Basic formulas in physics table. Physics formulas that are recommended to be learned and mastered to successfully pass the Unified State Exam

Cheat sheet with formulas in physics for the Unified State Exam

And not only (may be needed for grades 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11). First, a picture that can be printed in a compact form.

Cheat sheet with formulas in physics for the Unified State Exam and more (may be needed for grades 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11).

and more (may be needed for grades 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11).

And then a Word file that contains all the formulas to print, which are located at the bottom of the article.

Mechanics

Pressure P=F/S
Density ρ=m/V
Pressure at liquid depth P=ρ∙g∙h
Gravity Ft=mg
5. Archimedean force Fa=ρ f ∙g∙Vt
Equation of motion for uniformly accelerated motion

X=X 0 + υ 0 ∙t+(a∙t 2)/2 S=( υ 2 -υ 0 2) /2a S=( υ +υ 0) ∙t /2

Velocity equation for uniformly accelerated motion υ =υ 0 +a∙t
Acceleration a=( υ -υ 0)/t
Circular speed υ =2πR/T
Centripetal acceleration a= υ 2/R
Relationship between period and frequency ν=1/T=ω/2π
Newton's II law F=ma
Hooke's law Fy=-kx
Law Universal gravity F=G∙M∙m/R 2
Weight of a body moving with acceleration a P=m(g+a)
Weight of a body moving with acceleration а↓ Р=m(g-a)
Friction force Ftr=µN
Body momentum p=m υ
Force impulse Ft=∆p
Moment of force M=F∙ℓ
Potential energy of a body raised above the ground Ep=mgh
Potential energy of an elastically deformed body Ep=kx 2 /2
Kinetic energy of the body Ek=m υ 2 /2
Work A=F∙S∙cosα
Power N=A/t=F∙ υ
Efficiency η=Ap/Az
Oscillation period of a mathematical pendulum T=2π√ℓ/g
Oscillation period of a spring pendulum T=2 π √m/k
Equation of harmonic vibrations Х=Хmax∙cos ωt
Relationship between wavelength, its speed and period λ= υ T

Molecular physics and thermodynamics

Amount of substance ν=N/Na
Molar mass M=m/ν
Wed. kin. energy of monatomic gas molecules Ek=3/2∙kT
Basic MKT equation P=nkT=1/3nm 0 υ 2
Gay-Lussac's law (isobaric process) V/T =const
Charles's law (isochoric process) P/T =const
Relative humidity φ=P/P 0 ∙100%
Int. energy ideal. monatomic gas U=3/2∙M/µ∙RT
Gas work A=P∙ΔV
Boyle's law - Mariotte (isothermal process) PV=const
Amount of heat during heating Q=Cm(T 2 -T 1)
Amount of heat during melting Q=λm
Amount of heat during vaporization Q=Lm
Amount of heat during fuel combustion Q=qm
Equation of state ideal gas PV=m/M∙RT
First law of thermodynamics ΔU=A+Q
Efficiency of heat engines η= (Q 1 - Q 2)/ Q 1
Efficiency is ideal. engines (Carnot cycle) η= (T 1 - T 2)/ T 1

Electrostatics and electrodynamics - formulas in physics

Coulomb's law F=k∙q 1 ∙q 2 /R 2
Tension electric field E=F/q
Electrical tension point charge field E=k∙q/R 2
Surface charge density σ = q/S
Electrical tension fields of an infinite plane E=2πkσ
Dielectric constant ε=E 0 /E
Potential energy interaction. charges W= k∙q 1 q 2 /R
Potential φ=W/q
Point charge potential φ=k∙q/R
Voltage U=A/q
For a uniform electric field U=E∙d
Electric capacity C=q/U
Electric capacity of a flat capacitor C=S∙ ε ∙ε 0 /d
Energy of a charged capacitor W=qU/2=q²/2С=CU²/2
Current strength I=q/t
Conductor resistance R=ρ∙ℓ/S
Ohm's law for the circuit section I=U/R
Laws of the last. connections I 1 =I 2 =I, U 1 +U 2 =U, R 1 +R 2 =R
Laws parallel. conn. U 1 =U 2 =U, I 1 +I 2 =I, 1/R 1 +1/R 2 =1/R
Power electric current P=I∙U
Joule-Lenz law Q=I 2 Rt
Ohm's law for a complete circuit I=ε/(R+r)
Short circuit current (R=0) I=ε/r
Magnetic induction vector B=Fmax/ℓ∙I
Ampere power Fa=IBℓsin α
Lorentz force Fl=Bqυsin α
Magnetic flux Ф=BSсos α Ф=LI
Law electromagnetic induction Ei=ΔФ/Δt
Induction emf in a moving conductor Ei=Вℓ υ sinα
Self-induction EMF Esi=-L∙ΔI/Δt
Energy magnetic field coils Wm=LI 2 /2
Oscillation period no. circuit T=2π ∙√LC
Inductive reactance X L =ωL=2πLν
Capacitance Xc=1/ωC
Effective current value Id=Imax/√2,
Effective voltage value Uд=Umax/√2
Impedance Z=√(Xc-X L) 2 +R 2

Optics

Law of light refraction n 21 =n 2 /n 1 = υ 1 / υ 2
Refractive index n 21 =sin α/sin γ
Thin lens formula 1/F=1/d + 1/f
Lens optical power D=1/F
max interference: Δd=kλ,
min interference: Δd=(2k+1)λ/2
Differential grid d∙sin φ=k λ

Quantum physics

Einstein's formula for the photoelectric effect hν=Aout+Ek, Ek=U z e
Red border of the photoelectric effect ν k = Aout/h
Photon momentum P=mc=h/ λ=E/s

Physics of the atomic nucleus

Law of radioactive decay N=N 0 ∙2 - t / T
Binding energy of atomic nuclei

E CB =(Zm p +Nm n -Мя)∙c 2

ONE HUNDRED

t=t 1 /√1-υ 2 /c 2
ℓ=ℓ 0 ∙√1-υ 2 /c 2
υ 2 =(υ 1 +υ)/1+ υ 1 ∙υ/c 2
E = m With 2

Cheat sheet with formulas in physics for the Unified State Exam

and more (may be needed for grades 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11).

First, a picture that can be printed in a compact form.

Mechanics

Pressure P=F/S
Density ρ=m/V
Pressure at liquid depth P=ρ∙g∙h
Gravity Ft=mg
5. Archimedean force Fa=ρ f ∙g∙Vt
Equation of motion for uniformly accelerated motion

X=X 0 + υ 0 ∙t+(a∙t 2)/2 S=( υ 2 -υ 0 2) /2a S=( υ +υ 0) ∙t /2

Velocity equation for uniformly accelerated motion υ =υ 0 +a∙t
Acceleration a=( υ -υ 0)/t
Circular speed υ =2πR/T
Centripetal acceleration a= υ 2/R
Relationship between period and frequency ν=1/T=ω/2π
Newton's II law F=ma
Hooke's law Fy=-kx
Law of Gravity F=G∙M∙m/R 2
Weight of a body moving with acceleration a P=m(g+a)
Weight of a body moving with acceleration а↓ Р=m(g-a)
Friction force Ftr=µN
Body momentum p=m υ
Force impulse Ft=∆p
Moment of force M=F∙ℓ
Potential energy of a body raised above the ground Ep=mgh
Potential energy of an elastically deformed body Ep=kx 2 /2
Kinetic energy of the body Ek=m υ 2 /2
Work A=F∙S∙cosα
Power N=A/t=F∙ υ
Efficiency η=Ap/Az
Oscillation period of a mathematical pendulum T=2π√ℓ/g
Oscillation period of a spring pendulum T=2 π √m/k
Equation of harmonic vibrations Х=Хmax∙cos ωt
Relationship between wavelength, its speed and period λ= υ T

Molecular physics and thermodynamics

Amount of substance ν=N/Na
Molar mass M=m/ν
Wed. kin. energy of monatomic gas molecules Ek=3/2∙kT
Basic MKT equation P=nkT=1/3nm 0 υ 2
Gay-Lussac's law (isobaric process) V/T =const
Charles's law (isochoric process) P/T =const
Relative humidity φ=P/P 0 ∙100%
Int. energy ideal. monatomic gas U=3/2∙M/µ∙RT
Gas work A=P∙ΔV
Boyle–Mariotte law (isothermal process) PV=const
Amount of heat during heating Q=Cm(T 2 -T 1)
Amount of heat during melting Q=λm
Amount of heat during vaporization Q=Lm
Amount of heat during fuel combustion Q=qm
Equation of state of an ideal gas PV=m/M∙RT
First law of thermodynamics ΔU=A+Q
Efficiency of heat engines η= (Q 1 - Q 2)/ Q 1
Efficiency is ideal. engines (Carnot cycle) η= (T 1 - T 2)/ T 1

Electrostatics and electrodynamics - formulas in physics

Coulomb's law F=k∙q 1 ∙q 2 /R 2
Electric field strength E=F/q
Electrical tension point charge field E=k∙q/R 2
Surface charge density σ = q/S
Electrical tension fields of an infinite plane E=2πkσ
Dielectric constant ε=E 0 /E
Potential energy interaction. charges W= k∙q 1 q 2 /R
Potential φ=W/q
Point charge potential φ=k∙q/R
Voltage U=A/q
For a uniform electric field U=E∙d
Electric capacity C=q/U
Electric capacity of a flat capacitor C=S∙ ε ∙ε 0 /d
Energy of a charged capacitor W=qU/2=q²/2С=CU²/2
Current strength I=q/t
Conductor resistance R=ρ∙ℓ/S
Ohm's law for the circuit section I=U/R
Laws of the last. connections I 1 =I 2 =I, U 1 +U 2 =U, R 1 +R 2 =R
Laws parallel. conn. U 1 =U 2 =U, I 1 +I 2 =I, 1/R 1 +1/R 2 =1/R
Electric current power P=I∙U
Joule-Lenz law Q=I 2 Rt
Ohm's law for a complete circuit I=ε/(R+r)
Short circuit current (R=0) I=ε/r
Magnetic induction vector B=Fmax/ℓ∙I
Ampere power Fa=IBℓsin α
Lorentz force Fl=Bqυsin α
Magnetic flux Ф=BSсos α Ф=LI
Law of electromagnetic induction Ei=ΔФ/Δt
Induction emf in a moving conductor Ei=Вℓ υ sinα
Self-induction EMF Esi=-L∙ΔI/Δt
Coil magnetic field energy Wm=LI 2 /2
Oscillation period no. circuit T=2π ∙√LC
Inductive reactance X L =ωL=2πLν
Capacitance Xc=1/ωC
Effective current value Id=Imax/√2,
Effective voltage value Uд=Umax/√2
Impedance Z=√(Xc-X L) 2 +R 2

Optics

Law of light refraction n 21 =n 2 /n 1 = υ 1 / υ 2
Refractive index n 21 =sin α/sin γ
Thin lens formula 1/F=1/d + 1/f
Lens optical power D=1/F
max interference: Δd=kλ,
min interference: Δd=(2k+1)λ/2
Differential grid d∙sin φ=k λ

Quantum physics

Einstein's formula for the photoelectric effect hν=Aout+Ek, Ek=U z e
Red border of the photoelectric effect ν k = Aout/h
Photon momentum P=mc=h/ λ=E/s

Physics of the atomic nucleus

Kinematics

Path with uniform motion:

Moving S(the straight line distance between the starting and ending points of movement) is usually found from geometric considerations. The coordinate during uniform rectilinear motion changes according to the law (similar equations are obtained for the remaining coordinate axes):

Average travel speed:

Average moving speed:

Having expressed the final speed from the formula above, we obtain a more common form of the previous formula, which now expresses the dependence of speed on time for uniformly accelerated motion:

Average speed for uniformly accelerated motion:

Displacement during uniformly accelerated linear motion can be calculated using several formulas:

Coordinate for uniformly accelerated motion changes according to the law:

Projection of velocity during uniformly accelerated motion changes according to the following law:

The speed with which a body falling from a height will fall h without initial speed:

Time of a body falling from a height h without initial speed:

The maximum height to which a body thrown vertically upwards will rise initial speed v 0, the time it takes for this body to rise to its maximum height, and full time flight (before returning to the starting point):

Time of body fall during a horizontal throw from a height H can be found by the formula:

Body flight range for a horizontal throw from a height H:

Full speed at an arbitrary moment in time with a horizontal throw, and the angle of inclination of the speed to the horizon:

Maximum lift height when throwing at an angle to the horizontal (relative to the initial level):

Time to rise to maximum height when throwing at an angle to the horizontal:

Flight range and total flight time of a body thrown at an angle to the horizon (provided that the flight ends at the same altitude from which it began, i.e. the body was thrown, for example, from ground to ground):

Determination of the rotation period for uniform circular motion:

Determination of rotation speed for uniform circular motion:

Relationship between period and frequency:

Linear speed for uniform circular motion can be found using the formulas:

Angular speed of rotation during uniform circular motion:

Relationship between linear velocity and angular velocity expressed by the formula:

Relationship between the angle of rotation and path for uniform motion in a circle with a radius R(in fact, this is just the formula for arc length from geometry):

Centripetal acceleration is found using one of the formulas:

Dynamics

Newton's second law:

Here: F- resultant force, which is equal to the sum of all forces acting on the body:

Newton's second law in projections on the axis(this is the form of recording that is most often used in practice):

Newton's third law (action force equals reaction force):

Elastic strength:

The overall stiffness coefficient of parallel connected springs is:

The overall stiffness coefficient of series-connected springs is:

Sliding friction force (or maximum value of static friction force):

Law of universal gravitation:

If we consider a body on the surface of the planet and introduce the following notation:

Where: g- acceleration free fall on the surface of a given planet, we obtain the following formula for gravity:

The acceleration of free fall at a certain height from the surface of the planet is expressed by the formula:

Satellite speed in a circular orbit:

First escape velocity:

Kepler's law for the periods of revolution of two bodies rotating around one attractive center:

Statics

The moment of force is determined using the following formula:

Condition under which the body will not rotate:

Coordinate of the center of gravity of the system of bodies (similar equations for other axes):

Hydrostatics

The definition of pressure is given by the following formula:

The pressure that a liquid column creates is determined by the formula:

But often it is also necessary to take into account atmospheric pressure, then the formula for the total pressure at a certain depth h in liquid takes the form:

Ideal hydraulic press:

Any hydraulic press:

Efficiency for a non-ideal hydraulic press:

Archimedes' force(buoyancy force, V- volume of the immersed part of the body):

Pulse

Body impulse is found by the following formula:

Change in the momentum of a body or system of bodies (note that the difference between the final and initial impulses is vector):

The total impulse of the system of bodies (the important thing is that the sum is vector):

Newton's second law in impulse form can be written as the following formula:

Law of conservation of momentum. As follows from the previous formula, if there is no external force acting on a system of bodies, or the action of external forces is compensated (the resultant force is zero), then the change in momentum is zero, which means that the total momentum of the system is conserved:

If external forces do not act only along one of the axes, then the projection of the impulse onto this axis is preserved, for example:

Work, power, energy

Mechanical work calculated using the following formula:

The most general formula for power(if the power is variable, then the average power is calculated using the following formula):

Instant mechanical power:

Efficiency factor (efficiency) can be calculated both through power and through work:

Potential energy of a body raised to a height:

Potential energy of a stretched (or compressed) spring:

Total mechanical energy:

Relationship between the total mechanical energy of a body or system of bodies and the work of external forces:

Law of conservation of mechanical energy (hereinafter – LSE). As follows from the previous formula, if external forces do not do work on a body (or system of bodies), then its (their) total total mechanical energy remains constant, while energy can flow from one type to another (from kinetic to potential or vice versa) :

Molecular physics

The chemical amount of a substance is found according to one of the formulas:

The mass of one molecule of a substance can be found using the following formula:

Relationship between mass, density and volume:

The basic equation of the molecular kinetic theory (MKT) of an ideal gas:

The definition of concentration is given by the following formula:

There are two formulas for the root mean square speed of molecules:

Average kinetic energy forward movement one molecule:

Boltzmann's constant, Avogadro's constant and the universal gas constant are related as follows:

Corollaries from the basic MKT equation:

Equation of state of an ideal gas (Clapeyron-Mendeleev equation):

Gas laws. Boyle-Marriott Law:

Gay-Lussac's Law:

Charles's Law:

Universal gas law (Clapeyron):

Pressure of a mixture of gases (Dalton's law):

Thermal expansion of bodies. The thermal expansion of gases is described by Gay-Lussac's law. The thermal expansion of liquids obeys the following law:

For expansion solids Three formulas are used to describe the change in linear dimensions, area and volume of a body:

Thermodynamics

The amount of heat (energy) required to heat a certain body (or the amount of heat released when the body cools) is calculated by the formula:

Heat capacity ( WITH- large) of a body can be calculated through the specific heat capacity ( c- small) substances and body weight according to the following formula:

Then the formula for the amount of heat necessary to heat the body, or released when the body cools, can be rewritten as follows:

Phase transformations. During vaporization it is absorbed and during condensation an amount of heat is released equal to:

During melting it is absorbed, and during crystallization an amount of heat is released equal to:

When fuel burns, an amount of heat is released equal to:

Heat balance equation (HBE). For a closed system of bodies, the following holds (the sum of heat given is equal to the sum of heat received):

If all heat is written taking into account the sign, where “+” corresponds to the receipt of energy by the body, and “–” to the release, then this equation can be written as:

Ideal gas work:

If the gas pressure changes, then the work done by the gas is calculated as the area of the figure under the graph in p–V coordinates Internal energy of an ideal monatomic gas:

Change internal energy calculated by the formula:

First law (first law) of thermodynamics (FLE):

For various isoprocesses, formulas can be written by which the resulting heat can be calculated Q, change in internal energy Δ U and gas work A. Isochoric process ( V= const):

Isobaric process ( p= const):

Isothermal process ( T= const):

Adiabatic process ( Q = 0):

The efficiency of a heat engine can be calculated using the formula:

Where: Q 1 – amount of heat received by the working fluid in one cycle from the heater, Q 2 – the amount of heat transferred by the working fluid in one cycle to the refrigerator. Work done by a heat engine in one cycle:

Highest efficiency at given heater temperatures T 1 and refrigerator T 2 is achieved if the heat engine operates according to the Carnot cycle. This Carnot cycle efficiency equal to:

Absolute humidity is calculated as water vapor density (from the Clapeyron-Mendeleev equation the ratio of mass to volume is expressed and the following formula is obtained):

Relative air humidity can be calculated using the following formulas:

Potential energy of a liquid surface area S:

Strength surface tension, acting on a section of the liquid boundary of length L:

Height of the liquid column in the capillary:

When completely wet θ = 0°, cos θ = 1. In this case, the height of the liquid column in the capillary will become equal to:

With complete non-wetting θ = 180°, cos θ = –1 and therefore h < 0. Уровень несмачивающей жидкости в капилляре опускается ниже уровня жидкости в сосуде, в которую опущен капилляр.

Electrostatics

Electric charge can be found by the formula:

Linear charge density:

Surface charge density:

Volumetric charge density:

Coulomb's law(force of electrostatic interaction of two electric charges):

Where: k- some constant electrostatic coefficient, which is determined as follows:

The electric field strength is found by the formula (although more often this formula is used to find the force acting on a charge in a given electric field):

Superposition principle for electric fields (the resulting electric field is vector sum electric fields of its components):

Electric field strength created by a charge Q at a distance r from its center:

Electric field strength created by a charged plane:

Potential energy of interaction of two electric charges expressed by the formula:

Electrical voltage is simply a potential difference, i.e. definition electrical voltage can be given by the formula:

In a uniform electric field there is a relationship between field strength and voltage:

The work of the electric field can be calculated as the difference between the initial and final potential energy of the system of charges:

The work of the electric field in the general case can also be calculated using one of the formulas:

In a uniform field when a charge moves along it power lines The field work can also be calculated using the following formula:

The definition of potential is given by the expression:

The potential that a point charge or charged sphere creates:

Superposition principle for electric potential(the resulting potential is equal to the scalar sum of the potentials of the fields that make up the final field):

The following is true for the dielectric constant of a substance:

The definition of electrical capacitance is given by the formula:

Capacitance of parallel plate capacitor:

Capacitor charge:

Electric field strength inside a parallel plate capacitor:

The force of attraction of the plates of a flat capacitor:

Capacitor energy(generally speaking, this is the energy of the electric field inside the capacitor):

Volumetric electric field energy density:

Electric current

Current strength can be found using the formula:

Current Density:

Conductor resistance:

The dependence of conductor resistance on temperature is given by the following formula:

Ohm's law(expresses the dependence of current on electrical voltage and resistance):

Patterns of serial connection:

Patterns of parallel connection:

The electromotive force of the current source (EMF) is determined using the following formula:

Ohm's law for a complete circuit:

The voltage drop in the external circuit is equal to (it is also called the voltage at the source terminals):

Short circuit current:

Work of electric current (Joule-Lenz law). Job A electric current flowing through a conductor with resistance is converted into heat Q prominent on the conductor:

Electric current power:

Closed circuit energy balance

Net power or power released in the external circuit:

The maximum possible useful power of the source is achieved if R = r and is equal to:

If, when connected to the same current source with different resistances R 1 and R 2 equal powers are allocated to them, then the internal resistance of this current source can be found by the formula:

Power loss or power inside the current source:

Total power developed by the current source:

Current source efficiency:

Electrolysis

Weight m substance released on the electrode is directly proportional to the charge Q passed through the electrolyte:

Size k called the electrochemical equivalent. It can be calculated using the formula:

Where: n– valency of the substance, N A – Avogadro’s constant, M – molar mass substances, e – elementary charge. Sometimes the following notation for Faraday's constant is also introduced:

Magnetism

Ampere power, acting on a current-carrying conductor placed in a uniform magnetic field, is calculated by the formula:

Moment of forces acting on the frame with current:

Lorentz force, acting on a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic field, is calculated by the formula:

Radius of the flight trajectory of a charged particle in a magnetic field:

Induction module B magnetic field of a straight conductor carrying current I at a distance R it is expressed by the relation:

Field induction at the center of a coil with a current radius R:

Inside the solenoid length l and with the number of turns N a uniform magnetic field is created with induction:

The magnetic permeability of a substance is expressed as follows:

Magnetic flux Φ across the square S contour is called the value given by the formula:

induced emf calculated by the formula:

When moving a conductor with a length l in a magnetic field B at speed v induced emf also occurs (the conductor moves in a direction perpendicular to itself):

The maximum value of induced emf in a circuit consisting of N turns, area S, rotating with angular velocity ω in a magnetic field with induction IN:

Coil inductance:

Where: n- concentration of turns per unit length of the coil:

The relationship between the inductance of the coil, the current flowing through it and its own magnetic flux penetrating it, is given by the formula:

Self-induced emf arising in the coil:

Coil Energy(generally speaking, this is the energy of the magnetic field inside the coil):

Volumetric magnetic field energy density:

Oscillations

An equation describing physical systems capable of performing harmonic oscillations with a cyclic frequency ω 0:

The solution to the previous equation is the equation of motion for harmonic vibrations and has the form:

The oscillation period is calculated by the formula:

Oscillation frequency:

Cyclic oscillation frequency:

Dependence of speed on time at harmonic mechanical vibrations is expressed by the following formula:

Maximum speed value for harmonic mechanical vibrations:

Dependence of acceleration on time for harmonic mechanical vibrations:

Maximum acceleration value for mechanical harmonic vibrations:

The cyclic frequency of oscillations of a mathematical pendulum is calculated by the formula:

Period of oscillation of a mathematical pendulum:

Cyclic frequency of oscillation of a spring pendulum:

Oscillation period of a spring pendulum:

The maximum value of kinetic energy during mechanical harmonic vibrations is given by the formula:

The maximum value of potential energy during mechanical harmonic oscillations of a spring pendulum:

The relationship between the energy characteristics of the mechanical oscillatory process:

Energy characteristics and their relationship during fluctuations in the electrical circuit:

Period of harmonic oscillations in electrical oscillatory circuit determined by the formula:

Cyclic frequency of oscillations in an electric oscillatory circuit:

The dependence of the charge on a capacitor on time during oscillations in the electrical circuit is described by the law:

Dependence of the electric current flowing through an inductor on time during oscillations in the electrical circuit:

Dependence of the voltage on the capacitor on time during fluctuations in the electrical circuit:

The maximum current value for harmonic oscillations in an electrical circuit can be calculated using the formula:

The maximum voltage value on the capacitor during harmonic oscillations in the electrical circuit:

Alternating current is characterized by effective values of current and voltage, which are related to the amplitude values of the corresponding quantities as follows. Effective current value:

Effective voltage value:

AC power:

Transformer

If the voltage at the input to the transformer is U 1 , and the output U 2, while the number of turns in the primary winding is equal to n 1, and in the secondary n 2, then the following relation holds:

The transformation coefficient is calculated using the formula:

If the transformer is ideal, then the following relationship holds (the input and output powers are equal):

In a non-ideal transformer, the concept of efficiency is introduced:

Waves

The wavelength can be calculated using the formula:

The difference in the phases of oscillations of two points of a wave, the distance between which l:

The speed of an electromagnetic wave (including light) in a certain medium:

The speed of an electromagnetic wave (including light) in a vacuum is constant and equal to With= 3∙10 8 m/s, it can also be calculated using the formula:

The speeds of an electromagnetic wave (including light) in a medium and in a vacuum are also related by the formula:

In this case, the refractive index of a certain substance can be calculated using the formula:

Optics

The optical path length is determined by the formula:

Optical path difference between two beams:

Interference maximum condition:

Interference minimum condition:

The law of light refraction at the boundary of two transparent media:

Constant value n 21 is called the relative refractive index of the second medium relative to the first. If n 1 > n 2, then the phenomenon of complete internal reflection, while:

Linear lens magnification Γ The ratio of the linear dimensions of an image and an object is called:

Atomic and nuclear physics

Quantum energy electromagnetic wave (including light) or, in other words, photon energy calculated by the formula:

Photon momentum:

Einstein's formula for the external photoelectric effect (EPE):

The maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons during the photoelectric effect can be expressed in terms of the retardation voltage U h and elementary charge e:

There is a cutoff frequency or wavelength of light (called the red cutoff of the photoelectric effect) such that light with a lower frequency or longer wavelength cannot cause the photoelectric effect. These values are related to the work function value as follows:

Bohr's second postulate or frequency rule(ZSE):

In the hydrogen atom, the following relationships are satisfied, connecting the radius of the trajectory of an electron rotating around the nucleus, its speed and energy in the first orbit with similar characteristics in the remaining orbits:

At any orbit in a hydrogen atom, the kinetic ( TO) and potential ( P) electron energies are related to the total energy ( E) by the following formulas:

The total number of nucleons in the nucleus is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons:

Mass defect:

Nuclear binding energy expressed in SI units:

Nuclear binding energy expressed in MeV (where mass is taken in atomic units):

Law of radioactive decay:

Nuclear reactions

For free nuclear reaction described by a formula of the form:

The following conditions are met:

The energy yield of such a nuclear reaction is equal to:

Fundamentals of the special theory of relativity (STR)

Relativistic length reduction:

Relativistic extension of event time:

Relativistic law of addition of velocities. If two bodies are moving towards each other, then their speed of approach is:

Relativistic law of addition of velocities. If bodies move in the same direction, then their relative speed is:

Body resting energy:

Any change in body energy means a change in body weight and vice versa:

Total body energy:

Total body energy E is proportional to the relativistic mass and depends on the speed of the moving body, in this sense the following relationships are important:

Relativistic mass increase:

Kinetic energy of a body moving at relativistic speed:

There is a relationship between the total energy of a body, rest energy and momentum:

Uniform movement around a circle

As an addition, in the table below we present all possible relationships between the characteristics of a body rotating uniformly in a circle ( T– period, N– number of revolutions, v– frequency, R – circle radius, ω – angular velocity, φ – rotation angle (in radians), υ – linear speed bodies, a n– centripetal acceleration, L– length of the arc of a circle, t- time):

Extended PDF version of the document "All the main formulas in school physics":

Back
Forward

How to successfully prepare for the CT in physics and mathematics?

In order to successfully prepare for the CT in physics and mathematics, among other things, it is necessary to fulfill three most important conditions:

Study all topics and complete all tests and assignments given in the educational materials on this site. To do this, you need nothing at all, namely: devote three to four hours every day to preparing for the CT in physics and mathematics, studying theory and solving problems. The fact is that CT is an exam where it is not enough just to know physics or mathematics, you also need to be able to quickly and without failures solve a large number of problems in different topics and of varying complexity. The latter can only be learned by solving thousands of problems.
Learn all the formulas and laws in physics, and formulas and methods in mathematics. In fact, this is also very simple to do; there are only about 200 necessary formulas in physics, and even a little less in mathematics. In each of these subjects there are about a dozen standard methods for solving problems of a basic level of complexity, which can also be learned, and thus, completely automatically and without difficulty solving most of the CT at the right time. After this, you will only have to think about the most difficult tasks.
Attend all three stages of rehearsal testing in physics and mathematics. Each RT can be visited twice to decide on both options. Again, on the CT, in addition to the ability to quickly and efficiently solve problems, and knowledge of formulas and methods, you must also be able to properly plan time, distribute forces, and most importantly, correctly fill out the answer form, without confusing the numbers of answers and problems, or your own last name. Also, during RT, it is important to get used to the style of asking questions in problems, which may seem very unusual to an unprepared person at the DT.

Successful, diligent and responsible implementation of these three points, as well as responsible study of the final training tests, will allow you to show an excellent result at the CT, the maximum of what you are capable of.

Found a mistake?

If you think you have found an error in educational materials, then please write about it on email(). In the letter, indicate the subject (physics or mathematics), the name or number of the topic or test, the number of the problem, or the place in the text (page) where, in your opinion, there is an error. Also describe what the suspected error is. Your letter will not go unnoticed, the error will either be corrected, or you will be explained why it is not an error.

As a rule, it is mathematics, and not physics, that is considered to be the queen of the exact sciences. We believe that this statement is controversial, because technical progress is impossible without knowledge of physics and its development. Due to its complexity, it is unlikely to ever be included in the list of mandatory state exams, but, one way or another, applicants for technical specialties have to take it without fail. The most difficult thing is to remember the numerous laws and formulas in physics for the Unified State Exam; we will talk about them in this article.

Secrets of preparation

Perhaps this is due to the apparent complexity of the subject or the popularity of professions in the humanities and management, but in 2016 only 24% of all applicants decided to take physics, in 2017 - only 16%. Such statistics involuntarily make one wonder whether the requirements are too high or whether the level of intelligence in the country is simply falling. For some reason I can’t believe that so few 11th grade students want to become:

engineers;
jewelers;
aircraft designers;
geologists;
pyrotechnicians;
ecologists,
production technologists, etc.

Knowledge of formulas and laws of physics is equally necessary for developers intelligent systems, computer technology, equipment and weapons. At the same time, everything is interconnected. For example, specialists producing medical equipment once studied an in-depth course in atomic physics, because without isotope separation, we will have neither X-ray equipment nor radiation therapy. Therefore, the creators of the Unified State Exam tried to take into account all topics school course and it seems they didn’t miss a single one.

Those students who regularly attended all physics lessons up to last call, they know that in the period from grades 5 to 11, about 450 formulas are studied. It is extremely difficult to single out at least 50 of these four and a half hundred, since they are all important. The developers of the Codifier obviously also adhere to a similar opinion. However, if you are unusually gifted and not limited in time, 19 formulas will be enough for you, because if you wish, you can derive all the rest from them. We decided to take the main sections as a basis:

mechanics;
molecular physics;
electromagnetism and electricity;
optics;
atomic physics.

Obviously, preparation for the Unified State Exam should be daily, but if for some reason you have started studying all the material only now, a real miracle can be accomplished by the express course offered by our center. We hope these 19 formulas will also be useful to you:

You probably noticed that some physics formulas for passing the Unified State Exam left without explanation? We leave it to you to study them yourself and discover the laws by which absolutely everything is done in this world.

Definition 1

Physics is natural science, which studies the general and fundamental laws of the structure and evolution of the material world.

Importance of Physics in modern world huge. Its new ideas and achievements lead to the development of other sciences and new scientific discoveries, which in turn are used in technology and industry. For example, discoveries in the field of thermodynamics make it possible to build a car, and the development of radio electronics led to the advent of computers.

Despite the incredible amount of accumulated knowledge about the world, human understanding of processes and phenomena is constantly changing and developing, new research leads to the emergence of new and unresolved questions that require new explanations and theories. In this sense, physics is in a continuous process of development and is still far from being able to explain all natural phenomena and processes.