About the Gospel of Judas. “Subject to re-education behind barbed wire”

Dachau is a cute Bavarian town 16 kilometers northwest of Munich. Dachau is a symbol and prototype of fascist concentration camps, a place of suffering and death of thousands of people.

There is a legend that during the elections of 1933 almost the entire population German city Dachau voted against Hitler. Having come to power, the Fuhrer built a concentration camp here, taking into account the wind rose so that the smoke from the crematorium pipes would carry the smell of burnt flesh towards Dachau as often as possible...

On March 22, 1933, 77 years ago, the first concentration camp in Nazi Germany began operating in Dachau.

The Dachau concentration camp was the first to be built by the Nazis for “re-education.” It opened just 2 months after they took power in 1933.

During the 12-year existence of the camp, according to available information, more than 200,000 people from all over Europe became its prisoners. More than 43,000 prisoners died. The surviving prisoners were released by American troops on April 29, 1945. In 1965, on the initiative and plans of surviving prisoners, with the support of the Bavarian government, the Dachau Memorial Museum was established.

Dachau was initially intended for people who were considered for various reasons to be “polluting” the Aryan race. These were political opponents of the Nazi regime, primarily communists, socialists, clergy who opposed the regime, as well as Jews, gypsies, the mentally ill, prostitutes, drug addicts, etc. During the war, Dachau gained ominous fame as one of the most terrible concentration camps in which medical experiments were carried out over the prisoners.

Administrative building: utility services, catering unit, etc.

One of the few remaining prison barracks

The inscription inside the utility block - “No smoking”

Machine for punishing prisoners

On the left is a camp prison with punishment cells and torture chambers inside.

Behind the doors in the corridor are prison cells

The camp, designed for 6 thousand people, was constantly overcrowded, and the conditions there became especially catastrophic towards the end of the war. During its 12-year existence, at least 200 thousand prisoners passed through the camp gates.

Reconstructed furnishings in the barracks. Bunks.

A poplar alley planted by Dachau prisoners on the site of the “main street” of the camp, which ran between barracks demolished due to disrepair.

Camp border: ditch and live wire.

Camp crematorium. “Think how we died here.”

Camp crematorium

Ovens for burning corpses.

Door to the gas chamber. The inscription is “Shower”.

Inside.

Furnaces

Prisoners concentration camps had to wear stripes in the form of colored triangles on their clothes. For political prisoners they were red, for Jews - yellow, for “criminals” - green, for “asocial elements” - black, for gypsies - brown, and for homosexuals - pink. These marks could also be combined.

“Subject to re-education behind barbed wire”

77 years ago, the Nazis who came to power created the first concentration camp - Dachau. From Munich to this small town it is only ten minutes by train. The picturesque Bavarian landscape outside the window is suddenly replaced by a gray soundproof wall. On the station square there is a poster: “Welcome to Dachau.” What is more in this eye-catching “Welcome” - blasphemous thoughtlessness or the desire to declare the possibility of living normally next to SUCH a memory? Here is an invitation to the nearby McDonald's and a sign - "K memorial complex" Six kilometers along an excellent highway - and here are the gates of the first Nazi concentration camp, opened as a “model” camp in 1933. The prisoners left him in April 1945.

School of Murder

On January 30, 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany, and the National Socialist Party (NSDAP) led by him became the largest faction in the Reichstag in March. After March 1933, elections on a multiparty basis were no longer held in the country: within a few months, Reich legislation “ridd” Germany of the multiparty system. General confusion, the weak Weimar Republic, the Versailles laws that humiliated Germany and, as a result, the longing for a “strong hand” gave Germany Hitler. Many were optimistic about the elimination of unemployment, the construction of roads and the rise in production. Bleeded by the First World War, exhausted by unemployment and inflation, the country, as it seemed to many, was being resurrected. The majority welcomed the “improvement of the nation.” Dissolution of parliament and banning parties? Racist smell? Closing of opposition newspapers? It’s unpleasant, of course, but these are only temporary excesses in the “building of a new society.” Another step is the re-education of “alien elements” in conditions of isolation. The nation initially swallowed this too. And then it was too late: the brutal persecution and systematic elimination of political opponents began rapidly and without stopping.

On March 3, 1933, two days before the Reichstag elections, one of the Fuhrer's closest associates, Heinrich Himmler, became head of the police in Munich, the birthplace of German National Socialism. Already on March 20, at a press conference, he announced the creation of the Dachau concentration camp. The next day, the NSDAP's press organ, the newspaper Volkischer Beobachter (People's Observer), reported: “On Wednesday, near the town of Dachau, the first concentration camp will be created, designed for 5 thousand people. All communist and social democratic functionaries and, if necessary, criminals who threaten the security of the state will be sent here.”

The old munitions factory, idle since the First World War, became a place for arrestees from all over Germany and a “model school” for murder. On April 11, 1933, the camp was transferred from the Bavarian police to the control of the SS. From that moment on, prisoners lost all civil rights.

Internship Place

Reception barracks: bare plastered walls, cement floor, “living” barracks and the roll call area are visible from the windows. Now in this long, cold room there are museum display cases containing simple exhibits: old family photos, pince-nez, wallets, prescriptions for medicines, identity cards, medallions, combs. These are the last attributes of a normal life, the last little things thanks to which a person maintains connection with outside world, remaining on the other side of the barbed wire, a connection with home, with family. This is all that remains of thousands of prisoners in Dachau. Under the supervision of the SS men, which was accompanied by mandatory “measures of intimidation” - beatings and abuse - personal belongings were confiscated. All this was cynically called “SS Greeting” in the official camp daily routine. In June of the same year, Theodor Eicke became the camp commandant, who began “debugging the mechanism” for the destruction of people - moral and physical destruction. The minute-by-minute, detailed regulation of the entire camp existence was supposed to deprive the prisoners of their will, drive them crazy, and act stronger than exhausting work. For initially only political opponents were kept in Dachau. Communists, monarchists, social democrats, who fought with each other until 1933, missed the main danger in this petty struggle. And now they found themselves behind barbed wire.

A haircut and a striped camp uniform, a number instead of a first and last name - this is how the prisoner ceased to be a person, he became a two-legged creature who had only to obey commands, then, reaching complete exhaustion, end up in a gas chamber. Everyday life - hard labor, hunger, fatigue and fear... For special successes at the “experimental site” of Dachau, Eicke already in 1934 became the head of all concentration camps. Dachau became the poster child for “re-education institutions” that were supposed to instill terror in the population and force dissent into silence. All SS men sent to serve in the newly created concentration camps underwent mandatory training in Dachau.

The transformation of National Socialism from a misanthropic theory into a bloody practice was tested precisely in Dachau.

Experiments of "Doctor" Schilling

At first, the authorities explained to the nation that the camps were created to isolate those who threatened the security of the state. However, soon the “humanistic” version began to actively take root in people’s minds - about re-education in the camps of the lost. To reinforce the version of “re-education,” criminals began to be brought to Dachau and then to other concentration camps. And the SS made “socially close” personnel superior to “socially alien” ones.

During the Second World War, Dachau became a “geographical map”: after the Anschluss of Austria, Austrian prisoners appeared here, after the Nazi invasion of the Sudetenland - Sudeten Germans, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia - citizens of this country, then transports from Poland and Russia went to Dachau... Half of the people, loaded into cattle cars, arrived in Dachau already as corpses.

In Dachau, which was supposed to be “the first in everything,” experiments on living people were allowed for the first time - with the sanction of Himmler1. And the prisoners became the “guinea pigs”. The so-called experiments were supposed to reveal methods by which it was possible, for example, to “increase endurance and spiritual fortitude” German soldiers in conditions of war, the effectiveness of healing “wounded Aryan soldiers”. "Doctor" Klaus Schilling began work in Dachau in 1942, he created a malaria laboratory there. To “study the possibility of effective immunization,” more than a thousand prisoners were infected. The fever was treated, and the disease process was clearly recorded. There were also tuberculosis laboratories, sepsis and cellulitis laboratories. Schilling continued his experiments until April 1945, when Himmler ordered the “production” to be curtailed.

The purpose of the experiments in vacuum or rarefied air was “to study the stresses that German pilots might encounter at high altitudes or during landings with an unexpected drop in pressure and a decrease in oxygen content.” SS Untersturmführer “Doctor” Sigmund Rascher, in a letter to Himmler on May 15, 1941, raised the question of using “professional criminals” in death-bearing experiments, since “there are no volunteers for these experiments.” Himmler approved the idea and personally supervised the progress of the experiments. The subjects were sent to vacuum rooms and exposed to conditions that pilots might find themselves in. From mid-March to mid-May 1942 alone, about 200 prisoners, mostly political prisoners and priests, were subjected to these criminal experiments. Rascher reported to Himmler: “The test subjects, after procedures with air embolism until they regained consciousness, were brought to death.” The hypothermia experiments were intended to determine "how Aryan pilots stranded at sea could be helped to avoid the effects of hypothermia." The test subjects lay in pools of ice water for several hours, then they were tested on “ various methods warming up." The results were reported at a meeting in the Luftwaffe sanatorium in a report “On cooling experiments on humans.” By this time, “Doctors” Holzlehner and Finke had suspended their work at Dachau, since “the experiments did not bring any discoveries.”

Rascher planned to move his “laboratory” to Auschwitz and there continue a huge series of experiments on cooling at free fall. His report to Himmler dated February 12, 1943 states: “Auschwitz is better suited for this kind of experiment than Dachau, since there natural conditions naturally colder and due to larger territory camps for the experiment will attract less attention to the groans of the prisoners as they freeze.” The mentally ill and disabled were exterminated in Dachau (and from the beginning of World War II in other camps) not for “experimental” but for “humanistic” purposes: Hitler sanctioned the “cleansing of the race from the inferior,” calling this crime “death for deliverance.”

Much has been written and rewritten about Rascher’s experiments. In a nutshell, an excerpt from his report: “The third experiment was conducted under oxygen-free conditions corresponding to an altitude of 29,400 feet (8,820 meters). The subject was a 37-year-old Jew in good physical condition. Breathing continued for 30 minutes. Four minutes after the start, the subject began to sweat and turn his head. Five minutes later the cramps appeared; Between the sixth and tenth minutes, the breathing rate increased, and the subject began to lose consciousness. From the eleventh to the thirtieth minute, breathing slowed down to three breaths per minute and stopped completely by the end of the test... Half an hour after the cessation of breathing, the autopsy began.”

Before, during and after the experiment (photo at the stand in Dachau):

From the same series of experiments

No more expensive than memory

By April 1945, there were more than 30 thousand people in Dachau. American troops liberating Dachau on April 29, 1945 found a freight train full of corpses at the entrance to the camp.

After the end of the war, it became known that Himmler personally developed a plan to exterminate all prisoners of the camps - by bombing or poisons. On April 14, 1945, he sent a telephone message to the camp commandants: “Not a single prisoner should fall alive into the hands of the enemy.” On April 26, seven thousand Dachau prisoners were sent on a “death march” to the mountains. That same day, two escapees reached American troops advancing on Munich and informed them of the camp and the thousands of prisoners remaining there. The Americans abandoned the plan to immediately capture the capital of Bavaria, and their tanks entered Dachau on April 29. There is dead silence in the camp. Several shots into the air - and a jubilant cry in English and German, instantly repeated in many languages: “You are free!”

Of the 200 thousand who passed through Dachau during its entire existence, almost 32 thousand people died - despite the fact that Dachau, unlike Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor and many others, was not officially an extermination camp.

I walk through the deserted territory of the camp. “We’re closing soon, if you want to light a candle, I’ll open the chapel for you,” offers a tall, blue-eyed old man in an earflaps tied under his chin. He works here as a watchman. “I found this place when I was fired from a factory where I had worked for many years due to age. At first I couldn’t get used to it, everything inside resisted: coming to such a terrible place every morning. And then I thought: this kind of work is needed. I'm used to it." He clearly wants to talk: “Where did you come from?” - “From St. Petersburg.” The watchman smiles broadly: “Oh, I know, my father was there.” I ask, for some reason anticipating the answer and therefore immediately tensed: “When?” - “In 1943.” - “He wasn’t there, couldn’t be - Leningrad was never occupied!” - I’m already reacting bubblingly. “He was on the Leningrad front. Volkhov, Luga... He hated war. He was only a soldier, a corporal." We say goodbye, and finally I ask: “There are memorials at the sites of former concentration camps all over Germany. Do you think they are needed now or is it better to leave one and demolish the rest?” The answer follows immediately: “We definitely need it. All. I know what war is from my father, my son - from me. But he must see what it is, what kind of horror this war is. Now we sometimes say that maintaining such memorials is expensive. Nothing. No more expensive than memory."

Death Train Dachau

Dead guards of Dachau

Liberation. April 29, 1945

Punishment of prisoners at Dachau

KL Dachau from the air

The most deplorable fate was the fate of Soviet prisoners of war, who from the first days of the war with Soviet Union thousands were brought to Dachau. As a rule, they were used as living targets for training SS recruits in shooting. During the war, over 7,000 Soviet prisoners were shot in Dachau. Those of the Soviets who managed to avoid death from starvation and torture, at the SS training ground, in the medical office or in the gas chamber, after liberation from the concentration camp by American troops in April 1945, were handed over to the Soviet side and sent to their homeland - again to the camps , already as enemies of their people...

Russian prisoners of war in Dachau were shot near the wall of the crematorium.

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Klaus Schilling

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In 1936 he moved to Italy. There he studied the process of immunization on behalf of the Italian authorities, concerned about outbreaks of malaria among Italian troops during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. Schilling was given the opportunity to conduct experiments on prisoners in the psychiatric hospitals of Volterra and San Niccolo di Siena. The German government partially funded his research.

In 1941 he returned to Germany. In early 1942, Schilling was provided with a malaria research laboratory located in Dachau on Himmler's orders. The number of prisoners on whom experiments were carried out was about one thousand people, of which, according to various sources, from 300 to 400 people died.

After the war he was arrested. On October 13, 1945, Schilling was sentenced to death penalty by hanging. He was executed on 28 May 1946 at Landsberg Prison.

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“She’s not from here,” the man said quietly. - She's from afar...
This absolutely and completely confirmed my crazy guess, which appeared to me briefly and, frightening itself, immediately disappeared...
- How - from afar? – the baby didn’t understand. – You can’t go any further, can you? We're not going any further, are we?
And then Stella’s eyes began to widen a little, and understanding slowly but surely began to appear in them...
- Mommy, did she fly to us?!.. But how did she fly?!.. And how is she completely alone? Oh, she’s alone!.. How can we find her now?!
In Stella’s stunned brain, thoughts were confused and seething, overshadowing each other... And I, completely stunned, could not believe that what I had been secretly waiting for for so long and with such hope had finally happened!.. And now, Having finally found it, I couldn’t hold on to this wondrous miracle...
“Don’t kill yourself like that,” Fabius calmly turned to me. – They have always been here... And they always are. You just have to see...
“How?!..”, as if two stunned eagle owls, widening their eyes at him, we exhaled in unison. – How – always there?!..
“Well, yes,” the hermit answered calmly. - And her name is Veya. Only she won't come a second time - she never appears twice... Such a pity! It was so interesting to talk to her...
- Oh, so you two communicated?! – Completely killed by this, I asked upset.
- If you ever see her, ask her to come back to me, little...
I just nodded, unable to answer anything. I wanted to sob bitterly!.. Well, I got it - and lost such an incredible, unique opportunity!.. And now there’s nothing to be done and nothing can be returned... And then it suddenly dawned on me!
– Wait, what about the crystal?.. After all, she gave her crystal! Won't she come back?..
- I don’t know, girl... I can’t tell you.
“You see!..” Stella immediately exclaimed joyfully. - And you say you know everything! Why be sad then? I told you – there are a lot of incomprehensible things here! So think about it now!..
She was jumping up and down happily, but I felt that the same single thought was annoyingly spinning in her head like mine...
“You really don’t know how we can find her?” Or maybe you know who knows?..
Fabius shook his head negatively. Stella sank.

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After the war he was arrested. On October 13, 1945, Schilling was sentenced to death by hanging. He was executed on 28 May 1946 at Landsberg Prison.

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Pierre only now, on his visit to Bald Mountains, appreciated all the strength and charm of his friendship with Prince Andrei. This charm was expressed not so much in his relationships with himself, but in his relationships with all his family and friends. Pierre, with the old, stern prince and with the meek and timid Princess Marya, despite the fact that he hardly knew them, immediately felt like an old friend. They all already loved him. Not only Princess Marya, bribed by his meek attitude towards the strangers, looked at him with the most radiant gaze; but little, one-year-old Prince Nikolai, as his grandfather called him, smiled at Pierre and went into his arms. Mikhail Ivanovich, m lle Bourienne looked at him with joyful smiles as he talked with the old prince.
The old prince went out to dinner: this was obvious to Pierre. He was extremely kind to him both days of his stay in Bald Mountains, and told him to come to him.
When Pierre left and all the family members came together, they began to judge him, as always happens after the departure of a new person, and, as rarely happens, everyone said one good thing about him.

Returning this time from vacation, Rostov felt and learned for the first time how strong his connection was with Denisov and with the entire regiment.
When Rostov drove up to the regiment, he experienced a feeling similar to the one he experienced when approaching the Cook's House. When he saw the first hussar in the unbuttoned uniform of his regiment, when he recognized the red-haired Dementyev, he saw the hitching posts of red horses, when Lavrushka joyfully shouted to his master: “The Count has arrived!” and shaggy Denisov, who was sleeping on the bed, ran out of the dugout, hugged him, and the officers came to the newcomer - Rostov experienced the same feeling as when his mother, father and sisters hugged him, and the tears of joy that came to his throat prevented him from speaking . The regiment was also a home, and the home was invariably sweet and dear, just like the parental home.
Having appeared before the regimental commander, having been assigned to the previous squadron, having gone on duty and foraging, having entered into all the small interests of the regiment and feeling himself deprived of freedom and shackled into one narrow, unchanging frame, Rostov experienced the same calm, the same support and the same consciousness the fact that he was at home here, in his place, which he felt under his parents’ roof. There was not all this chaos of the free world, in which he did not find a place for himself and made mistakes in the elections; there was no Sonya with whom it was necessary or not necessary to explain. There was no option to go there or not to go there; there weren’t these 24 hours of the day that so many in various ways could be consumed; there was not this countless multitude of people, of whom no one was closer, no one was further; there were no these unclear and uncertain financial relations with his father, there was no reminder of the terrible loss to Dolokhov! Here in the regiment everything was clear and simple. The whole world was divided into two uneven sections. One is our Pavlograd regiment, and the other is everything else. And there was nothing else to worry about. Everything was known in the regiment: who was the lieutenant, who was the captain, who was a good person, who was a bad person, and most importantly, a comrade. The shopkeeper believes in debt, the salary is a third; there is nothing to invent or choose, just don’t do anything that is considered bad in the Pavlograd regiment; but if they send you, do what is clear and distinct, defined and ordered: and everything will be fine.

Klaus Karl Schilling

Schilling Klaus Karl (5/7/1871, Munich - 28/5/1946, Landsberg am Lech), physician, specialist in tropical medicine. Studied with Robert Koch in Berlin, since 1898 he specialized in the fight against malaria. For some time he worked as a doctor in the German colonies in Africa. Since the 1920s conducted serology experiments in Italian clinics. In Rome I met L. Conti, who, on behalf of G. Himmler invited Schilling to continue his research on malaria in the concentration camp Dachau. Since February 1942 he conducted experiments on prisoners of the Dachau concentration camp. More than 1,000 people were infected with malaria while developing a new vaccine. He tested the resulting synthetic drug on 2516 prisoners (mostly Poles, Russians, Italians). About 30 people died during the experiment, 300-400 from its consequences. After the war he was arrested by the Americans. At the trial of the American Military Tribunal in Dachau on December 31, 1945 he was sentenced to death. Hanged.

Zalessky K.A. SS. The most complete encyclopedia / Konstantin Zalessky. – M., Yauza-press, 2012, p. 578.

Read further:

Germany in the 20th century(chronological table).

World War II 1939-1945. (chronological table).

1. THE RECENTLY DISCOVERED GOSPEL OF JUDAS – A CAINITE WORK?

Some church fathers mention an early Christian group called the Cainites. They are believed to have possessed the Gospel of Judas, in which Judas was described not as a traitor, but as the best of the disciples.
This group revered those who had been defamed in Old Testament– Cain, as well as Esau, sodomites, Korah, etc., condemning the positive heroes of the Tanakh.
The Cainites glorified Judas as a conscious collaborator in the work of salvation, when Jesus was necessary to betray the archon of this world for the sake of the final victory over this archon. On the other hand, Judas was revered for preventing Jesus from revealing too many secrets.
The contents of the Gospel of Judas, which belonged to the Cainites, are practically unknown. A.-Sh. Puech arbitrarily associated the Cainites with Marcion, since heresiologists report that Marcion imagined Christ descending into hell and freeing Cain and the other "sinners" of the Torah, but leaving the "righteous" where they were - in hell. This becomes understandable in light of the general rejection of the Tanakh by many Christian groups. Worshipers of the demiurge were considered stupefied and incapable of knowing the truth of Christ. The group of perata described by Hippolytus demonstrated similar protest exegetical techniques. It is known that Philo of Alexandria already knew about a group of antinomians, םינימ, who considered Cain their ancestor (De poster.Cain.). These Cainites, Sethians, Ophites (Naassenes) could be the forerunners of Christianity.
Recently, an ancient manuscript entitled "The Gospel of Judas" was found in the Egyptian desert, and is now gradually becoming available to the public in a translation by Rodolphe Kasser. The new codex also contains two scriptures that were previously known as part of the Nag Hammadi library - the Revelation of James (V, 3) and the Epistle of Peter to Philip (VIII, 2).
Some pages of the manuscript have already been published, translated and have become the subject of further research.
One passage describes the betrayal as in the canonical gospels, with some deviating details. It is not reported how much money Judas received, and the initiative did not come from him, but from the priests and scribes. The priests consider Judas a trusted disciple of Jesus, but it is not clear whether the author agrees with this. There are many more pages to explore. The mention of Allogenes ("foreigner", "stranger") is very important. In the Nag Hammadi library there is a revelation entitled by this name and usually attributed to the Sethian group. The Latin equivalent of Άλλογενής is Peregrinus, and Lucian's satirical work describing the end of a certain Christian heretic (perhaps Marcion?) is entitled "Proteus Peregrinus". The concept itself is widely represented in Gnostic thought, and means that the Gnostics are alien to the world, and their home is transcendental and incomprehensible to worldly understanding. The Gospel of Jude makes this concept clear: Satan is rejected because the Gnostic does not belong to the offspring of Satan (i.e. material world), but belongs to a “different kind”. Satan is also called Saklas (Sakla, that is, a fool); in Gnostic writings this name is often applied to the demiurge, the deity of the Tanakh - see the Nag Hammadi library II, 1; III,2; XIII,1; all these writings are considered Sethian. Although this points to Sethian authorship, it must be remembered that the names of the "sects" and their differences from other groups are usually mentioned, and even coined, only by later polemicists. They were hardly self-names.
We can only wait for further publications.

2. JUDAS IN THE GOSPELS

Judas is mentioned relatively rarely in the Gospels. Mark does not name the traitor by name. Neither Mark nor Luke tells what happened to Judas after the betrayal. Matthew's account of Judas's suicide does not agree with the Acts of the Apostles, and attempts at reconciliation are futile.
John reports more about Judas than the weather forecasters.
Many scholars exclude Judas from Mark's original tradition. Schmithals and Volkmar find many reasons in favor of interpolation. In addition to purely textual arguments, these passages raise difficulties of theological understanding. The assumption that the Jewish priests needed a traitor to arrest Jesus is completely untrue. The priests chose to make the arrest at night only for fear of public outrage. Already arrested, Jesus pays no attention to Judas. Raschke has previously noted that the assumption that the disciples could not prevent betrayal is simply stupid.
Despite the noted contradictions, Schmitals continued to consider Judas a historical figure. The traitor is a historical figure even without his betrayal. Despite all the contradictions, Schmithals considered the mentions of Judas in the Gospels and Acts as evidence of his historicity. He believed that one of the disciples denounced the community after Easter, and Mark moved this event to the period before Easter. But there is no concrete evidence for anything like this in the Gospels or Acts. Patristic literature up to Irenaeus does not mention Judas the traitor. Irenaeus reports on the “heretical” teaching that Judas is the twelfth aeon. Here Irenaeus demonstrates familiarity with the image of Judas in the canonical gospels.
Origen knew the “heretical” tradition according to which Jesus was betrayed not only by Judas, but by a much larger number of disciples. Origen himself did not consider Judas a completely lost person. This was probably an apology against the possible charge that even if the disciples did not obey and did not understand, then Jesus' teaching was directed against the writings of the Old Testament.
Celsus considered the whole story psychologically absurd, especially since Jesus knew about the betrayal in advance and openly told His disciples about it.
Thus, it makes sense to assume that the image of Judas the traitor was introduced into the gospels later, perhaps around 160. This was probably a distortion of the early Gnostic tradition, which they tried to refute in this way.
The canonical gospels, especially the Gospel of John, preserve traces of Judas, who was not the fallen person that popular Christian ideas made him out to be. If Jesus chose Judas, knowing in advance that Judas would betray Him, then He encouraged him to do so... Although many believe that the heretics simply revised the church's assessment of Judas along with the negative characters of the Old Testament, it should still be assumed that it was the church that revalued Judas , since protest exegetical antinominalism is independent of the New Testament. Moreover, it was the church, which praised the Old Testament and Judaism, that was forced to denigrate Judas. This culminated the division with the “heretics”-antinominalists.
The inconsistencies associated with the end of Judah show the gradual development of the history of Judah. The Old Testament Ahithophel served as a model for his denigration.

3. JUDAH IN THE SCRIPTURES OF NAG HAMMADI

Although the Nag Hammadi writings do not mention Judas Iscariot, Judas or Judas Thomas plays a prominent role in them, but we do not see him as a traitor on the night before the crucifixion.
On the other hand, in one of the Nag Hammadi writings, Thoughts of our Great Power (VI, 4), there is an unnamed traitor who betrays the Savior into the hands of the rulers (archons). The Coptic translator seems to have misunderstood the original and the translation is very difficult to understand. The title brings to mind the story of Simon the Magus in the canonical Acts of the Apostles. However, it is difficult to assume a Simonian original; the dating of the text is also doubtful, although the Antichrist introducing circumcision can presumably be identified with Bar Kochba. The nameless traitor operates in a much more mythological context than Judas in the canonical gospels. The Savior’s works (miracles and preaching) put the archons and the Lord of Darkness to shame. They could not recognize the Savior and therefore needed a traitor. The reward for betrayal was nine coppers, not thirty pieces of silver. The Savior, not recognized by the archons and defeating them, is spoken of in 1 Corinthians 2:7 and in Ignatius, Eph 19, but there is no traitor there. The flesh of the Savior is described docetically, as alien to the archons. The traitor here is not considered evil; even more, he is capable of knowledge, gnostic self-determination. He is not selfish; the reward goes not to him, but to the archons who followed him. Instead of historical images The powers of the cosmos act in the New Testament (Pilate, Caiaphas, Herod).
It is difficult to imagine that this plot developed from the New Testament passion story. It is easier to imagine the canonical passion story as the result of “dressing the myth of the Savior in historical clothing” (Raschke’s formulation). In gospel history, the archons of myth became Jewish priests and Roman administrators. Thirty pieces of silver appeared to harmonize with Zechariah's prophecy. Betrayal (πρόδοσις) is close to denunciation (παράδοσις), and this later came in handy. The very concept of the “sacrament of betrayal” may indicate a certain liturgical/cult element, similar to the “sacrament of the bridal chamber” in Valentinian teaching. But here we are forced to admit that due to the unsatisfactory state of the text in Nag Hammadi we are already on a speculative path. But still, this allows us to consider Judas more of a mythological than a historical character.

Translation by Dm. Alekseev.