Zinina L.V.

Municipal educational institution "Secondary school No. 13" in Zheleznogorsk, Kursk region.

Primary school teacher.

Lesson in 4th grade on the world around us on the topic: “Land of Cities.”

Lesson objectives: To form in students an idea of ​​the cities of the 9th - 11th centuries, Kyiv and Novgorod.Tasks:

Organize work on studying the concept of “city”;give brief information about some historical figures and picturesque attractions;

To develop students’ creative activity, general educational skills:search and information (ability to work with various sources of information);educational and intellectual (ability to analyze, generalize, find associations and use them)

Raising a humane, creative personality who is careful and responsible about the history of their country; instilling a sense of pride in one’s country; fostering friendship and mutual assistance.

Equipment

Cards, test, textbook “The World Around Us, Grade 4” by A. Pleshakov, presentation “Country of Cities”, diagrams for group work.

Progress of the lesson.

Org. moment. Checking homework.

Show presentation of 1 creative group. The oldest architectural monument that has survived from those times is the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv. It was founded in 1037 by order of Yaroslav the Wise and has survived to this day, having stood for almost a millennium. This is a brick and stone temple with 13 domes.The Golden Gate is another creation of 11th century architecture. Think about why they were called that? On this gate, high above the ground, a church was built, which served as an observation post. The Golden Gate was also built during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise.In 882 Kyiv became the capital of Rus'. This happened due to its convenient geographical location.- Let's remember, what is the convenience of the location? Where was he?(The most important trade routes passed through Kyiv - “From the Varangians to the Greeks”, to Constantinople, to Asia, to Novgorod.)Let's conclude: Kyiv has become the center of what? (Trade center ) - Now you have an idea of ​​what Kyiv looked like. Think about how an ancient Russian city differed from a Slavic settlement? What's new?- We continue our journey through ancient Russian cities. And now we will get acquainted with no less important city for Ancient Rus' - Novgorod.Show presentation of 2 creative groups. Assignment to the rest of the class: Listen carefully and formulate questions about the presentation.Questions:- On what river was Novgorod located?- How did you get to Novgorod? - What was located on the Sofia side?- What is the Kremlin?- What was located on the territory of the Kremlin?- What was the name of the Kremlin?- who lived outside the Kremlin?- Where was the trading area located?- What did they trade in Novgorod?- What was the trading area? (Trade Center) Exercise for the eyes.Working with the textbook. - Now you need to read the text on pages 50 -51, create a system of questions based on the text. Read and underline reference words pencil.Questions about the text:Where was Novgorod located?Who visited the city?Who lived in it?Who are the artisans?What crafts flourished?Let's conclude: the city has become the center of what?(Craft Center ) - In the 12th century, craftsmen of more than 70 specialties worked on the territory of Ancient Rus' (carpenters, joiners, tailors, icon painters, shoemakers, tanners, etc.)How was government organized in Novgorod?What is a veche?Compare this management system with the management in the city of Kyiv.Video film. - And now I invite you on a tour of modern Novgorod. You will see architectural structures that were erected from the 9th to the 12th centuries and have survived to this day. As you browse, think about what the buildings you see have in common. (Buildings of the Christian religion, built of stone, with domes)Let's conclude: the city has become the center of what? (Center of Religion) Reinforcement “Test yourself”Working with cards. For each question, select an answer and connect them with arrows.Check with answers on the computer.Lesson summary. What is a city? What is it the center of? (Center for Defense, Trade, Crafts, Religion)Reflection. - Continue the statements:Today in class I was surprised...Today in class I was amazed...Today in class I felt...

Western neighbors called Ancient Rus' a country of cities. How did cities appear in Rus'? The Slavs lived in settlements surrounded by strong log walls and deep, wide ditches. Such fenced villages were reliable refuges from attacks from enemies and wild animals that lived in abundance in the forest thickets. Gradually growing, the settlements became cities.

Working with a historical map and diagrams

1. Find the cities of Kyiv and Novgorod on the map (see previous page). What can you learn about them from the map?
2. Consider the diagrams of ancient Kyiv and ancient Novgorod. Use them to tell us about these cities.

The center of an ancient Russian city was usually fortified and called the Kremlin. Inside there was a princely palace and houses of the nobility, and the main city church towered. Outside the Kremlin lived artisans, traders and other urban people. The main shopping square of the city was noisy and lively.

Choose one of the trips to work in a group - to ancient Kyiv or ancient Novgorod. Get acquainted with these cities using the textbook. Complete tasks in workbook. Present the results of your work to the class.

Travel to ancient Kyiv

There were many beautiful cities in Rus'. But the most beautiful of all is Kyiv, the capital city of the great princes. IN different sides Trade routes diverged from Kyiv. They walked north and south, east and west. Boats and trade fleets stopped at the Dnieper piers.

Far beyond the borders of Rus' there was a rumor about the beauty and splendor of Kyiv. And there was something to marvel at! Each prince sought to decorate his capital.

Kyiv flourished under Prince Yaroslav, nicknamed the Wise (reigned from 1019 to 1054). By his order, the Golden Gate and the solemn St. Sophia Cathedral were built in Kyiv. Travelers considered Kyiv a worthy rival to Constantinople. Like a wonderful miracle, wooden towers with intricate carvings and golden domes of temples adorned themselves.

Before its destruction by conquerors in the 13th century, Kyiv was one of the largest and most beautiful cities in the world.

Travel to ancient Novgorod

The north of our country is an amazing land of rivers and lakes. Here, on the banks of the Volkhov River near Lake Ilmen, stands Veliky Novgorod.

From the very beginning, nature was a faithful ally of Novgorod. The swamps and swamps that surrounded the city reliably protected it.

Like a hospitable, hospitable host, the city opened its gates wide to friends. Novgorod was located on a busy trade route. Rich merchant ships crowded around the piers on the banks of the Volkhov. Multilingual speech was heard on the streets of the city (1).

Boyars, merchants, and artisans lived in Novgorod. Among the artisans, gunsmiths, jewelers, stone cutters, and tanners were famous for their skills.

Children played with clay whistle toys. Fashionable women flaunted gold and silver jewelry, wore beads, rings, and amber bracelets.

The domes are visible from afar St. Sophia Cathedral(2). Before the battle, the Novgorod warriors swore to stand up for St. Sophia. These words meant protecting your city, the Novgorod land.

The mighty Novgorod Kremlin has stood for almost ten centuries (3). Here were committed important events in the life of Novgorod.

Novgorodians were famous for their freedom-loving, proud, independent character. The city was governed by posadniks, who were chosen from noble boyars at the veche - a meeting of all citizens. The people gathered at the meeting at the ringing of the bell. There was also a prince in the city, but the Novgorodians did not get along with him. But it was also impossible to do without a prince - Novgorod needed a military leader. And the Novgorodians began to invite the prince who they liked best.

The amazing life of ancient Novgorod was revealed thanks to the finds of archaeologists. For example, it became known that Novgorodians walked on wooden pavements. During excavations of one of the ancient streets of Novgorod, 28 “floors” of pine pavements were discovered. They were laid from the 10th to the 15th centuries - 500 years.

Birch bark letters became an outstanding discovery by archaeologists.

The ancient Novgorodians wrote on birch bark - birch bark. The letters were scratched out with special pointed sticks - scribble. Relatives and friends exchanged birch bark messages. Business calculations were carried out on birch bark. After reading, unnecessary certificates were thrown away.

• Read the text. Use it when talking about birch bark letters.

Hundreds of years later, birch bark mail brought to us the names of some Novgorodians. One of them, the little Novgorodian Onfim, learned to read and write. His birch bark school notebooks are covered with letters, syllables and entire sentences. He was probably restless and mischievous, loved to play pranks and, while distracted from his studies, made funny drawings on birch bark.

Test yourself

1. What is the Kremlin?
2. What magnificent buildings decorated ancient Kyiv?
3. What activities were held in high esteem by Novgorodians?
4. What is the importance of the finds of birch bark letters?

Homework assignments

1. Come up with a story “At a literacy lesson in ancient Novgorod” on behalf of the student or teacher (optional).
2. On behalf of a Novgorodian, tell about your city: a) to a foreign merchant; b) a resident of another Russian city.

Pages for the curious

Glorious feast in the city of Moscow

In the 12th century, Rus' was divided into many principalities. Their princes did not always get along with each other. Prince Yuri ruled in the Vladimir-Suzdal land. So he waged frequent wars with his neighbors. That’s why he received the nickname Dolgoruky - he wanted to take everything into his own hands.

In 1147, Prince Yuri Dolgoruky invited Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov to a meeting: “Come to me, brother, in Moscow.” In Moscow, the princes agreed to act together against their enemies. A feast was given in honor of the noble guests.

A Russian chronicler spoke about this event. This is how Moscow was mentioned for the first time. No one could then predict that a small town among impenetrable forests would be destined to become the capital of the Russian state and that even the country itself would be called Muscovy by foreigners for a long time.

Next lesson

We will learn about education and schools, chronicles, handwritten books of Ancient Rus'. Let's compare ancient Russian books and modern ones. We realize that Ancient Rus' was a country of high culture. Let us understand the importance of ancient Russian chronicles for scientists.

Remember what you know about the Slavic alphabet and its creators.

To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Slide captions:

Country of cities

Russian fortress city. 10-11 centuries How did cities appear in Rus'? The Slavs still had many enemies, and to protect against them they began to build fortresses. First of all, you had to choose suitable place for a fortress where nature itself would help protect against enemies. Such a place was usually a high bank near a sharp bend in the river: if enemies arrived, they could be seen from afar. In addition, the river reliably protected the fortress on three sides.

On the side not protected by the river, they dug a ditch (a wide and deep ditch) and filled it with water. It turned out to be a man-made island. The Slavs built their houses on it. A high earthen rampart was built around the settlement, and a strong fence made of pointed oak logs tightly adjacent to each other was placed on the rampart.

It was very difficult for enemies to take a well-defended fortress. For friends, a bridge was thrown over the ditch, which in case of danger could be easily and quickly raised. Over time, such fortified villages began to be called cities. Princes with their warriors, merchants, and artisans lived in the cities.

D revniy Kyiv

The history of the name of the city of Kyiv They say that in ancient times the Polyan tribe lived on this land. They loved the glades and looked after the land and built houses. And three brothers stood out among them - Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv and their sister Lybid. The brothers chose the most beautiful place on the Dnieper hills and founded a city on it. They named him Kyiv after his older brother.

Location and fortification of Kyiv Nice place The brothers chose for the settlement: all trade routes, both river and land, passed through it. But the city was constantly threatened by the Pechenegs, so the city was protected by ramparts, ditches, walls, and towers. The entire city was surrounded by strong log walls. It was possible to enter the city only through the Sophia Gate. Churches and stone palaces were built in the city. The city changed significantly in the 11th century

Method of governing the city of Kyiv Kyiv was ruled by a prince. And the city flourished under Prince Yaroslav, nicknamed the Wise.

Architecture of cities The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was the very first to be built. This church is also known as the Tithe Church, because Prince Vladimir ordered all residents to give a tenth of their income for its construction and decoration. The walls of the church are covered with frescoes.

The main temple of the city is St. Sophia Cathedral, built under Prince Yaroslav the Wise. 13 domes crown the huge structure, built by Greek craftsmen. Inside the temple there are splendid frescoes and mosaics. Even under your feet, the patterns of the mosaic carpet sparkle. In this cathedral they not only prayed, but also solemnly ascended the throne, beginning to rule the principality. One of the first libraries in Rus' was also located here.

The next architectural monument is the Golden Gate, the main gate of Kyiv. They are bound with sheets of gilded copper and decorated with carvings. Such wealth delighted the arriving guests.

The first mention of Kyiv Archaeologists have established that human settlements existed on the territory of Kyiv back in the Stone Age. Kyiv was founded around the 6th-7th centuries as a center East Slavic tribe clearing In Russian chronicles the city of Kyiv is mentioned in 860.

The popular name Kyiv is “the mother of Russian cities”

D Revniy Novgorod

History of the name of the city Why does one of the oldest Russian cities bear such a name? On the shore of Lake Ilmen, where the Volkhov River originates, in ancient times the first Slavic settlement arose. This is how the city arose, which began to be called New.

Location and fortification of Novgorod Ancient Novgorod was located on the banks of the Volkhov River. The city was surrounded on all sides by an earthen rampart and the rivers Tarasovets and Gzen. The only way to get to the city was by water. The whole city was, as it were, divided by the Volkhov River into two sides: the Sofia side and the trade side. On the Sofia side there were monasteries: Nikolsky, Zverin, Dukhov and the Kremlin. And on the trade side there was a trade square and St. Paul's Monastery.

Method of governance The Novgorod Republic was governed in a special way. The prince was here too, but main role the people's meeting was playing. Veche is a meeting of wealthy Novgorod residents that decided everything important issues. At the veche they chose a mayor and decided which prince to invite; there they could also decide to expel him from the city if the Novgorodians did not like the prince. At the meeting, important laws were adopted and issues of war and peace were discussed. The veche was headed by the mayor, who, together with the prince, judged, collected taxes, made decisions about war and peace, and managed the city treasury.

City architecture In the middle of Novgorod's Vechevaya Square stood a bell. We bought it in distant Rome. When it was necessary to gather people, they rang this bell, and people, hearing the ringing, hurried to the square. The sound carried far, and it was so special that residents easily distinguished it from the ringing of church bells.

On the left bank stood the beautiful Kremlin. Important events in the life of Novgorod took place here.

Behind the walls of the Novgorod Kremlin, the golden domes of the cathedral, named, like in Kyiv, in honor of St. Sophia, glittered in the sun. The cathedral was built in the mid-11th century. It was the main temple, a symbol of Novgorod. “Where St. Sophia is, there is Novgorod,” the Novgorodians said in those days.

The first mention of Novgorod The city of Novgorod has been known in history since 859.

The popular name of Novgorod is “Mr. Veliky Novgorod”

Plan

1. Ancient city
2. Ancient Kyiv
3. Ancient Novgorod

5 Mention of Moscow

1. Ancient city

Western neighbors called Ancient Rus' a country of cities. Their settlements The Slavs fenced with walls made of logs and deep, wide ditches. This protected the villages from attacks by enemies and wild animals, of which there were quite a lot in the forests. Settlements grew and turned into cities. Center ancient Russian city was Kremlin . It was well fortified. Inside the Kremlin there was a princely palace, houses of the nobility and the main city church. Outside the Kremlin lived artisans, traders, and ordinary city people.

Old Russian cities were decorated with wonderful buildings created by ancient masters. During excavations in most ancient Russian cities, birch bark letters were found.

Let's go on a trip to Ancient Kyiv and Ancient Novgorod.

2. Ancient Kyiv

Kyiv — beautiful city And capital of Ancient Rus' . Trade routes went in different directions from Kyiv. Rumors spread about the beauty of Kyiv. He was considered a rival of Constantinople. There was something to admire. Each prince tried to decorate the capital.

During his reign Yaroslav , nicknamed Wise (1019-1054) were built:

Golden Gate And

St. Sophia Cathedral .

St. Sophia Cathedral was built Yaroslav the Wise V 1037 in honor of the victory over the Pechenegs. The temple was named in honor of St. Sophia - the wisdom of God.

On the territory of Kyiv there were magnificent wooden towers with intricate carvings, and golden domes of churches towered.

Kyiv was devastated in the 13th century by conquerors.

3. Ancient Novgorod

In the north of our country, on the banks of the Volkhov River and Lake Ilmen, there is a city - Veliky Novgorod . Novgorod was the richest city in Rus'. Veliky Novgorod is mentioned since 859 .

located Veliky Novgorod on a busy trade route. It was protected from uninvited guests by an earthen rampart, a moat, and mighty towers. The Kremlin towered on the left bank of the Volkhov River, and the trade side was on the right bank.

Boyars, merchants and artisans lived in Novgorod: gunsmiths, jewelers, tanners, stone-cutters. The children had fun - clay whistle toys. Rich women wore gold and silver jewelry, beads, rings made of amber.

Novgorod Kremlin has stood for almost ten centuries.

On the territory of the Kremlin, golden domes glowed in the sun St. Sophia Cathedral . The cathedral was built in the mid-11th century. It was the main temple and symbol of the city.

Novgorodians were freedom-loving, proud people. At a meeting of townspeople - at a veche - they elected mayors who ruled the city. At the veche, people were convened by the ringing of bells.

4. Archaeological excavations Novgorod

Thanks to archaeological finds it became known about amazing life Novgorodians. In Novgorod, the pavements were wooden. Over the course of 500 years, 28 “floors” of pine pavements were laid.

The ancient inhabitants of Novgorod wrote on birch bark - birch bark. Letters were scratched out with sharpened sticks. Relatives and friends exchanged birch bark messages, and business transactions were carried out. If the letter became unnecessary, it was thrown away. Thus, birch bark school notebooks were found, covered with letters, syllables, sentences and covered in funny drawings.

Birch bark letters found not only in Novgorod, but also in many ancient Russian cities.

5. Mention of Moscow

In the 12th century, Ancient Rus' was divided into principalities. The princes did not always get along.

Prince Yuri ruled in the Vladimir-Suzdal land. Every now and then he waged wars with his neighbors, trying to seize their lands. For this he received the nickname Dolgoruky.

In 1147 the prince Yuri Dolgoruky invited Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov to Moscow. In Moscow, they agreed to act against their enemies together. A feast was given in honor of the princes.

The monument to Prince Yuri Dolgoruky was erected in Moscow in 1954.

This was the first time Moscow was mentioned in the chronicles. Who would have thought then that small town among deep forests, will be destined to become the capital of the Russian state. A Russian state foreigners will call for a long time Muscovy .

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Country of cities

1. Connect the images of attractions with their names with arrows.

2. Read an excerpt from the epic.

To my countless gold treasury.
Sadko built thirty ships,
Thirty ships, thirty blackened ones,
Those ships are blackened
He dumped Novgorod goods.

Find the epic "Sadko" in the library, read it in full. Tell the class about the adventures of this merchant.

3. Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontal:

1. A person engaged in trade.
3. Meeting of all citizens of Novgorod.
5. The name of the prince under whom Rus' adopted Christianity.
8. The ship that sailed in the 9th - 11th centuries.
9. The ritual of joining the Christian church.
10. The name of the prince who founded Moscow.

Vertical:

1. The capital of Ancient Rus'.
2. A noble boyar who ruled Novgorod.
4. The country from which Christianity came to Rus'.
6. The river along which the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed.
7. Birch bark, which was written on in the 11th century.
9. Center of the ancient Russian city.