MKOU Secondary School No. 2 Stavropol Territory, Kochubeevsky District. History and Social Studies Teacher Fedorova Valentina Petrovna .
Eastern Slavs in antiquity 8-9 centuries.
- 1. Settlement of the Eastern Slavs.
- 2. Economy of the Eastern Slavs
- 3. Prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state
- 4. Social system of the Slavs.
- 5. The reign of Igor.
- 6. Basic theories of the formation of the ancient Russian state.
- 7. Board Olga (lessons and churchyards)
Eastern Slavs in the 8th and 9th centuries
“The Tale of Bygone Years” is the oldest work on Russian history. This is a whole encyclopedia of the life of our state from the 9th to the 11th centuries. From it we learn about the events that took place in those distant times, and about language, and about the origin of writing, about geographical knowledge and art, about international relations. Previously it was believed that the author of this chronicle is the monk of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery, Nestor, who lived at the turn of the 11th-12th centuries. But research has shown that one person could not be the author of the entire work. It was developed by several generations of chroniclers, who added new things to the story of their predecessor. The chronicle was found by chance by Musin-Pushkin. If from Kievan Rus Since nothing has reached us except “The Tale of Bygone Years,” then this work alone would be enough to imagine the height of Russian culture of that time.
East Slavic tribes in the 8th-9th centuries.
In the 8th century, the land where the Indo-Europeans lived, and later the Balto-Slavs, was inhabited by a Slavic population who spoke the Slavic language, and large tribal unions were formed from related tribes. At that time there were about 15 of them. Their names corresponded to the territory: polyana (fields); Drevlyans (forests); Dryagovichi (quagmire).
Between the Slavs and the surrounding
there were clashes between tribes,
but basically the relationship was good neighborly. The Slavs did not impose
others have their own customs and traditions.
Economy of the Eastern Slavs
1. Agriculture- first - slash-and-burn, fallow, and then - arable: two-field and three-field (rawl with a runner, millstones for grinding, manure the earth, there was an agricultural calendar);
2. Cattle breeding(goats, sheep, cows and poultry). Draft force – horse and ox; horse breeding for combatants;
3. Fishing where there is an abundance of rivers and lakes;
4. beekeeping- collecting honey and wax, which was highly valued;
5. Hunting(wolves, foxes, beavers, bears, martens). Hence the first monetary unit - kuna (marten) .
Prerequisites for the formation of a state
The Russian word “state” comes from the word “gospodar”, sovereign (“master”, “lord”. This word was originally associated with the power of the leader. The tribal prince became such a ruler among the East Slavic tribes . The state meant the emergence of a central government, uniting the entire territory in which this or that people lives, united by force or good will. During the time of Kiya there were the first signs
government structure
Prerequisites for the formation of the state
1. Thanks to the progress of the economy, an individual family could feed itself;
2. Family property was divided into separate family property;
3. The right of private ownership, private property arose;
4.Under these conditions, the power and economic capabilities of tribal leaders and elders sharply increased.
5. Families left without the support of the tribal community were helped by the authorities of the nascent state.
Social structure of the Eastern Slavs in the 8th-9th centuries.
By the end of the 9th century, a hierarchy had developed (multi-level)
People are stinkers-free, wealthy- husbands ;
Voi those who could equip themselves and take part in the war;
Servants-family members who were subordinate to their husbands;
Orphans, slaves, wretched, meager, beggars - disadvantaged, poor, dependent on the rich;
Slaves- the lowest on the social level. Mostly prisoners, but this category has not taken root with us for a number of reasons.
Squad (boyars, youths)
Princes of tribal unions
The Grand Duke was traditionally considered the supreme ruler and owner of the land in Rus'. But his power was not sole, it was limited boyars and veche. Because he was chosen by the tribal assembly.
The religion of the Eastern Slavs is paganism (polytheism, polytheism).
Nature, great and unknowable, gentle and unpredictable, was the main deity of the Slavs. With the advent of the princes Perun .
ghoul-evil spirit beregin good
goblin, rus a lka,
brownie - too much
bride kidnapping
Magi, magicians -
favorites of the gods.
Led by- Svarog- god of the Universe;
Son of Svarog Dazhdbog(sun god) Slavs - Dazhd's grandchildren;
Rhoda- goddess of fertility;
Veles the cattle god;
Stribo Mr. lord of the winds;
Makosh- patroness of the female part of the household.
Basic theories of education Old Russian state
Normanskaya (Bayer, Schlozer, Miller)
Anti-Normanskaya (M. Lomonosov)
Founders Old Russian state- Normans, whom the Slavs called to their lands to rule them;
Among the Eastern Slavs there was a process of decomposition of the tribal system and the development of feudalism, the formation of statehood before the arrival of the Varangians.
Title "Rus" Scandinavian origin.
Title "Rus" is of Slavic origin.
Slavs not capable to create their own statehood.
“The Russians, Slovenians, Krivichi and everyone said: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us."
There is no evidence of the existence of the name "Rus" in Scandinavia.
Influence Scandinavians for education slightly .
The beginning of the Rurik dynasty.
There are two centers in Rus': in the north Novgorod ( Oleg-Igor), and in the south - Kiev (Askold and Dir). Oleg took possession of Smolensk, Lyubich, and then Kiev . In 882 - unification of lands - the beginning of the Russian state .
862 g. Three brothers arrived from the Varangian lands to the Slavic and Finno-Ugric lands with their families: Rurik(first ruled in Ladoga, and then in Novgorod), Sineus(in Beloozero) and Truvor(Izborsk).
Rurik united the north and north-west of the East Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes.
879 Rurik died
Stayed son - Igor
Everything is in your hands
Oleg. Who is he?
Appeared
dynasty
Rurikovich ruled until 1598
Foreign policy Oleg.
He sought to seize the mouths of the Dnieper and Danube, to establish himself in the Northern Black Sea region and the Balkans, and to control the Kerch Straits.
1. Campaigns against the Drevlyans, northerners, Radimichi - imposed tribute on them
2. According to the peace treaty of 898, Rus' paid tribute to the Hungarians (200 l) after the defeat.
3.907 and 911 campaign against Byzantium (Oleg’s cunning) - the first written agreement in the history of Eastern Europe. Not only a trade union, but also a military one.
“Your shield is on the gates of Constantinople.”
Reign of Igor (912-945)
Princess Olga. Who is she? The daughter of a ferryman or a noble family?
1.941 g. march on the Greeks. We saw Greek fire for the first time. The campaign ended in defeat.
2.944 g. campaign against the Greeks - the Greeks paid off with tribute.
3.945 g hike through the Slavic tribes of Polyudye (folded local residents everything they were rich in)
945 g. murder of Igor by the Drevlyans (“If a wolf gets into the habit of the sheep, he carries out the whole herd until they kill him,” so said Prince Maly).
Reign of Princess Olga.
955 - baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople. Godfather Tsar Constantine.
1.B 945 took revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband, Igor.
2.I established lessons and churchyards - the end of the people. I installed the cart. This means princely power...
3. Sent an embassy to Germany to Emperor Otto 1 to establish friendly relations and strengthening religious ties. The pagans refused to be baptized. Some of the bishop's people were killed. Olga was canonized .
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Indo-European language family Only some languages are indicated Indo-European language family Germanic group Romance group Baltic group Iranian group Slavic group German English Swedish Norwegian Danish Dutch French Italian Spanish Romanian Polish Czech Serbian Bulgarian Russian Lithuanian Latvian Farsi Pashto Dari Tajik Ossetian Kurdish? What other Slavic languages do you know?
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Origin of the Eastern Slavs Slavic-Baltic unity Exists from the first centuries AD. The separation of the Slavs from the Slavic-Baltic unity - the turn of the 5th–6th centuries. The oldest indisputably Slavic archaeological culture is Prague. The most ancient ancestral home of the Slavs is Central Europe, the region of the upper Danube, Elbe, Oder and Vistula. From here the Slavs settled throughout Europe: western - to the north, up to the Baltic Sea, southern - to the Balkan Peninsula, eastern - to the Carpathians, Dniester, Dnieper, Pripyat, Volkhov, Oka
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The Slavs moved to Eastern Europe in two ways - northern and southern. Northern route: Pomorie - Ilmen-Lake and Volkhov, upper reaches of the Dnieper, Oka Southern route: Danube - Carpathians - Dniester, Southern Bug, middle Dnieper, Pripyat.
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Interaction of the Slavs with the indigenous population of Eastern Europe Slavic tribes Baltic tribes Finno-Ugric tribes Agricultural skills Agricultural skills Experience of living in taiga conditions The settlement of the Slavs took place peacefully, because population density was low, free land there was a lot and enough for everyone. Why didn’t the Slavic newcomers meet fierce resistance from the indigenous people? ?
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Dwellings of the Eastern Slavs Zemlyanka. The roof rests on the ground. Area 10–20 m2. Heated by a fireplace. Typical for the 6th–7th centuries. Half-dugout. The inside is lined with logs. Area 10–20 m2. The floor is earthen. Completely covered with earth. Heated by a stove-stove. Characteristic of the 8th–10th centuries.
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Dwellings of the Eastern Slavs Poluzemlyanka. The inside is lined with hewn logs. The top is completely covered with earth. Heated by a clay stove. Typical for the 10th–11th centuries, for the southern regions of Rus'. Above ground log dwelling. The floor is wooden, raised above ground level. Heated by a combination stove (stone and clay). Has fiberglass windows for smoke exit. Typical for the X–XI centuries. for the northern regions of Rus'.
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Occupations of the Eastern Slavs Occupations of the Eastern Slavs Agriculture Hunting Fishing Cattle breeding Beekeeping Barley Rye Wheat Millet Oats Furs: Squirrel Marten Sable Fox river fish Cattle Horses Pigs Honey from wild bees
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Agriculture among the Eastern Slavs Slash-and-burn agriculture Shifting Cut down trees Burn out trees Uproot the roots Loosen the soil Sow grain in the ash Use the plot until exhaustion 6–8 years The plot is abandoned for 15–20 years 1. Burn the grass 2. Loosen the ground 3. Sow the grain in the ash 4. Use the site until depleted 3–4 years 5. The site is abandoned until fertility is restored (from 2 to 8 years)
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Agricultural tools of the Eastern Slavs 1–2. Solid wood shovel 3. Shovel with iron blade 4. Solid wood hoe 5. Iron hoe 6. Iron frame for wooden shovels 7. Double-pronged wooden fork
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Agricultural tools of the Eastern Slavs Harrow-harrow. This harrow was used to loosen the top layer of soil, fertilized with ash after burning grass or trees. Novgorod rake XII–XV centuries. Old Russian sickles of the 10th–13th centuries. Scythe with hilt, 13th century. Braids X–XIII centuries.
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The beginning of the transition to a two-field system In the 8th century. in the forest-steppe zone the transition to a two-field system begins. The ground is plowed with a plow and harrowed with a wooden harrow. After 1 year of sowing, the field rests fallow for 1 year to restore soil fertility. The site is in constant use. What caused the transition to double-field? ? Sohi Ralo
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Social system of the Slavs in the 8th–9th centuries. The main occupation of the Slavs is Clearing land from under the forest: by individual families or by the entire community? Are areas of cleared land farmed jointly or by individual families? Who owns the harvest? Are the dwellings designed for the entire clan or for individual families? Agriculture Whole community Individual families Individual families Individual families
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Social system of the Slavs in the 8th–9th centuries. Is there a difference in wealth between dwellings? Who owns the hunting and fishing grounds? Do the Slavs exist in the 8th–9th centuries? private property? What kind of community existed among the Slavs in the 8th–9th centuries: tribal or neighborly? Is there inequality within the community? All dwellings are approximately the same for the entire community Private property exists There is a transition from a tribal community to a neighborhood community There is still no inequality within the community
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The path from the Varangians to the Greeks The path from the Varangians to the Greeks and from the Greeks along the Dnieper, and the top of the Dnieper was dragged to Lovot, and along Lovot to enter the great Ilmen Lake, from the same lake the Volkhov will flow and flow into the great Lake Nevo and of that lake to enter the mouth into the Varangian Sea, and along that sea go to Rome, and from Rome come along the same sea to Tsar-Gorod, and from Tsar-Gorod come to the Pontus Sea and the Dnieper River flows into it. Lovat Volkhov
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Trade on the way from the Varangians to the Greeks Scandinavia Rus' Honey, wax, furs, salt, wine, jewelry, silk, brocade Byzantine Empire Honey, wax, furs, skins, slaves Weapons, wines, jewelry, silk, brocade Slaves, skins, fish, metals, amber? What did they trade on the way from the Varangians to the Greeks?
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2. Settlement of the Slavs in the V-VII centuries. The Slavs became so widespread in Europe that their numerous tribes were geographically divided into southern, western and eastern.
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3. Resettlement of East Slavic tribes. The Eastern Slavs, having settled the East European Plain, gradually became isolated from each other and divided into tribes.
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4. East Slavic tribal unions “The Tale of Bygone Years” lists twelve East Slavic tribal unions. These are: Polyans, Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi, Krivichi, Slovenes, Dulebs (later: Volynians and Buzhanians), White Croats, Northerners, Ulichs, Tivertsy.
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5. Main occupations of the Eastern Slavs In the forests, slash-and-burn agriculture was practiced, in the forest-steppe - arable farming. Productivity was low due to the harsh continental climate. Cattle breeding Other trades: fishing, hunting, bee farming, fur farming. The abundance of rivers, lakes, and a well-branched water transport system contributed to the development of navigation, trade, and various crafts producing products for exchange (among the Novgorod Slovenes). At the crossroads of trade routes they were based major cities, breeding centers such as Kyiv and others.
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6. Social structure of the Eastern Slavs The Slavs lived as a neighboring community. Each family had the right to cleared land - lyadina. Military leaders were singled out and a squad was formed that was engaged only in military activities. For defense, there was a militia of free community members.
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Pre-class society of the Eastern Slavs The tribe (union of tribes) is headed by a prince. The prince relied in his power on the voivode (leader of the army) and warriors-combatants. The veche (meeting of the tribe) decided on the main issues. Below were smerds or husbands (heads of patriarchal families who had the right to participate in the army). And the servants are family members of their husbands and slaves who did not have the right to participate in the army.
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7. Paganism of the Eastern Slavs Paganism is both a religion and a worldview. The Slavs tried to explain what they saw around them. Perun - the supreme god, Svarog - the god of fire, Dazhdbog - the god of the sun, Stribog - the god of the wind, Veles - the god of cattle breeding, Mokosh - the goddess of the female part of the economy, weaving
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To worship the gods, the Slavs built temples. Idols (wooden images of gods) were erected along its border. In the temples the Slavs made sacrifices, performed rituals, and asked the gods for mercy and protection.
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Along with the gods, the Slavs believed in “lower spirits.” Those, in turn, were divided into useful and dangerous. -Determine who is depicted on the slides and what group of spirits do these creatures belong to? Brownie, goblin, water wolf, werewolf.
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8. Rituals and holidays Funeral ritual The body of the deceased was placed in a boat and burned at the stake. The ashes were lowered into the grave - along with one of the wives, a war horse, weapons, and jewelry. A high mound was poured over the grave. They held a funeral feast (commemorated, competed).
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8. Rituals and holidays January 1 - Kolyada. Friction was used to make fire, to tell fortunes, to make animal sacrifices. March is the day of the vernal equinox. They burned the effigy of winter and praised the sun with pancakes. May - the appearance of the first spring shoots. They cleaned up young birch trees with ribbons, and their houses with birch branches. June – Kupala. They led round dances, threw wreaths into the river, lit bonfires at night, jumped over them, and called for the reindeer.
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9. Prerequisites for the formation of the state The state is a common territory, the power of the prince, an army guarding the prince, laws and taxes. By the middle of the 9th century, some prerequisites had matured among the Eastern Slavs
Unions of Slavic tribes and their settlement
- The chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years” (Nestor) tells about the settlement of the East Slavic tribes.
- In the 6th-7th centuries, the Eastern Slavs formed tribal unions; historians count 15 of them.
- And after these brothers, their family began to reign near the glades, and the Drevlyans had their own reign, and the Dregovichi had theirs, and the Slavs had their own in Novgorod, and another on the Polota River, where the Polotsk people were. From these latter came the Krivichi, sitting in the upper reaches of the Volga, and in the upper reaches of the Dvina, and in the upper reaches of the Dnieper, their city is Smolensk; This is where the Krivichi sit. The northerners also come from them. And on Belozero he sits all over, and on Lake Rostov he meryas, and on Lake Kleshchina he also meryas. And along the Oka River - where it flows into the Volga - there are the Muroma, speaking their own language, and the Cheremis, speaking their own language, and the Mordovians, speaking their own language. Just who speaks Slavic in Rus': the Polyans, the Drevlyans, the Novgorodians, the Polochans, the Dregovichis, the Northerners, the Buzhanians, so called because they sat along the Bug, and then began to be called the Volynians.
- in the middle reaches of the Dnieper - glade,
- to the north of them are the northerners;
- in the Pripyat River basin - Dregovichi (from "dryagva" - swamp) and Drevlyans;
- on the Sozh River - Radimichi;
- in the Smolensk region and to the north - Krivichi;
- on Lake Ilmen and the Volkhov River - Ilmen Slovenes;
- in the northeast (area of Vladimir and Moscow) - Vyatichi;
- in the southwest (western Ukraine) - Ulichi, Tivertsy, Volynians.
- The main occupation is agriculture:
- slash-and-burn agriculture spread in the forest belt (northern regions),
- fallow (fallow) agriculture spread in the forest-steppe zone (southern regions),
- arable farming.
- The Slavs were engaged in:
- hunting,
- beekeeping (collecting honey from wild bees),
- craft,
- Important trade routes passed through the territory inhabited by the Eastern Slavs: “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” “from the Varangians to the Persians,” but the domestic market was poorly developed.
- Chronicle of PVL: “I live each with my clan and in my place, owning each of my clan.”
- V.O. Klyuchevsky: “The clan union rested on two pillars: on the power of the clan elder and the indivisibility of the clan property. The clan cult, the veneration of ancestors sanctified and strengthened both of these pillars.”
- A clan community is a group of blood relatives who have common property and run the household together.
- A neighborhood community is a more fragmented association based on the separation of individual small families from a clan.
- The neighboring community was called "mir" - in the south, and "rope" - in the north.
- East Slavic society was governed by the principle of military democracy. At the head of the tribe was a prince, supported by a squad (military nobility). The most important element of the structure of society was the veche.
- Prince
- military squad
- elders
- In the 8th-9th centuries, Slavic society was already approaching the emergence of statehood.
- military nobility
- Religion was an essential part of the life of the ancient Slavs. In the 7th-10th centuries, the Eastern Slavs were pagans and polytheists.
- Polytheism is polytheism, belief in many gods.
- Paganism - (from the Old Slavonic "pagans" - foreign peoples who did not accept Christianity) a worldview based on the worship of many gods, idolatry.
- Svarog
- Stribog
- Dazhdbog
- Veles
- Perun
- Makosh
- Yarila
- The pagan priests were the Magi. Sacrifices (demands) were made to the gods at certain places (temples), where images of the gods (idols) were placed.
- There was also an annual cycle of agricultural holidays, and fortune telling and omens were common.
