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1 kilo [k] = 1E-06 giga [G]

Initial value

Converted value

without prefix yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci santi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

Metric system and International System of Units (SI)

Introduction

In this article we will talk about the metric system and its history. We will see how and why it began and how it gradually evolved into what we have today. We will also look at the SI system, which was developed from the metric system of measures.

For our ancestors, who lived in a world full of dangers, the ability to measure various quantities in their natural habitat made it possible to get closer to understanding the essence of natural phenomena, knowledge of their environment and the ability to somehow influence what surrounded them. That is why people tried to invent and improve various measurement systems. At the dawn of human development, having a measurement system was no less important than it is now. Fulfill different measurements it was necessary when building housing, sewing clothes of different sizes, cooking and, of course, trade and exchange could not do without measurement! Many believe that the creation and adoption of the International System of SI Units is the most serious achievement not only of science and technology, but also of human development in general.

Early measurement systems

In early measurement and number systems, people used traditional objects to measure and compare. For example, it is believed that the decimal system appeared due to the fact that we have ten fingers and toes. Our hands are always with us - that's why since ancient times people have used (and still use) fingers for counting. Still, we haven't always used the base 10 system for counting, and the metric system is a relatively new invention. Each region developed its own systems of units and, although these systems have much in common, most systems are still so different that converting units of measurement from one system to another has always been a problem. This problem became more and more serious as trade between different peoples developed.

The accuracy of the first systems of weights and measures directly depended on the size of the objects that surrounded the people who developed these systems. It is clear that the measurements were inaccurate, since “ measuring devices"did not have exact dimensions. For example, parts of the body were commonly used as a measure of length; mass and volume were measured using the volume and mass of seeds and other small objects whose dimensions were more or less the same. Below we will take a closer look at such units.

Length measures

IN Ancient Egypt the length was initially measured simply elbows, and later with royal elbows. The length of the elbow was determined as the distance from the bend of the elbow to the end of the extended middle finger. Thus, the royal cubit was defined as the cubit of the reigning pharaoh. A model cubit was created and made available to the general public so that everyone could make their own length measures. This, of course, was an arbitrary unit that changed when a new reigning person took the throne. IN Ancient Babylon a similar system was used, but with minor differences.

The elbow was divided into smaller units: palm, hand, zerets(ft), and you(finger), which were represented by the widths of the palm, hand (with thumb), foot and finger, respectively. At the same time, they decided to agree on how many fingers there were in the palm (4), in the hand (5) and in the elbow (28 in Egypt and 30 in Babylon). It was more convenient and more accurate than measuring ratios every time.

Measures of mass and weight

Weight measures were also based on the parameters of various objects. Seeds, grains, beans and similar items were used as weight measures. A classic example of a unit of mass that is still used today is carat. Nowadays, the weight of precious stones and pearls is measured in carats, and once upon a time the weight of carob seeds, otherwise called carob, was determined as a carat. The tree is cultivated in the Mediterranean, and its seeds are distinguished by their constant mass, so they were convenient to use as a measure of weight and mass. Different places used different seeds as small units of weight, and larger units were usually multiples of smaller units. Archaeologists often find similar large weights, usually made of stone. They consisted of 60, 100 and other numbers of small units. Since there was no uniform standard for the number of small units, as well as for their weight, this led to conflicts when sellers and buyers who lived in different places met.

Volume measures

Initially, volume was also measured using small objects. For example, the volume of a pot or jug ​​was determined by filling it to the top with small objects relative to the standard volume - like seeds. However, the lack of standardization led to the same problems when measuring volume as when measuring mass.

Evolution of various systems of measures

The ancient Greek system of measures was based on the ancient Egyptian and Babylonian ones, and the Romans created their system based on the ancient Greek one. Then, through fire and sword and, of course, through trade, these systems spread throughout Europe. It should be noted that here we are talking only about the most common systems. But there were many other systems of weights and measures, because exchange and trade were necessary for absolutely everyone. If there was no written language in the area or it was not customary to record the results of the exchange, then we can only guess at how these people measured volume and weight.

There are many regional variations in systems of measures and weights. This is due to their independent development and the influence of other systems on them as a result of trade and conquest. Various systems were not only in different countries, but often within the same country, where each trading city had its own, because local rulers did not want unification in order to maintain their power. As travel, trade, industry, and science developed, many countries sought to unify systems of weights and measures, at least within their own countries.

Already in the 13th century, and possibly earlier, scientists and philosophers discussed the creation unified system measurements. However, only after French Revolution and subsequent colonization of various regions of the world by France and others European countries, which already had their own systems of weights and measures, a new system was developed, adopted in most countries of the world. This new system was decimal metric system. It was based on the base 10, that is, for any physical quantity there was one basic unit, and all other units could be formed in a standard way using decimal prefixes. Each such fractional or multiple unit could be divided into ten smaller units, and these smaller units, in turn, could be divided into 10 even smaller units, and so on.

As we know, most early measurement systems were not based on base 10. The convenience of a system with base 10 is that the number system we are familiar with has the same base, which allows us to quickly and conveniently, using simple and familiar rules, convert from smaller units to big and vice versa. Many scientists believe that the choice of ten as the base of the number system is arbitrary and is connected only with the fact that we have ten fingers and if we had a different number of fingers, then we would probably use a different number system.

Metric system

In the early days of the metric system, man-made prototypes were used as measures of length and weight, as in previous systems. The metric system has evolved from a system based on material standards and dependence on their accuracy to a system based on natural phenomena and fundamental physical constants. For example, the unit of time second was initially defined as part of the tropical year 1900. The disadvantage of this definition was the impossibility of experimental verification of this constant in subsequent years. Therefore, the second was redefined as a certain number of periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the radioactive atom of cesium-133, which is at rest at 0 K. The unit of distance, the meter, was related to the wavelength of the line of the radiation spectrum of the isotope krypton-86, but later The meter was redefined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in a period of time equal to 1/299,792,458 of a second.

The International System of Units (SI) was created based on the metric system. It should be noted that traditionally the metric system includes units of mass, length and time, but in the SI system the number of base units has been expanded to seven. We will discuss them below.

International System of Units (SI)

The International System of Units (SI) has seven basic units for measuring basic quantities (mass, time, length, luminous intensity, amount of matter, electric current, thermodynamic temperature). This kilogram(kg) to measure mass, second(c) to measure time, meter(m) to measure distance, candela(cd) to measure luminous intensity, mole(abbreviation mole) to measure the amount of a substance, ampere(A) to measure electric current, and kelvin(K) to measure temperature.

Currently, only the kilogram still has a man-made standard, while the remaining units are based on universal physical constants or natural phenomena. This is convenient because the physical constants or natural phenomena on which the units of measurement are based can be easily verified at any time; In addition, there is no danger of loss or damage to standards. There is also no need to create copies of standards to ensure their availability in different parts of the world. This eliminates errors associated with the accuracy of making copies of physical objects, and thus provides greater accuracy.

Decimal prefixes

To form multiples and submultiples that differ from the base units of the SI system by a certain integer number of times, which is a power of ten, it uses prefixes attached to the name of the base unit. The following is a list of all currently used prefixes and the decimal factors they represent:

For example, 5 gigameters is equal to 5,000,000,000 meters, while 3 microcandelas is equal to 0.000003 candelas. It is interesting to note that, despite the presence of a prefix in the unit kilogram, it is the base unit of the SI. Therefore, the above prefixes are applied with the gram as if it were a base unit.

At the time of writing this article, there are only three countries that have not adopted the SI system: the United States, Liberia and Myanmar. In Canada and the UK, traditional units are still widely used, even though the SI system is the official unit system in these countries. It’s enough to go into a store and see price tags per pound of goods (it turns out cheaper!), or try to buy building materials measured in meters and kilograms. It won't work! Not to mention the packaging of goods, where everything is labeled in grams, kilograms and liters, but not in whole numbers, but converted from pounds, ounces, pints and quarts. Milk space in refrigerators is also calculated per half-gallon or gallon, not per liter milk carton.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Calculations for converting units in the converter " Decimal prefix converter" are performed using unitconversion.org functions.

Nano, Fatos Fatos Thanas Nano Date of birth: September 16, 1952 Place of birth: Tirana Citizenship: Albania ... Wikipedia

May mean: Fatos Nano Albanian politician, former Prime Minister of Albania. “nano” (from other Greek νᾶνος, nanos gnome, dwarf) one of the SI prefixes (10 9 one billionth). Designations: Russian n, international n. Example: ... ... Wikipedia

Nano abacus is a nano-sized abacus developed by IBM scientists in Zurich (Switzerland) in 1996. Stable rows of ten molecules act like counting spokes. The “knuckles” are made of fullerene and are controlled by a scanning needle... ... Wikipedia

NANO... [Greek nanos dwarf] First part difficult words. Specialist. Contributes the value: equal to one billionth of the unit indicated in the second part of the word (for naming units physical quantities). Nanosecond, nanometer. * * * nano... (from Greek nános ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

Nano... (gr. nannos dwarf) the first component of the names of physical units. quantities that serve to form the names of submultiple units equal to the billionth (109) share of the original units, for example. 1 nanometer = 10 9 m; abbreviation designations: n, n. New… …

NANO... (from the Greek nanos dwarf) a prefix to form the name of submultiple units equal to one billionth of the original units. Designations: n, n. Example: 1 nm = 10 9 m... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from the Greek nanos dwarf), a prefix to the name of a unit of physical quantity to form the name of a submultiple unit equal to 10 9 from the original unit. Designations: n, n. Example: 1 nm (nanometer) = 10 9 m. Physical encyclopedic dictionary. M.:... ... Physical encyclopedia

- [gr. nanos – dwarf]. Prefix for forming the name of submultiple units equal to one billionth of the original units. For example, 1 nm 10 9 m. Big dictionary foreign words. Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

nano- nano: the first part of complex words, written together... Russian spelling dictionary

nano- 10 Sep [A.S. Goldberg. English-Russian energy dictionary. 2006] Energy topics in general EN nanoN ... Technical Translator's Guide

Books

• Nano-CMOS circuits and design at the physical level, Wong B.P.. This systematic guide for developers of modern ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, presented in one book, contains up-to-date information on the features of modern technologies...
• Nano-felting. Fundamentals of Craftsmanship, Aniko Arvai, Michal Vetro. We present to your attention a collection of ideas for creating amazing and original accessories using the nano-felting technique! This technique is different in that you are not just making felted…

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1 nano [n] = 1000 pico [p]

Initial value

Converted value

without prefix yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci santi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

Metric system and International System of Units (SI)

Introduction

In this article we will talk about the metric system and its history. We will see how and why it began and how it gradually evolved into what we have today. We will also look at the SI system, which was developed from the metric system of measures.

For our ancestors, who lived in a world full of dangers, the ability to measure various quantities in their natural habitat made it possible to get closer to understanding the essence of natural phenomena, knowledge of their environment and the ability to somehow influence what surrounded them. That is why people tried to invent and improve various measurement systems. At the dawn of human development, having a measurement system was no less important than it is now. It was necessary to carry out various measurements when building housing, sewing clothes of different sizes, preparing food and, of course, trade and exchange could not do without measurement! Many believe that the creation and adoption of the International System of SI Units is the most serious achievement not only of science and technology, but also of human development in general.

Early measurement systems

In early measurement and number systems, people used traditional objects to measure and compare. For example, it is believed that the decimal system appeared due to the fact that we have ten fingers and toes. Our hands are always with us - that's why since ancient times people have used (and still use) fingers for counting. Still, we haven't always used the base 10 system for counting, and the metric system is a relatively new invention. Each region developed its own systems of units and, although these systems have much in common, most systems are still so different that converting units of measurement from one system to another has always been a problem. This problem became more and more serious as trade between different peoples developed.

The accuracy of the first systems of weights and measures directly depended on the size of the objects that surrounded the people who developed these systems. It is clear that the measurements were inaccurate, since the “measuring devices” did not have exact dimensions. For example, parts of the body were commonly used as a measure of length; mass and volume were measured using the volume and mass of seeds and other small objects whose dimensions were more or less the same. Below we will take a closer look at such units.

Length measures

In ancient Egypt, length was first measured simply elbows, and later with royal elbows. The length of the elbow was determined as the distance from the bend of the elbow to the end of the extended middle finger. Thus, the royal cubit was defined as the cubit of the reigning pharaoh. A model cubit was created and made available to the general public so that everyone could make their own length measures. This, of course, was an arbitrary unit that changed when a new reigning person took the throne. Ancient Babylon used a similar system, but with minor differences.

The elbow was divided into smaller units: palm, hand, zerets(ft), and you(finger), which were represented by the widths of the palm, hand (with thumb), foot and finger, respectively. At the same time, they decided to agree on how many fingers there were in the palm (4), in the hand (5) and in the elbow (28 in Egypt and 30 in Babylon). It was more convenient and more accurate than measuring ratios every time.

Measures of mass and weight

Weight measures were also based on the parameters of various objects. Seeds, grains, beans and similar items were used as weight measures. A classic example of a unit of mass that is still used today is carat. Nowadays, the weight of precious stones and pearls is measured in carats, and once upon a time the weight of carob seeds, otherwise called carob, was determined as a carat. The tree is cultivated in the Mediterranean, and its seeds are distinguished by their constant mass, so they were convenient to use as a measure of weight and mass. Different places used different seeds as small units of weight, and larger units were usually multiples of smaller units. Archaeologists often find similar large weights, usually made of stone. They consisted of 60, 100 and other numbers of small units. Since there was no uniform standard for the number of small units, as well as for their weight, this led to conflicts when sellers and buyers who lived in different places met.

Volume measures

Initially, volume was also measured using small objects. For example, the volume of a pot or jug ​​was determined by filling it to the top with small objects relative to the standard volume - like seeds. However, the lack of standardization led to the same problems when measuring volume as when measuring mass.

Evolution of various systems of measures

The ancient Greek system of measures was based on the ancient Egyptian and Babylonian ones, and the Romans created their system based on the ancient Greek one. Then, through fire and sword and, of course, through trade, these systems spread throughout Europe. It should be noted that here we are talking only about the most common systems. But there were many other systems of weights and measures, because exchange and trade were necessary for absolutely everyone. If there was no written language in the area or it was not customary to record the results of the exchange, then we can only guess at how these people measured volume and weight.

There are many regional variations in systems of measures and weights. This is due to their independent development and the influence of other systems on them as a result of trade and conquest. There were different systems not only in different countries, but often within the same country, where each trading city had its own, because local rulers did not want unification in order to maintain their power. As travel, trade, industry, and science developed, many countries sought to unify systems of weights and measures, at least within their own countries.

Already in the 13th century, and possibly earlier, scientists and philosophers discussed the creation of a unified measurement system. However, it was only after the French Revolution and the subsequent colonization of various regions of the world by France and other European countries, which already had their own systems of weights and measures, that a new system was developed, adopted in most countries of the world. This new system was decimal metric system. It was based on the base 10, that is, for any physical quantity there was one basic unit, and all other units could be formed in a standard way using decimal prefixes. Each such fractional or multiple unit could be divided into ten smaller units, and these smaller units, in turn, could be divided into 10 even smaller units, and so on.

As we know, most early measurement systems were not based on base 10. The convenience of a system with base 10 is that the number system we are familiar with has the same base, which allows us to quickly and conveniently, using simple and familiar rules, convert from smaller units to big and vice versa. Many scientists believe that the choice of ten as the base of the number system is arbitrary and is connected only with the fact that we have ten fingers and if we had a different number of fingers, then we would probably use a different number system.

Metric system

In the early days of the metric system, man-made prototypes were used as measures of length and weight, as in previous systems. The metric system has evolved from a system based on material standards and dependence on their accuracy to a system based on natural phenomena and fundamental physical constants. For example, the unit of time second was initially defined as part of the tropical year 1900. The disadvantage of this definition was the impossibility of experimental verification of this constant in subsequent years. Therefore, the second was redefined as a certain number of periods of radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the radioactive atom of cesium-133, which is at rest at 0 K. The unit of distance, the meter, was related to the wavelength of the line of the radiation spectrum of the isotope krypton-86, but later The meter was redefined as the distance that light travels in a vacuum in a period of time equal to 1/299,792,458 of a second.

The International System of Units (SI) was created based on the metric system. It should be noted that traditionally the metric system includes units of mass, length and time, but in the SI system the number of base units has been expanded to seven. We will discuss them below.

International System of Units (SI)

The International System of Units (SI) has seven basic units for measuring basic quantities (mass, time, length, luminous intensity, amount of matter, electric current, thermodynamic temperature). This kilogram(kg) to measure mass, second(c) to measure time, meter(m) to measure distance, candela(cd) to measure luminous intensity, mole(abbreviation mole) to measure the amount of a substance, ampere(A) to measure electric current, and kelvin(K) to measure temperature.

Currently, only the kilogram still has a man-made standard, while the remaining units are based on universal physical constants or natural phenomena. This is convenient because the physical constants or natural phenomena on which the units of measurement are based can be easily verified at any time; In addition, there is no danger of loss or damage to standards. There is also no need to create copies of standards to ensure their availability in different parts of the world. This eliminates errors associated with the accuracy of making copies of physical objects, and thus provides greater accuracy.

Decimal prefixes

To form multiples and submultiples that differ from the base units of the SI system by a certain integer number of times, which is a power of ten, it uses prefixes attached to the name of the base unit. The following is a list of all currently used prefixes and the decimal factors they represent:

For example, 5 gigameters is equal to 5,000,000,000 meters, while 3 microcandelas is equal to 0.000003 candelas. It is interesting to note that, despite the presence of a prefix in the unit kilogram, it is the base unit of the SI. Therefore, the above prefixes are applied with the gram as if it were a base unit.

At the time of writing this article, there are only three countries that have not adopted the SI system: the United States, Liberia and Myanmar. In Canada and the UK, traditional units are still widely used, even though the SI system is the official unit system in these countries. It’s enough to go into a store and see price tags per pound of goods (it turns out cheaper!), or try to buy building materials measured in meters and kilograms. It won't work! Not to mention the packaging of goods, where everything is labeled in grams, kilograms and liters, but not in whole numbers, but converted from pounds, ounces, pints and quarts. Milk space in refrigerators is also calculated per half-gallon or gallon, not per liter milk carton.

Do you find it difficult to translate units of measurement from one language to another? Colleagues are ready to help you. Post a question in TCTerms and within a few minutes you will receive an answer.

Calculations for converting units in the converter " Decimal prefix converter" are performed using unitconversion.org functions.

Prefix | Multiplier | International/Russian designation | Examples of use

Iotta 10 24 Y/I

Zetta 10 21 Z/Z

Exa 10 18 E/E

Peta 10 15 P/P

Tera 10 12 T/T ( teraflops - a numerical assessment of the performance of graphics processors of modern computer video cards and game consoles, with 4K video stream quality, and in a specific computer system - the number of floating point operations per second).

Giga 10 9 G/G (gigawatt, GW)

Mega 10 6 M/M (megaohm, MOhm)

Kilo 10 3 k/k (kg - kilogram, "decimal kilo", equal to 1000<грамм>). But, "binary kilo" in binary system notation is equal to 1024 (two to the tenth power).

Hecto 10 2 h/g (hectopascals, normal atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa (hPa) == 760 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg / mm Hg) = 1 atmosphere = 1013.25 millibars)

Deci 10 -1 d/d (decimeter, dm)

Centi 10 -2 s/s (hundredth part, 10-2 = 1E-2 = 0.01 - centimeter, cm)

Milli 10 -3 m/m (thousandth, 0.001 - millimeter, mm / mm). 1 mb (millibar) = 0.001 bar = 1 hectopascal (hPa) = 1000 dynes per 1 cm2

Micro 10 -6 µ / u / µ (parts per million, 0.000"001 - micrometer, micron, µm)

nano 10 -9 n / n – dimension in nanotechnology (nanometers, nm) and smaller.

Angstrom = 0.1 nanometer = 10 -10 meters (in angstroms - physicists measure the wavelength of light)

Pico 10 -12 p/p (picofarad)

Femto 10 -15 f/f

Atto 10 -18 a/a

Zepto 10 -21 z/z

Iocto 10 -24 y/i

Examples:

5 km2 = 5 (103 m)2 = 5 * 106 m2

250 cm3 /s = 250 (10-2 m)3 /(1 s) = 250 * 10-6 m3 /s

Figure 1. Ratios of area units (hectare, hundred square meters, square meter)

Dimensions in physics

Gravity field

The magnitude of the gravitational field strength (acceleration free fall, on the surface of the Earth), approximately equal to: 981 Gal = 981 cm/s2 ~ 10 m/s2

1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = 0.01 m/s2
1 mGal (milligal) = 0.001 cm/s2 = 0.00001 m/s2 = 1 * 10^-5 m/s2

The amplitude of lunar-solar disturbances (causing sea tides and affecting the intensity of earthquakes) reaches ~ 0.3 mGal = 0.000 003 m/s2

Mass = density * volume
1 g/cm3 (one gram per cubic centimeter) = 1000 grams per liter = 1000 kg/m3 (ton, i.e. thousand kilograms per cubic meter)
ball mass = (4 * pi * R^3 * density) / 3

M Earth = 6 * 10^24 kg
M Moon = 7.36 * 10^22kg
M Mars = 6.4 * 10^23 kg
M of the Sun = 1.99 * 10^30kg

Magnetic field

1 mT (millitesla) = 1000 µT (microtesla) = 1 x 10^6 nanotesla (gamma)
1 nanotesla (gamma) = 0.001 microtesla (1 x 10^-3 microtesla) = 1 x 10^-9 T (tesla)

1 mT (millitesla) = 0.8 kA/m (kiloampere per meter)
1T (Tesla) = 800 kA/m
1000 kA/m = 1.25 T (Tesla)

Value ratio: 50 µT = 0.050 mT (magnetic induction in SI units) = 0.5 Oersted (field strength in old CGS units - non-systemic) = 50,000 gamma (hundred thousandths of an Oersted) = 0.5 Gauss (magnetic induction in CGS units)

During magnetic storms, the amplitude of variations in the geomagnetic field on the earth's surface can increase to several hundred nanotesla, in rare cases - up to a few thousand (up to 1000-3000 x 10-9 Tesla). A magnetic storm of five is considered the minimum, and a magnetic storm of nine is considered the maximum possible.

The magnetic field on the Earth's surface is minimal at the equator (about 30-40 microtesla) and maximum (60-70 µT) at the geomagnetic poles (they do not coincide with the geographical ones and differ greatly in the location of the axes). In the middle latitudes of the European part of Russia, the values ​​of the modulus of the total magnetic induction vector are in the range of 45-55 µT.

The effect of overload from accelerated movement - dimensions and practical examples

As is known from school course physics, the acceleration of gravity on the surface of the Earth is approximately equal to ~10 m/s2. The maximum, in absolute value, that a conventional telephone accelerometer can measure is up to 20 m/s2 (2,000 Gal - double the acceleration of gravity on the Earth's surface - "a small overload of 2g"). What it really is, you can find out using simple experiment, if you sharply move your smartphone and look at the numbers received from the accelerometer (this can be seen more simply and clearly in the graphs in the Android sensor testing program, for example - Device Test).

A pilot, without an anti-g suit, may lose consciousness when unidirectional, towards the legs, i.e. “positive” overloads are about 8-10g, if they last several seconds or longer. When the overload vector is directed “to the head” (“negative”), loss of consciousness occurs at lower values, due to a rush of blood to the head.

Short-term overloads when ejecting a pilot from a combat aircraft can reach 20 units or more. With such accelerations, if the pilot does not have time to properly group and prepare, there is a high risk of various injuries: compression fractures and displacement of the vertebrae in the spine, dislocations of the limbs. For example, on modifications of the F-16 aircraft that do not have seats in the design, effectively operating limiters for the spread of legs and arms, when ejecting at transonic speeds, the pilots have very little chance.

The development of life depends on the values ​​of physical parameters on the surface of the planet

Gravity is proportional to mass and inversely proportional. the square of the distance from the center of mass. at the equator, on the surface of some planets and their satellites in solar system: on Earth ~ 9.8 m/s2, on the Moon ~ 1.6 m/s2, on Mars ~ 3.7 m/s2. The Martian atmosphere, due to insufficiently strong gravity (which is almost three times less than that of Earth), is held weaker by the planet - molecules of light gases quickly evaporate into the environment outer space, but what remains is mainly relatively heavy carbon dioxide.

On Mars, the surface atmospheric air pressure is very rarefied, approximately two hundred times less than on Earth. It can be very cold there and there are frequent dust storms. The surface of the planet, on its sunny side, in calm weather, is intensively irradiated (since the atmosphere is too thin) by the ultraviolet radiation of the luminary. The absence of a magnetosphere (due to “geological death”, due to the cooling of the planet’s body, the internal dynamo has almost stopped) makes Mars defenseless against streams of solar wind particles. In such harsh conditions, the natural development of biological life on the surface of Mars, during recent times, was probably only possible at the level of microorganisms.

Densities various substances and environments (at room temperature), for comparison

Most light gas- hydrogen (H):
= 0.0001 g/cm3 (one ten-thousandth of a gram in a cubic centimeter) = 0.1 kg/m3

The heaviest gas is radon (Rn):
= 0.0101 g/cm3 (one hundred ten thousandths) = 10.1 kg/m3

Helium: 0.00018 g/cm3 ~ 0.2kg/m3

Standard density of dry air in the Earth's atmosphere, at +15 °C, at sea level:
= 0.0012 grams per cubic centimeter (twelve ten-thousandths) = 1.2 kg/m3

Carbon monoxide (CO, carbon monoxide): 0.0012 g/cm3 = 1.2kg/m3

Carbon dioxide (CO2): 0.0019 g/cm3 = 1.9 kg/m3

Oxygen (O2): 0.0014 g/cm3 = 1.4kg/m3

Ozone: ~0.002g/cm3 = 2 kg/m3

Density of methane (natural flammable gas used as household gas for heating homes and cooking):
= 0.0007 g/cm3 = 0.7 kg/m3

Density of the propane-butane mixture after evaporation (stored in gas cylinders, used in everyday life and as fuel in internal combustion engines):
~ 0.002 g/cm3 ~ 2 kg/m3

Density of desalted water (chemically pure, purified from impurities, by
for example, distillation), at +4 °C, that is, the highest water has in its liquid form:
~ 1 g/cm3 ~ 1000 kg/m3 = 1 ton per cubic meter.

Density of ice (water in solid state of aggregation, frozen at temperatures less than 273 degrees Kelvin, that is, below zero Celsius):
~ 0.9 g/cm3 ~ 917 kilograms per cubic meter

The density of copper (metal, in the solid phase, is in normal conditions):
= 8.92 g/cm3 = 8920 kg/m3 ~ 9 tons per cubic meter.

Other dimensions and quantities with a large number of significant figures after the decimal point can be found in tabular appendices of specialized textbooks and in specialized reference books (in their paper and electronic versions).

Rules, translation tables:

Letter designations of units must be printed in roman font.

Exception - the sign raised above the line is written together

Correct: Incorrect:

It is not allowed to combine letters and names

Correct: Incorrect:

80 km/h 80 km/h

80 kilometers per hour 80 kilometers per hour

In the names of Arabic numbers, each digit belongs to its own category, and every three digits form a class. Thus, the last digit in a number indicates the number of units in it and is called, accordingly, the ones place. The next, second from the end, digit indicates the tens (tens place), and the third from the end digit indicates the number of hundreds in the number - the hundreds place. Further, the digits are also repeated in turn in each class, denoting units, tens and hundreds in the classes of thousands, millions, and so on. If the number is small and does not have a tens or hundreds digit, it is customary to take them as zero. Classes group digits in numbers of three, often placing a period or space between classes in computing devices or records to visually separate them. This is done to make large numbers easier to read. Each class has its own name: the first three digits are the class of units, then the class of thousands, then millions, billions (or billions) and so on.

Since we use the decimal system, the basic unit of quantity is ten, or 10 1. Accordingly, as the number of digits in a number increases, the number of tens also increases: 10 2, 10 3, 10 4, etc. Knowing the number of tens, you can easily determine the class and rank of the number, for example, 10 16 is tens of quadrillions, and 3 × 10 16 is three tens of quadrillions. The decomposition of numbers into decimal components occurs in the following way - each digit is displayed in a separate term, multiplied by the required coefficient 10 n, where n is the position of the digit from left to right.
For example: 253 981=2×10 6 +5×10 5 +3×10 4 +9×10 3 +8×10 2 +1×10 1

The power of 10 is also used in writing decimal fractions: 10 (-1) is 0.1 or one tenth. In a similar way to the previous paragraph, you can also expand a decimal number, n in this case will indicate the position of the digit from the decimal point from right to left, for example: 0.347629= 3×10 (-1) +4×10 (-2) +7×10 (-3) +6×10 (-4) +2×10 (-5) +9×10 (-6 )

Names of decimal numbers. Decimal numbers are read by the last digit after the decimal point, for example 0.325 - three hundred twenty-five thousandths, where the thousandth is the place of the last digit 5.

Table of names of large numbers, digits and classes