mollusks live in the seas, fresh water bodies and on land. Snails are gastropods with a single shell on top. Gastropod means that the abdomen of the mollusk is its only leg, with the help of which the animal moves. And there are also bivalve mollusks, which have two shells and they are tightly adjacent to each other, the mollusk is thus completely protected inside the shells on all sides. But worms and leeches do not have shells, they only have a long soft body.

Arachnids

These are spiders, ticks and scorpions. They all have 8 legs, and the body is covered with a dense chitinous shell.

Crustaceans and centipedes

Crustaceans include crayfish, crabs, cyclops, daphnia, wood lice and the like.

Insects

Insects are also invertebrates. Unlike spiders, they have 6 legs, not 8. Insects include beetles, butterflies, dragonflies, bedbugs and cockroaches, mosquitoes and flies, bees, and grasshoppers.

Beetles

Beetles are insects whose front wings have turned into hard elytra. Hence their scientific name"Coleoptera". Before taking off, the beetle first raises these elytra, and only then flaps its wings.

Large beetles: rhinoceros beetle, stag beetle, marbled beetle, scarab, oak longhorned beetle, large beetle, fringed beetle, large water lover.

The largest beetle living on Earth is lumberjack titan, living in South America. The length of its body (without antennae) can reach 16 cm. Adult beetles have extremely sharp “jaws” - mandibles, which can even break a pencil. Sensing danger, they begin to hiss and try to injure the enemy with their mandibles.

Not too large beetles: May beetle, bronze beetle, fragrant beetle, gray long-whiskered woodcutter, dung beetle, steppe slow beetle, ground beetle.

Small beetles: ladybug, black click beetle, iris beetle, mealworm, leaf beetle, bark beetle, bee moth, weevil, Colorado potato beetle, red predator, soft beetle, large firefly, spinner.

Butterflies

The Russian name “butterfly” comes from the Old Slavonic word “babъka”, which denoted the concept of “old woman” or “grandmother”. In the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, it was believed that these were the souls of the dead, so people treated them with respect. The most remarkable thing about butterflies is their large wings. The pattern of butterfly wings varies from species to species and captivates with its beauty. The appearance and coloring of a butterfly's wings serve not only for beauty, but also act as protective camouflage, allowing it to blend into its surroundings.

Diurnal butterflies are active during the day and sleep at night.

Moths and moths are active at dusk. Moths differ from butterflies in having a plumper and fluffier body. At night, as a rule, it is moths, not butterflies, that are active.

Scoop agrippina or, as it is otherwise called, tisania agrippina is the largest butterfly in the world, the wingspan of which usually reaches 30 cm. The butterfly is nocturnal.

Caterpillars

A caterpillar is the larva of a butterfly, moth or moth. The food of caterpillars is very diverse - from plants to honey and wax.

Dragonflies

Dragonflies are relatively large insects with a movable head, large eyes, short antennae, an elongated slender abdomen and four transparent wings with a dense network of veins. Dragonflies are predators that feed on insects caught in flight.

Grasshoppers and related insects

If you see an insect that jumps quite well and can also chirp, it is most likely a grasshopper or a related insect. Very often, grasshoppers have an appearance and color similar to appearance and the color of leaves or other parts of plants on which they live.

Bedbugs

A feature of most bedbugs is their scent glands. The secretions of these glands have a characteristic odor that is unpleasant to humans, which repels enemies.

Bees, wasps, bumblebees and ants

These insects build houses for themselves and live in them in large families. They have 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings.

Mosquitoes and flies

Mosquitoes are most common in humid climates and remain active during the warmer seasons of the year. They have a thin body, 3 pairs of long thin legs and 1 pair of wings. Flies also have only 2 thin wings and 3 pairs of legs, but the legs are shorter than mosquito legs, large eyes and a plump body.

Common mosquito (squeaker)- a type of mosquito that is found everywhere, overwhelming humans and animals with its intrusiveness. Adult squeak mosquitoes measure 3-8 mm. Only females drink blood, and males feed on nectar. Therefore, females have a long sting on their small heads.

Insects living in houses

Unusual insects

Fish

Fish are vertebrates with gills, fins and scales. They live in water: in seas, oceans, rivers and lakes.

Aquarium fish

In aquariums we usually breed small and beautiful tropical fish from warm seas that live near coral reefs.

Amphibians

Amphibians, or amphibians, are cold-blooded animals adapted to life in aquatic environment, and on land. Most of them first breathe with gills, and then, in adulthood, switch to pulmonary breathing. Amphibians include frogs and toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians.

Reptile

Reptiles are vertebrates that move primarily by crawling, dragging their belly along the ground. Another name for these animals is reptiles. These include snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and lizards. Their skin is dry, the outside is covered with scales, scutes, and maybe even a shell. Reptiles breathe with their lungs. All reptiles are cold-blooded and depend on temperature environment. They have a spine. A well-formed skeleton and muscles provide excellent mobility.

Common viper- poisonous snake. Lives in forests, wet lowlands, along river banks, near swamps and lakes. They know how to swim. The length of the snake can reach almost 1 meter, but snakes no larger than 60-70 cm are more common. They feed on mice, lizards, frogs and small birds. Vipers can range in color from black to gray or brown with a dark diamond pattern on their backs. When you see a viper in nature, you need to stop and slowly start moving back, facing the snake. If you frighten the viper by shouting or touching it, it will attack and bite. If you are bitten by a snake, you need immediate medical attention.

Already ordinary not dangerous to humans. It can live in the same places where the viper lives, but is more often found along the banks of water bodies. Dimensions, like those of the viper, are up to 1 meter in length. They differ in the shape of their head: the snake’s is oval, the viper’s is like a triangle with rounded edges. It’s black, but there are 2 yellow-orange spots on the sides of the head, which make it possible to distinguish this snake from other snakes. It swims well under water and on its surface. Snakes feed mainly on frogs.

Birds

Birds are feathered vertebrates. All birds have wings, but not all can fly. Birds lay eggs from which chicks hatch.

Some bird species do not fly far from their habitat, while others - migratory birds - fly long distances in spring and autumn. They winter in warm countries, and in the summer they fly north, to where there is more food and the opportunity to feed the chicks.
They don't fly away from us: sparrows, tits, bullfinches, jays, nuthatch, jackdaws, pigeons, crows, magpies, woodpeckers.
Migratory birds: swallow, swift, wagtail, starling, lark, redstart, rook, cuckoo, sandpiper, thrush, crane, swan, duck, heron, wild geese.

Birds of our ponds

Birds of Prey

Birds of the living corner

Mammals

Mammals feed their babies milk, hence the scientific name.

Rodents

Rodents are the largest order of mammals, which includes mice, rats, hamsters, squirrels, porcupines, beavers and many other animals. They have a similar body structure and teeth. The teeth are adapted for processing solid plant foods, but some of them also feed on small animals. Rodents are small, less often medium-sized animals. The largest representative is the capybara, or capybara, which lives in South America. The capybara's body length reaches one and a half meters, and its weight is 60 kg. The smallest animal is the tiny mouse. Its length is less than 5 cm.

Ungulates

Ungulates are combined into one group based on the presence of hooves. And some of them also have horns. All ungulates are herbivores. They only eat plants, while deer eat lichens in addition to plants.

Beasts of Prey

Everyone knows such predatory animals as the wolf and the fox, but there are also predators living in our forests. These are the ferret, marten, weasel, ermine and otter. Their food is other animals.

Various animals

There are many different strange animals, for example fruit bats. These are not birds, but they fly well. Their forelimbs are very similar to wings without feathers. Other animals have their own interesting features, for example, the ability to live underground or change color depending on the time of year. And some even have spines instead of fur, like hedgehogs and porcupines. Hares feed exclusively on plant foods, while bats, moles, hedgehogs and shrews are not averse to eating insects and worms.

Dogs

We won't ignore pets either. Man not only tamed them, but also bred different breeds. For example - dogs. Strong, large, hardy dogs are service dogs. They help the police and military in their service. Hunting dogs are adapted to catching game and accompany the owner on the hunt. Decorative breeds of dogs decorate a house or apartment.

Animals of the living corner

Little favorites are decorative hamsters, white mice and guinea pigs. The world's smallest hamster is Roborovski's hamster. Its dimensions do not exceed 6 cm.

When we say rocks, we mean minerals and rocks. Minerals are solid natural substances, minerals are an integral part of rocks. Stones have helped people out since ancient times. They were used to build homes, tools, and even make weapons in the Stone Age. Some rocks are used as fuel; jewelry was and is still being made from semi-precious and precious stones. It is not for nothing that children begin to study the topic “minerals and rocks” in the first grade, and then repeat and reinforce them in the second, third, and fourth. An atlas-identifier like Pleshakov’s atlas will help you decide in the world of stones. It contains drawings by which the stone can be easily identified and its name found. And you will also learn a lot about some of them.

Some minerals form crystals in nature - these are figures with smooth edges, some form inclusions in rock, and others can be found in nature in the form of large stones.

Gems

People call bright, beautiful stones gems. They are used to make jewelry and crafts. Some minerals are so scarce in nature and so difficult to obtain, which is why products made from them are very expensive, these are precious (or jewelry) stones. Those that are more common are semi-precious (topaz, malachite, opal, amethyst). Even more often - ornamental, they are used to make figurines, boxes, souvenirs (agate, jasper, selenite, onyx).

There are not so many precious stones, for example, diamond, sapphire, ruby, emerald. The stones are polished, applying edges to them, and this makes the natural piece of mineral much more beautiful. A cut diamond is called a diamond.

But stones are good for more than just jewelry. Glass cutting tools are made from waste from diamond processing, which is known to be the hardest mineral. Previously, rubies were used in the production of lasers, but now they have been replaced by artificial rubies.

A beautiful slightly bluish or bright blue mineral with dark veins.

Malachite- a bright green mineral with a beautiful dark pattern. Previously in large quantities was mined in the Urals, in the mountains. Bazhov’s tales glorify the work of craftsmen processing Ural malachite. Malachite was used to make jewelry, boxes, and even vases and figurines.

Amber- This is petrified tree resin. It retains its yellow-orange color and transparency. Sometimes in amber you find various insects that got stuck in the resin many years ago.

Coral- this is the skeleton of sea inhabitants, coral polyps. Corals look like petrified, porous tree branches, ranging in color from yellowish to red and even black. Coral is used to make jewelry.

Pearl- it is not a mineral or a rock, although it looks like a round pebble. Pearls are produced by seashells - bivalve mollusks. Each pearl is covered with a layer of mother-of-pearl, it is smooth and shiny. There are white, pink and black pearls.

Stones are also used in construction as building materials (limestone, sandstone) and finishing materials (granite, marble).

Other minerals and rocks

These stones are collectively called minerals. Some of them are minerals, some are rocks, and some were formed from lava foam or plant remains.

Rock salt (mineral halite). If you clean this mineral from impurities, you get ordinary table salt that we eat. And in nature it is found in the form of huge crystalline blocks. Halite is very brittle and easily dissolves in water.

The mineral is one of the most common on the earth's surface. The color of the stone ranges from yellowish, greenish to brown.

A mineral that forms beautiful oblong crystals. If the crystals are transparent, it is popularly called rock crystal. If they are also colored purple, it is an amethyst. If white - milky quartz. There are many other types of quartz. They are used to make souvenirs and decorations. Quartz is part of granite.

Layered and shiny mineral. It is part of granite and gives it shine.

A rock consisting of grains of sand cemented by clay or other material. Sandstone can be of different colors, but the predominant color is grey, yellowish-gray or white, and less commonly reddish. It is often used in construction and site design.

Since ancient times, this mineral has been widely used in flints - devices for making fire. In this regard, one of the elements of flint began to be called flint, although today hardened steel is used instead of the mineral. Flint, moreover, easily splits into sharp fragments, so earlier primitive people it was used to make tools and sharp hunting weapons.

This is fossilized lava, porous volcanic glass, formed as a result of the release of gases during the rapid solidification of hot lava. She doesn't drown in water. Pumice is used for hygienic cleaning of heels from dry skin and you can find it in your bathroom.

This is a rock that consists of quartz, feldspar and mica. The color of granite depends on the ratio of minerals. Reddish, brownish, greenish or reddish inclusions in granite are pieces of feldspar, dark and shiny are mica, white translucent are quartz. The stone seems to be granular, and grain in Latin sounds like “granum”, hence the name of the rock - granite. The stone is hard and durable.

Limestone - Chalk - Marble.

The basis of limestone is the remains (shells, shells, skeletons) of mollusks and other ancient inhabitants of the seas. Over the years, they have been crushed and compressed underground. But the rock is still not strong and is washed away by water. Limestone is used as a building stone. Limestone, in which shells of marine animals and their fragments are visible, is called shell rock.

A special form of limestone is chalk. It is formed by very small organic particles left over from dead marine life. Chalk is fragile and crumbles easily. There are entire chalk islands that seem to have grown out of the sea.

Marble is hardened limestone. It, like limestone, consists of calcite, but also contains impurities. The color of marble depends on these impurities - these are stripes of different shades and curved lines. After polishing, a beautiful drawing, and therefore it is often used for decorative finishing of rooms and buildings.

Peat - Brown coal - Hard coal - Anthracite.

Peat consists of decomposed plants that grow in bogs. Its main component is sphagnum moss. Peat is actively used as fuel, as a fertilizer, and even as a filter for wastewater treatment plants.

Over time, the peat compacts and turns into brown coal.

And if it remains underground for many years, it will become coal. The coal deposits that people mine today were formed from plants that lived on the earth millions of years ago. This is a very long process. Coal is used as fuel.

Over time, hard coal becomes anthracite. On anthracite rocks you can sometimes even see imprints of ancient plants - giant ferns. From such plants all the anthracite now existing in the world was obtained.

The main source of iron. It is usually black, slightly shiny, turns red over time, very hard, and attracts metal objects.

If we talk about minerals, we cannot fail to mention oil, although it is not a stone, a mineral, or a rock. Oil is a mineral substance, a viscous dark-colored liquid with the smell of gasoline, flammable. Oil was formed from the decay products of small animal and plant organisms (plankton) that lived millions of years ago. It is mined from the very depths of the Earth. Used to produce fuel, lubricants, and plastics.

Video about beautiful stones from the gem museum:

Norway spruce and Scots pine are the most famous coniferous trees. Cedar pine grows in Siberia. People often call it Siberian cedar. Larch differs from other coniferous trees in having soft needles that fall off in the winter. Fir is similar to spruce, but the fir needles are flat and have two rows of stripes at the bottom. When we hear the name "maple", we imagine a tree with large, beautifully carved leaves.

Norway spruce And Scots pine- the most famous coniferous trees.

Cedar pine grows in Siberia. People often call it Siberian cedar.

Larch differs from other coniferous trees in its soft needles that fall off in the winter.

Fir- similar to spruce, but fir needles are flat and have two rows of stripes at the bottom.

When we hear the name" maple", we imagine a tree with large, beautifully carved leaves. However, there is Tatarian maple with oval leaves with small protrusions, American maple, in which each leaf consists of 3 or 5 separate leaflets.

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Let's look into the Earth's storerooms

Rocks form the thickness of the Earth, and themselves consist of minerals.

View samples feldspar, quartz and mica. These are minerals, joining together, form granite rock

Examine a piece of granite. Find colored grains. This is the mineral feldspar. Find translucent grains. This is a mica mineral.

Fill out the diagram. Composition of granite.
In the diagram, fill in the rectangle with the name of the rock with a green pencil, and the rectangles with the names of minerals with a yellow pencil.

Copy examples of rocks from the text of the textbook.

Granite, sand, clay, limestone, chalk, marble, flint

Find additional information about granite, feldspar, quartz, and mica in the atlas-determinant “From Earth to Sky.” Prepare a message about 1 - 2 of these stones (of your choice). Write it down brief information about them.

Granite
Granite comes in gray, pink, and red colors. It can often be seen in cities: the walls of some buildings are lined with granite, river embankments are built from it, and pedestals for monuments are made from it. Granite is a rock consisting of grains of several minerals. These are mainly feldspar, quartz, and mica. Colored grains are feldspar, translucent, sparkling grains are quartz, black mica. "Grain" in Latin is "granum". From this word the name “granite” appeared.

Feldspar
Feldspar is the most common mineral on the earth's surface. There are many varieties of feldspars known. Among them there are white, gray, yellowish, pinkish, red, green stones. Most often they are opaque. Some of them are used to make jewelry.

Quartz
Quartz is a mineral that is part of granite, but is often found on its own. There are quartz crystals ranging in size from a few millimeters to several meters! Transparent colorless quartz is called rock crystal, opaque white quartz is called milky quartz. Many people know transparent purple quartz - amethyst. There are pink quartz, blue quartz and other varieties. All these stones have been used for a long time to make various jewelry.

Mica
Mica is a mineral consisting of plates, thin leaves. These leaves are easily separated from each other. They are dark, but transparent and shiny. Mica is part of granite and some other rocks.

If you have your own collection of stones (for example, multi-colored sea pebbles or other stones), choose the most beautiful and interesting ones. Take photos and post them here. In your caption, try to convey your attitude towards the world of stones.

Looking at stones is a very exciting activity. When studying stones, you are sure to go into the distant past of our planet and the area where you live. There are countless different stones on Earth: beautiful and not so beautiful, of different colors and shapes. Looking at the stones, you think that each of them contains some kind of secret and many riddles. And not all of them have probably been revealed and solved. And how much these stones have seen in their lifetime! I would like to know what secrets they hide, how they differ from each other, what is the history of their appearance on Earth, and what benefits do stones bring to people?.

This section of the atlas presents wild herbaceous plants of open areas. Open places are any places where there is no large number trees. This is a meadow, a pasture, a vacant lot, a roadside, and a village yard. Here herbaceous plants are the main green inhabitants, and it is here that they are especially diverse.

The flowers on it are very helpful in identifying plants. Therefore, in the atlas we have collected on some pages plants with white flowers, on others, for example, with yellow, blue or purple, pink or red. Plants that do not have large and bright flowers are placed separately. Such plants have flowers, but they are small, inconspicuous and not particularly striking.

Dear readers!

All materials from the site can be downloaded absolutely free. All materials have been scanned by antivirus and do not contain hidden scripts.

The materials in the archive are not marked with watermarks!

The site is updated with materials based on the free work of the authors. If you want to thank them for their work and support our project, you can transfer any amount that is not burdensome to you to the site’s account.
Thank you in advance!!!