Participial phrases. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. I had to work in difficult conditions without having

The syntactic structure of the Russian language creates a number of special constructions, which are characterized by the commonality of the content contained in them with different grammatical formats. For example: the student passed the tests – a student who has passed the tests – a student who has passed the tests – student, passing the tests – student after passing tests – a student after he has passed his tests .Participial and participial phrases included in this series, subordinate clause as part of a complex, independent simple sentence, construction with verbal noun are parallel syntactic structures.

There is a semantic and stylistic difference between parallel constructions. So, subordinate clauses in the above pairs they have a greater semantic load, since they form a predicative unit (sentence) as part of a complex one, while the isolated phrases parallel to them act as members simple sentence. Here the role of the verb in the sentence is reflected: in the subordinate part of the sentence ( student who passed the tests or student after he has passed his tests ) the predicate is usually expressed by the personal form of the verb, which is characterized by a number of verbal categories that support the meaning of the action-state; in adverbial usage ( student passing tests ) the verb already plays the role of a secondary predicate and has only an aspect category with a shade of temporary meaning; in the participial phrase ( student who passed the tests ) the meaning of the action-state is even more weakened, since in the form of a participle the meaning of the objective attribute, usually expressed by an adjective, plays a significant role; finally, in a verbal noun ( student after passing tests ) the meaning of the action is abstract in nature and the meaning of time comes to the fore in the design.

Stylistic differences determine the use of parallel constructions in different speech styles. Thus, participial and participial phrases are predominantly a part of bookish speech, and the construction with a verbal noun also gives the text a bookish and sometimes clerical character.

§211. Participial phrases

1. The participle, as a verb form, has meanings of time, aspect, and voice.

1) Meaning time in the participle it is relative: in some cases there is a correlation between the tenses expressed by the participle and the predicate verb, for example: saw children playing on the boulevard (saw while they were playing); in other cases, the time expressed by the participle correlates with the moment of speech and precedes it, for example: saw children playing on the boulevard . Wed: a) In one of the rooms I found a young guy sorting papers at a table. (V. Soloukhin); b) That night, as if on purpose, empty barns belonging to tax farmers caught fire (Herzen).

With the past tense of a predicate verb, the present participle indicates a permanent feature, the past participle indicates a temporary feature. For example: We were interested in a house located on the edge of the forest (cf.: ... which is worth ...). – Artyom grabbed the heavy hammer that stood at the anvil ... (N. Ostrovsky) (cf.: ... who stood ...).

Wed. Also: All delegates arrived at the meeting, with the exception of two who were absent due to illness. (the meeting is still ongoing). – All delegates took part in the meeting, with the exception of two who were absent due to illness. (the meeting has already ended).

An inaccurate form of the participle tense is used in the sentence: “The work was completed in five days instead of the expected six” (assumption refers to the past, therefore the present participle form is not suitable alleged; the shape doesn't fit either assumed having the meaning of the perfect form, whereas the meaning of the phrase requires an imperfect participle - from the verb assume, not from assume; the correct form for this case is supposed ). On the contrary, we need the present, not the past, form of the participle in the sentence: « The situation that has existed so far GOST already does not satisfy increased requirements"(if it does not satisfy, then it means still exists, so you should have said: The current situation ...).

Difference between combinations the book has been published And the book was published does not consist in greater or lesser distance in time (cf.: the book was published last year – the book was published in the 17th century , where is the link was does not at all introduce the meaning of a greater prescription), but in the fact that in the absence of a connective, it means the presence of a result in the present, in the presence of a connective, the attribution of the result to the past; compare: “Dead Souls” was written by Gogol. – Second volume " Dead souls"was written by Gogol (but burned); "Eugene Onegin" was written by Pushkin. – The tenth chapter of Eugene Onegin was written by Pushkin (but not published).

2) Meaning collateral taken into account in participle forms on -With I : they may contain a mixture of reflexive and passive meanings (cf. §175, paragraph 4). Clearly a bad combination "cows going to slaughter" (instead of: cows sent to slaughter ). In such cases, the forms should, where possible, be replaced by -With I others ( usually in forms-my ). For example, instead of "girl, being brought up grandmother" should be said: girl, brought up grandmother; work, performed part-time students.

2. In modern literary language forms of active participles are not used -sch th from verbs of the perfect form (with the meaning of the future tense), "I'll take it into my head good compose", "I'll try good I can assure you”, “I can good explain".

Participles are also not used in combination with the particle would, since from verbs in the form subjunctive mood participles are not formed, for example: "the project that caused would objections", "employees who wished would sign up for amateur clubs.” Occasionally, however, such forms were found among classical writers, and they are still found today, for example: The mind sleeps, perhaps finding a sudden spring of great means (Go goal); It is worth going into any of the countless churches of Venice, asking the minister to turn on the light, and from the darkness the magnificent colors of the canvases will appear, which would be the pride of any art gallery (N. Prozhogin).

3. The participial phrase can be found either after the word being defined ( letter, received from the author ), or in front of it ( received from the author letter), but must not include the qualifying word "received letter from the author").

4. Depending on the meaning, different agreements of participles are possible. Wed: Some of the books intended for the exhibition, already received (All books intended for the exhibition have been received). – Some of the books intended for the exhibition, already received (Not all books intended for the exhibition have been received). Such variants of agreement occur in cases where the participial phrase does not determine separate word, but a phrase. Wed. Also: amount of electricity, consumed ... (the quantitative side is emphasized) – amount of electricity consumed ... (characterizes an object, a part of which we're talking about ); two thousand rubles, borrowed – ten thousand rubles, taken from my sister (L. Tolstoy).

Various shades of meaning are available in combinations: I see my country liberated from the pervasive power of ideology – I see my country liberated from the pervasive power of ideology . The first option indicates not only the object of perception (country), but also the nature of this perception ( I see liberated ); in the second option, only the definition of the subject is given using a separate participial phrase.

In some cases, participial phrases, like subordinate attributive clauses, allow a double correlation, which gives rise to the ambiguity of the sentence, for example: "Statement by the Chairman of the Committee, dealing with these issues» (Is it handled by the chairman or the committee?). Possible editing options: Statement made by the chairman of the committee dealing with these issues -...dealing with these issues.

5. Participles are usually accompanied by explanatory words necessary for the completeness of the statement. So, the combinations are stylistically unsuccessful: “entering citizens are asked to pay the fare” (cf.: citizens boarding the bus ...); “received manuscripts have been sent for review” (cf.: manuscripts received by the editor ...). Explanatory words may be omitted if their absence is justified by the conditions of the context, the meaning of the sentence itself, the situation of the statement, etc., for example: (from review); (from the speech).

6. An isolated participle phrase has a greater semantic load compared to the same phrase if it is not isolated. Wed: Written in small handwriting the manuscript was difficult to read(a common definition, expressed as a separate participial phrase, contains an additional causal meaning). – The manuscript, written in small handwriting, was difficult to read (not the isolated participial phrase has only a definitive meaning).

The non-isolated participial phrase is more closely adjacent to the defined noun. Wed: face covered with large wrinkles (stable sign) – face, covered with large drops of sweat (temporary sign; the lexical composition of both constructions also plays a role). Explanatory words may be omitted if their absence is justified by the conditions of the context, the meaning of the sentence itself, the situation of the statement, etc., for example: The work in question has a number of positive aspects (from review); All proposals made deserve attention (from a speech at a meeting); Plans were completed on time (these plans were discussed earlier).

7. Participial phrases are used to replace synonymous attributive clauses in a number of cases:

1) if the statement is bookish in nature, for example Numerous facts accumulated by science have confirmed the correctness of the hypothesis put forward by the young scientist. Wed. also a touch of solemnity introduced into speech by such forms as driven, carried, drawn, rarely used in modern language,

2) if in complex sentence the conjunctive word is repeated which , in particular when consistent subordination subordinate clauses, for example: “At the scientific and methodological conference, which was devoted to teaching issues foreign languages, a number of messages were made, which contained interesting data on the use of a programmed learning system"(each of the subordinate clauses or both of them can be replaced by participial phrases);

3) if it is necessary to eliminate ambiguity associated with the possible different correlation of the conjunctive word which, For example: “Words in sentences are highlighted in bold. are used for grammar analysis"(or used, or used, depending on the meaning of the sentence);

4) if the statement is given brevity determined by stylistic considerations, for example: “The convoy stood on the big bridge, stretching across a wide river... Ahead across the river was a huge mountain, dotted with houses and churches...» (Chekhov).

Using the advantages of the participle phrase, one should at the same time take into account such a disadvantage of participles as their cacophony in the case of an accumulation of forms on -sh th And - left.

§212. Participial phrases

1. An action denoted by a gerund (adverbial phrase) usually refers to the subject of a given sentence, for example: Letting down results of the debate, chairman meetings noted commonality of views between the speaker and the meeting participants. If the producer of the action indicated by the predicate verb and the producer of the action indicated by the gerund do not coincide, the use of the participial phrase is stylistically erroneous, For example: “Crossing the rails, the switchman was deafened by the unexpected whistle of a locomotive.” (passing applies To switchman , A stunned – to the whistle ). The deviations from this norm found among classical writers represent either Gallicism, or the result of the influence of the popular language, for example: Having now settled in the village, his dream and ideal was to resurrect the form of life that existed under his grandfather (L. Tolstoy).

In some cases, it is possible to use an adverbial phrase that does not express the action of the subject:

1) if the producer of the action indicated by the gerund coincides with the producer of the action indicated by another verbal form (infinitive, participle, gerund), for example: The author was asked to make additions to the manuscript, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the life of society recently; It was impossible to hold back the pressure of the waves that rushed onto the shore, sweeping away everything in their path;

2) in impersonal offer with the infinitive, for example: I had to work in difficult conditions, without having any free day for relaxation. If in an impersonal sentence there is no infinitive to which the participial phrase could relate, then the use of the latter is stylistically unjustified, for example. « Leaving from hometown, I felt sad"; " After reading the manuscript a second time, the editor felt that it needed serious revision.”

The use of an adverbial phrase in a passive construction does not meet the norm, since the producer of the action expressed by the predicate, and the producer of the action, expressed by a gerund, do not match, for example: « Having received recognition from a wide readership, The book has been republished."

2. An adverbial phrase usually precedes a predicate if it means:

a) previous action, for example: Pushing me away grandma rushed to the door...(Bitter);

b) the reason for another action, for example: Frightened by an unknown noise, the flock rose heavily above the water(A. Perventsev);

c) a condition for another action, for example: Straining your strength, a person of average ability can achieve anything(V. Panova);

3. The participial phrase usually follows the predicate if it means:

a) follow-up action, for example: One day in the forest I fell into a deep hole, slashing his side with a twig and tearing the skin on the back of his head (Bitter);

b) mode of action, for example: Here, near the carts, wet horses stood with their heads hanging, and people walked, covered with rain bags (Chekhov).

4. Participial phrases synonymous with other constructions. When choosing the desired option, its grammatical and stylistic features are taken into account.

The participial phrase gives the statement a bookish character. The advantage of this construction compared to the adverbial clause is its compactness. Wed: When you read this manuscript, – Reading this manuscript, pay attention to the underlined places.

On the other hand, the advantage of subordinate clauses is the presence in them of conjunctions that give the statement various shades of meaning, which are lost when replacing the subordinate clause with an adverbial phrase. Wed: When he came in..., after he came in..., as soon as he came in..., barely he came in... etc. and synonymous variant upon entering, indicating only a previous action, but devoid of subtle shades of temporal meaning. When using the participial phrase in such cases, the loss of the conjunction should be compensated, where necessary, by lexical means, for example, entering... he immediately (right away, immediately etc.).

Participial phrases can be synonymous with other constructions. Wed:

walked, wrapped up in a warm fur coat – walked, bundled up in a warm fur coat; watched, holding his head high –watched with head held high; was in a hurry sensing something bad- was in a hurry in anticipation of something bad; read the manuscript making statements –read the manuscript and made notes.

§213. Constructions with verbal nouns

1. Verbal nouns are widely used in various language styles:

1) In socio-political and specialized literature as terms formed in various ways:

using a suffix -n eee (-ani-e, -eni-e), For example: concreters aniye, loose tion, denationalized tion, surveyors aniye, subtract aniye, complex tion, agree aniye, management tion;

using a suffix -To -A , For example: treasure ka, putty ka (process and result of the process); if there are options of both types ( engravers aniye – engravers ka, markings aniye – marked ka, presses aniye – presses ka, thin sections aniye – thin sections ka ) the first option has a more bookish character;

in a suffixless way, for example: flight, bench press, firing, measuring, reset, if there are options ( heat – heating, roasting – burning, draining – draining ) for forms at -n no a high degree of bookishness remains.

2) In official business speech, for example: The advance has begun tion candidates; Negotiations ended in agreement tion m diplomatic relations; An agreement was reached to extend eni and agreements for the next five years; Request to provide eni and vacation is satisfied.

3) In headings, for example: Launch space complex; Show new films; Hand tion orders and awards; Return tion to my homeland. The usual wording of plan items is phrases with a verbal noun as the main word.

2. The undoubted advantage of constructions with verbal nouns is their brevity. Wed: When spring came , field work began.– With the coming of spring field work began; If the first symptoms of the disease appear, consult a doctor– When the first symptoms of the disease appear consult a doctor.

However, constructions with verbal nouns have a number of disadvantages:

1) Ambiguity of statement, associated with the fact that verbal nouns, as a rule, are deprived of the meaning of time, aspect, voice. For example: "The speaker spoke about execution programs"(it is not clear whether we are talking about the fact that the program has been executed, or about the progress of its execution, or about the need to execute it, etc.).

2) Artificial formations, created according to a certain model, but not accepted in the literary language, for example: « due to lack of the necessary details", " dragging away state property", "undressing and lack of shoeschildren» . The use of such words can only be justified by stylistic intent, for example: The death occurred due to drowning (Chekhov).

3) Stringing cases(see §204, paragraph 1) is often caused by the use of verbal nouns, for example: “In order to improve the placement of young specialists... ».

4) Predicate splitting(see §179, paragraph 1) is usually associated with the use of verbal nouns, for example: “Seal the warehouse”, “Understatement of demands is underway.”

5) Clerical character statements are often conditioned by the presence of verbal nouns in them, for example: “In the new novel, the author gives a broad display of ruin Russian village"; “Critics noted the director’s failure to use all the possibilities of color cinema” . If, in connection with the development of terminology in scientific, technical, professional, journalistic speech, many expressions with verbal nouns have already acquired the rights of citizenship (cf.: the plane is descending, the car is turning around, the garden has begun to bear fruit, letters are collected five times a day etc.), then their use in other styles of speech produces a negative impression.

3. Stylistic correction of the structures under consideration is achieved through various types of substitutions. For this purpose the following are used:

A) subordinate clause, For example: “The plant did not produce products due to failure to obtain the necessary raw materials» – ...because I did not receive the necessary raw materials;

b) turnover with the union to, For example: “Corrections have been made to the manuscript. to eliminate repetition and improve her style» – ...to eliminate repetition and improve her style;

V) participial phrase, For example: “It is necessary to deepen the knowledge and strengthen the skills of students by attracting additional material » – ...by bringing in additional material.

1. An action denoted by a gerund (adverbial phrase) usually refers to the subject of a given sentence, for example: Letting down results of the debate, chairman meetings noted commonality of views between the speaker and the meeting participants. If the producer of the action indicated by the predicate verb and the producer of the action indicated by the gerund do not coincide, the use of the participial phrase is stylistically erroneous, For example: “Crossing the rails, the switchman was deafened by the unexpected whistle of a locomotive.”

2. (In some cases, it is possible to use an adverbial phrase that does not express the action of the subject:

1. if the producer of an action indicated by a gerund coincides with the producer of an action indicated by another verbal form (infinitive, participle, gerund), for example: The author was asked to make additions to the manuscript, taking into account the changes that have occurred in the life of society recently; It was impossible to hold back the pressure of the waves that rushed onto the shore, sweeping away everything in their path;

2. in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive, for example: I had to work in difficult conditions, without having a single free day for rest for many weeks. If in an impersonal sentence there is no infinitive to which the participial phrase could relate, then the use of the latter is stylistically unjustified, for example. « Leaving my hometown, I felt sad"; " After reading the manuscript a second time, the editor felt that it needed serious revision.”

The use of an adverbial phrase in a passive construction does not meet the norm, since the producer of the action expressed by the predicate and the producer of the action expressed by the gerund do not coincide, for example: « Having received recognition from a wide readership, The book has been republished."

3. An adverbial phrase usually precedes a predicate if it means:

a) previous action, for example: Pushing me away grandma rushed to the door...(Bitter);

b) the reason for another action, for example: Frightened by an unknown noise, the flock rose heavily above the water(A. Perventsev);

c) a condition for another action, for example: Straining your strength, a person of average ability can achieve anything(V. Panova);

4. The participial phrase usually follows the predicate if it means:

a) follow-up action, for example: One day in the forest I fell into a deep hole, slashing his side with a twig and tearing the skin on the back of his head (Bitter);

b) mode of action, for example: Here, near the carts, wet horses stood with their heads hanging, and people walked, covered with rain bags (Chekhov).

Participial phrases are synonymous with other constructions. When choosing the desired option, its grammatical and stylistic features are taken into account.

1. An action denoted by a gerund (adverbial phrase) refers, as a rule, to the subject of a given sentence, for example: Summing up the results of the debate, the chairman of the meeting noted the commonality of views of the speaker and the meeting participants. If the producer of the action indicated by the predicate verb and the producer of the action indicated by the gerund do not coincide, the use of the gerund is stylistically erroneous, for example: “Crossing the rails, the switchman was deafened by the unexpected whistle of a locomotive” (crossing refers to the switchman, and deafened - to the whistle ). Deviations from this norm found among classical writers are either Gallicism or the result of the influence of the popular language, for example: Having now settled in the village, his dream and ideal was to resurrect the form of life that existed under his grandfather (L. Tolstoy) .

In some cases, it is possible to use an adverbial phrase that does not express the action of the subject:

2) in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive, for example: I had to work in difficult conditions, without having a single free day for rest for many weeks. If in an impersonal sentence there is no infinitive to which the participial phrase could relate, then the use of the latter is stylistically unjustified, for example. “Leaving my hometown, I felt sad”; “After reading the manuscript a second time, the editor felt that it needed serious revision.”

The use of a participial phrase in a passive construction does not meet the norm, since the producer of the action expressed by the predicate and the producer of the action expressed by the gerund do not coincide, for example: “Having received recognition from the general readership, the book was republished.”

2. An adverbial phrase usually precedes a predicate if it means:

A) previous action, for example: Pushing me away, grandmother rushed to the door... (Gorky);

B) the reason for another action, for example: Frightened by an unknown noise, the flock rose heavily above the water (A. Perventsev);

C) a condition for another action, for example: By exerting his strength, a person of the most average abilities can achieve anything (V. Panova);

3. The participial phrase usually follows the predicate if it means:

A) subsequent action, for example: Once in the forest I fell into a deep hole, cutting my side with a branch and tearing the skin on the back of my head (Gorky);

B) mode of action, for example: Here, near the carts, wet horses stood with their heads hanging, and people walked, covered with bags from the rain (Chekhov).

4. Participial phrases are synonymous with other constructions. When choosing the desired option, its grammatical and stylistic features are taken into account.

The participial phrase gives the statement a bookish character. The advantage of this construction compared to the adverbial clause is its compactness. Compare: When you read this manuscript, pay attention to the underlined places. – As you read this manuscript, pay attention to the underlined places.

On the other hand, the advantage of subordinate clauses is the presence in them of conjunctions that give the statement various shades of meaning, which are lost when replacing the subordinate clause with an adverbial phrase. Compare: when he entered..., after he entered..., as soon as he entered..., as soon as he entered... etc. and synonymous variant entering, indicating only a previous action, but devoid of subtle shades of temporal meaning. When using the participial phrase in such cases, the loss of the conjunction should be compensated, where necessary, by lexical means, for example, by entering... he immediately (immediately, immediately, etc.).

Participial phrases can be synonymous with other constructions. Wed:

walked, wrapped in a warm fur coat - walked, wrapped in a warm fur coat; looked with his head held high - looked with his head held high; was in a hurry, anticipating something bad - was in a hurry, anticipating something bad; read the manuscript, making notes - read the manuscript and made notes.

Syntactic structure of the Russian language creates a number of special designs, which characterized by the commonality of the content contained in them with different grammatical formats. For example: the student passed the tests - student who passed the tests - student who passed the tests - student passing tests - student after passing tests - student after he has passed his tests . The participial and participial phrases included in this series, the subordinate clause as part of a complex sentence, an independent simple sentence, and a construction with a verbal noun are parallel syntactic structures .

There is a semantic and stylistic difference between parallel constructions. Thus, the subordinate clauses in the above pairs have a greater semantic load, since they form a predicative unit (sentence) as part of a complex sentence, while the isolated phrases parallel to them act as members of a simple sentence. The role of the verb in the sentence is reflected here: in the subordinate part of the sentence ( student who passed the tests or student after he has passed his tests ) the predicate is usually expressed by the personal form of the verb, which is characterized by a number of verbal categories that support the meaning of the action-state; in adverbial usage ( student passing tests ) the verb already plays the role of a secondary predicate and has only an aspect category with a shade of temporary meaning; in the participial phrase ( student who passed the tests ) the meaning of the action-state is even more weakened, since in the form of a participle the meaning of the objective attribute, usually expressed by an adjective, plays a significant role; finally, in a verbal noun ( student after passing tests ) the meaning of the action is abstract in nature and the meaning of time comes to the fore in the design.