Kvass Anna, 9th grade

You already know that morality

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Environmental morality or rules of good behavior

You already know that morality These are the rules of good behavior. Let's now think about whether the rules of morality apply to man's relationship to nature. For example, if we did something bad to another person, morality condemns us and says that we committed an evil act. And if we do something harmful to nature, can we say that we have done evil? Can our action be called immoral, immoral?

You may already have an answer, but take your time. The question is not as simple as it seems.

The fact is that people have long had different attitudes towards nature. Eatsupporters of domination over nature.

They believe that man is the king and ruler of nature and can dispose of its riches as he pleases. They also like to repeat that nature is hostile and indifferent to people. In order for it to serve a person, it must be constantly conquered, forced to work for oneself, and moral rules exist only for people and do not apply to nature.

But there are other people -supporters of cooperation with nature. They consider humans to be part of nature and do not agree that nature is hostile and indifferent to people. Everything is just the opposite, they believe: nature generously and unselfishly gives people everything it has. You just need to work hard to better understand the laws of nature and not break them, otherwise nature may punish you.

Proponents of cooperation believe that moral rules should extend to man's relationship with nature.

Let's take the main rule of morality -golden rule– treat people the way you want them to treat you. Supporters of cooperation with nature argue that in our time, when severe environmental problems have arisen caused by unreasonable economic activity people, we need to learn to relate to nature in a new way. Therefore, the golden rule of morality should be supplemented and include attitude towards nature. Then it turns out that not only people, but also nature need to be treated the way you want it to treat you.

Everything is very simple and clear: you want it not to happen environmental disasters, learn to treat nature like a human being, responsibly. If you don’t learn, you will be in terrible trouble.

This new attitude towards nature began to be called environmental morality. Main meaning environmental morality - learn to act in such a way as not to harm environment, don't harm her.

Three main rules of environmental morality:

1. I am personally responsible for preserving nature.

2 . I will not harm any living thing - a flower, a tree, a bird, an animal. And, of course, to the person.

3. I will help any life I can help - a flower, a tree, a bird, an animal. And, of course, to the person.

Ethical teachings that preceded ecoethics were based on the premises that, despite all human activity, nature and its systems remain unchanged; actions aimed at the non-human world must remain ethically neutral; all traditional ethics was basically anthropocentric.

With the intensification of economic activity in Ancient Greece in the public consciousness there was a process of separation of gods from nature. Human activity increasingly acquired the character of utilitarian use. There is a search for norms of human behavior in the world of man himself. Accordingly, in the classical period of ancient culture, a new attitude towards nature began to take shape. In late antiquity, the Romans demonstrated the ability to use natural resources to their advantage. They treated the natural environment as if it were one of their conquered provinces.

In the worldview of the Eastern sages, nature turns out to be a huge animal, endowed with its own will and developed nervous system. Influenced by these views, the famous Japanese specialist in molecular biology D. Ikeda put forward the idea that sooner or later the entire Earth should be recognized as a superorganism. According to Buddhism - all in one, one in all. Ancient Chinese society encouraged an observant attitude towards nature. Man in such a society tried to penetrate as deeply as possible into the essence of the natural world and use energy sources in nature, minimizing his interference in natural mechanisms.

Implementation of the principle of "wu wei" (non-interference) leaves things alone, allows nature to take its own course, benefits from the nature of things without changing them, gives knowledge of how to do without interference. The term “wu wei” is a great rule of Taoism that permeates the Eastern worldview.

In the Japanese religious tradition of Shinto there are no moral precepts, standards of righteous behavior or warnings against sins. Shinto was born out of the deification of nature. A feature of the traditional attitude towards nature in Japan is the concept of “Man is a child of nature.” The Japanese term for nature (sōzem) means “to be as it is” or “to be in harmony with the environment.” The Japanese have never opposed themselves to nature. It was the Shinto faith that instilled in them sensitivity to nature, the ability to enjoy its endless changeability, and rejoice in its many-sided beauty.

In the Middle Ages, spiritual life was determined by biblical standards. They called on a person to live in self-denial in order to go to heaven. The main features of man's relationship to nature, which is inherent in the Judeo-Christian tradition, are the opposition of man's spirit to his body, the idea that God has sanctioned man's dominion over all living beings.

IN modern world natural factors have value only in the context of the progressive development of humanity. The object of moral assessment and regulation is not nature itself, but the attitude towards it.

Environmental ethics studies the moral attitude of man to nature with the aim of humanization and harmonization in the system of relations “man - nature”, “society - nature”. The main property inherent in environmental ethics is due to the fact that concern for natural conditions existence of future generations.

Environmental ethics poses the question, essentially paying attention to the ideological problem. What is the meaning of human existence in the Universe and the Universe in man? A specific refraction of this fundamental ideological problem is the question: should the principles of environmental ethics be based on the recognition intrinsic value natural systems? Or is the object of moral assessment and regulation not nature itself, but the attitude towards it?

Recently, such a formulation of the question would have seemed far-fetched, since it was clear to everyone that nature was given to man in natural form, it existed long before the emergence of man himself and continues to exist independently of him. However, nowadays it is believed that the system of social values ​​should include not only phenomena of social life, but also natural phenomena that make up the natural environment of society.

The former anthropocentrism has exhausted itself and, due to its one-sidedness, has become a serious obstacle to overcoming the environmental difficulties of mankind, since if a person continues to focus attention on himself and his needs, then the nature he destroys will take revenge on a person for insufficient attention to its needs.

References

1. Bganba-Ceres V.R. Environmental ethics. - M.: Mysl, 1998.

2. Bganba V.R. Social ecology. - M.: graduate School, 2004.

3. Bganba-Ceres V.R. The formation of environmental ethics. – M.: SK “Sfera”, 1992.

5. Vasilenko L.I. Attitude to nature as moral problem// Ecology: Ways of survival and development of humanity. - M.: Mir, 1998

6. Girusov E.V., Mamedov I.M. Ecological culture. Culture: theories and problems. – M.: Prospekt, 2002.

• What kind of person is called moral?
• What is the golden rule of morality?
• Do moral laws apply to man's relationship to nature?
• Is it possible to call moral person destroying nature?

What does it mean to treat nature as a human being?

Far from big roads and settlements, in the depths of the Tver forests, lives one wonderful family. She is surrounded by wild nature. And almost complete silence. People talk in whispers, but more often with gestures.

They almost always wear gloves on their hands, and their faces are hidden by hoods. Don't think that these are hunters or hermit monks. No, these are the famous biologist Pajitnovs - husband and wife, and their son helps them. They work at the state biological station “Clean Forest”. Their task is to save newborn cubs.

Unfortunately, tragedies often happen in the forest: a mother bear dies while hunting or is killed by a poacher’s bullet. There remain babies doomed to death. Only these people can save them. And they pick up, day and night they feed and nurse the still blind cubs no worse than their own mother. And after some time, stronger and more mature, they are released back to

The Pajitnovs' work requires patience, caution, and ingenuity. After all, we need to make sure that the cubs don’t get used to people and don’t even see their faces. Having parted with biologists, the animals must become completely independent, otherwise natural conditions they won't survive.

Why do you think scientists abandoned city life and settled in the deep forest? What particularly struck you about the life and work of scientists?

What motivates the Pajitnovs to lead such a difficult, one might say heroic, lifestyle? After all, it was not for the sake of money that they doomed themselves to loneliness and seclusion - they receive the usual modest salary of scientists. This means that we need to look for another reason, some deep motivation, an inner feeling.

You probably already guessed that we are talking about responsibility. How important is this? moral quality- responsibility! Thanks to the work of responsible people who honestly perform their duties, bread is grown, factories, schools, hospitals operate, houses are built, food and clothing are produced, science is developed, and nature is preserved.

A responsible person always actively, persistently, persistently does something good and useful. He worries about those around him and tries to take care of them. And one more very important feature of a responsible person: he tries to foresee the consequences of his action in advance, so as not to harm anyone.

Now let's return to the Pajitnov family. Scientists are doing a good, useful thing, they are worried and care about the bear cubs, and, if you look more broadly, about the conservation of the brown bear in Russian forests. And at the same time, they think through their every step in advance, understanding that the slightest inaccuracy can turn into disaster. Scientists are guided by a high moral sense of responsibility to nature, to other people and to their own conscience.

This is the kind of responsible behavior we call a truly human attitude towards nature. It helps to protect and preserve the life of nature, and therefore all life in general.

Serious consequences of irresponsibility

Unfortunately, not all people behave responsibly. When terrible forest fires burned in Russia in the summer of 2010, firefighters and scientists argued that the main cause of the fire was the human factor, in other words, human irresponsibility.

Now let’s remember N. Teleshov’s fairy tale “The White Heron”. It talks about Princess Isolde, who lived in the North, on a lonely island. She was beautiful and kind. The time has come to get married, and the princess began to prepare an unprecedented wedding dress. She wanted the dress to look like snow, and the headdress to resemble arrows of frost. The court seamstress undertook to sew the dress, but no one could make the headdress. Finally, a mysterious old man came to Isolde and said that white herons lived far in the south. Every spring, a white crest grows on their head, tall and lush. If you take out the tuft and attach small diamonds to it, you will get exactly what the princess dreams of. Only for this you need to kill the bird.

Isolde flatly refused. And at night she could not sleep. She thought that there are many birds in the world and if you kill only one, nothing bad will happen. The princess told the old man to hit the road. And then he returned and silently handed Isolde white branches strewn with sparkling diamonds.

• Did you kill her? - Isolde asked anxiously.
• Yes, he killed and cut off the crest. Then I took it to the best jeweler in the world and told him about your request.
• “Thank you,” replied the princess. Her hands were shaking.

At the wedding, Isolde looked beautiful in her elegant outfit. But the fairy tale does not end there. One night, two white herons came to Isolde, either in a dream or in reality. They told her terrible story. It turns out that the outfit that the princess invented has become fashionable. Everyone wanted to have the same white feathers sprinkled with diamonds. And in order to take possession of the crests, people began to exterminate white herons. And they destroyed them all. The last two birds came to Isolde. This was the price of the outfit invented by the princess.

When the king found out about what had happened, he was outraged and depressed. Isolde repented and vowed never to harm anyone.

• It is not enough not to do evil - you need to do good. There is already too much suffering in the world, and by causing evil to even the most insignificant creature, you increase this evil,” the father told Isolde. And he added a mysterious phrase:
• But that is not the purpose of man.

  What were the consequences of Isolde’s decision? How do you evaluate her actions? What important things did you learn from Isolde’s conversation with her father? Why not doing evil is not enough? What should you do?

Let's draw a verbal portrait of an irresponsible person. You can recognize him by his behavior. He is selfish and rarely shows concern for others, and is generally indifferent to the fate of nature. For him, nature exists only to take something from it. Maybe he is not a mean or evil person, but he is frivolous and does not think about the consequences of his actions. And he is not rich in intelligence and hardly understands that the true purpose of a person is to do something good and useful. These are the traits of irresponsibility. And you yourself understand what it can lead to.

Environmental morality

People have long had different attitudes towards nature. There are supporters of domination over it. They believe that man is the king and ruler of nature and can dispose of its riches as he pleases. They also like to repeat that nature is hostile and indifferent to people. In order for it to serve a person, it must be constantly conquered and forced to work for oneself. But moral rules exist only for people and do not apply to nature.

This is what the Aral Sea looked like before

This is what the Aral Sea has become now

But there are other people who support cooperation with nature. They consider humans to be part of nature and absolutely do not agree that nature is hostile and indifferent to people. Everything is just the opposite: nature generously and unselfishly gives people everything it has. You just need to work hard to understand its laws as deeply as possible and not break them, otherwise nature may punish you. Proponents of cooperation believe that moral rules should extend to man's relationship with nature.

Let's take the golden rule of morality: treat people the way you want them to treat you. Supporters of cooperation with nature argue that in our time, when serious environmental problems have arisen caused by unreasonable human economic activities, we need to learn to relate to nature in a new way. Therefore, the golden rule of morality should be supplemented and include attitude towards nature. Then it turns out that not only people, but also nature need to be treated the way you want it to treat you.

Do you want it not to happen? environmental problems, learn to treat nature like a human being, responsibly. If you don't learn, you will be in terrible trouble. This new attitude towards nature began to be called environmental morality.

The essence of environmental morality: learn to act in such a way as not to harm nature, not to cause harm to it.

Three main rules of environmental morality:

1. I am personally responsible for preserving nature.
2. I will not harm any living thing - a flower, a tree, a bird, an animal. And of course, to the person.
3. I will help any life I can help - a flower, a tree, a bird, an animal. And of course, to the person.

Let's check ourselves

1. What is the attitude of people towards nature? Describe the most important features responsible person. Why do we call a responsible attitude towards nature truly human?
2. By what behavioral traits can you recognize an irresponsible person? What are the dangers of irresponsibility?
3. What attitude towards nature do you personally choose? Explain why.
4. What would the golden rule of morality sound like if it were supplemented with an attitude towards nature?
5. What is the meaning of environmental morality?

In the classroom and at home

1. Express your opinion: what needs to be done to establish the right relationship between man and nature? Choose the answer that you think is correct:
   1. you don’t need to do anything, the riches of nature will last for many centuries;
   2. every person should be environmentally literate;
   3. Everyone should not only know the rules of attitude towards nature, but also abide by them.
2. Evaluate the statements: “To protect nature means to protect people,” “A person lived his life in vain if he did not plant a tree, did not build a house, did not raise a child,” “If he picked one flower, he lost ten.”
3. Look carefully at how the trees and flowers live in your garden, on your street. Maybe you need to dig up the ground? Dig it up. Maybe you need to put up tree supports or a fence? Try to do this yourself or with one of your comrades.
4. Help homeless animals. They also have the right to life.
5. Find out if there is a Green Patrol at your school. Get to know its participants and offer them your help.
6. Find materials on the Internet about fires in Russia in the summer of 2010. Prepare short message. First of all, indicate the causes of fires, characterize the role of the human factor. Pay special attention to the behavior of children. Make your suggestions: what needs to be done to increase human environmental responsibility.

Publisher: Enlightenment 2015.

Type: Textbook

At the age of fourteen, a student receives a passport, which means that he becomes an adult, able-bodied resident of his state. Consequently, at this age the student can independently sign various contracts. But before you take any action, you still need to know your powers and responsibilities well. During this period, a person already bears full responsibility for his actions, so it is very important to comply with the laws, know and respect them, and be able to protect one’s rights. Bogolyubov's textbook "Social studies for 7th grade" will provide the main topics; after studying them, the student will become a full-fledged and sought-after citizen of his society. He will have to accept rational decisions, learn the secrets of professional success, have the ability to predict the prosperity of your business, only then can you create your own business. The child will understand that to preserve and protect nature means to save his life. This is exactly what will be discussed in the lessons of this direction in the seventh year of study.

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