Population of the 10 largest cities in the world. List of cities in the world by population

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List of cities in the world by population with a population of more than 4 million people as of January 2015. There are 3 cities with a population of more than 20 million people and 16 cities with a population of more than 10 million people. The largest cities are Shanghai (24,150,000 people), Karachi (23,500,000) and Beijing (21,150,000). Among the largest cities there are two Russian ones: Moscow (10th place) and St. Petersburg (43rd place). The table shows the population of cities excluding suburbs.

Cities by population

# City Population (persons) City area (km 2) Population density (persons/km 2) Country
1 Shanghai 24,150,000 (with rural suburbs) 6 340,50 3 809 PRC PRC
2 Karachi 23 500 000 3 527,00 6 663 Pakistan Pakistan
3 Beijing 21,516,000 (with rural suburbs) 16 410,54 1 311 PRC PRC
4 Delhi 16 314 838 1 484,00 7 846 India India
5 Lagos 15 118 780 999,58 17 068 Nigeria Nigeria
6 Istanbul 13 854 740 5 461,00 6 467 Turkey Türkiye
7 Guangzhou 13 080 500 3 843,43 3 305 PRC PRC
8 Mumbai 12 478 447 603,40 20 680 India India
9 Tokyo 13 370 198 622,99 14 562 Japan Japan
10 Moscow 12 197 596 2 561,50 4 814 Russia Russia
11 Dhaka 12 043 977 815,80 14 763 Bangladesh Bangladesh
12 Cairo 11 922 949 3 085,10 3 864 Egypt Egypt
13 Sao Paulo 11 895 893 1 521,11 7 762 Brazil Brazil
14 Lahore 11 318 745 1 772,00 3 566 Pakistan Pakistan
15 Shenzhen 10 467 400 1 991,64 5 255 PRC PRC
16 Seoul 10 388 055 605,21 17 164 Republic of Korea Republic of Korea
17 Jakarta 9 988 329 664,12 15 040 Indonesia Indonesia
18 Kinshasa 9 735 000 1 117,62 8 710 Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo
19 Tianjin 9 341 844 4 037,00 2 314 PRC PRC
20 Mexico City 8 874 724 1 485,49 5 974 Mexico Mexico
21 Lima 8 693 387 2 672,30 3 253 Peru Peru
22 Bangalore 8 425 970 709,50 11 876 India India
23 London 8 416 535 1 572,15 5 354 UK UK
24 New York 8 405 837 783,84 10 724 USA USA
25 Bangkok 8 280 925 1 568,74 5 280 Thailand Thailand
26 Dongguan 8 220 207 2 469,40 3 329 PRC PRC
27 Tehran 8 154 051 686,00 11 886 Iran Iran
28 Ahmedabad 8 029 975 475,00 11 727 India India
29 Bogota 7 776 845 859,11 9 052 Colombia Colombia
30 Ho Chi Minh City 7 681 700 2 095,60 3 667 Vietnam Vietnam
31 Hong Kong 7 219 700 1 104,43 6 537 PRC PRC
32 Baghdad 7 180 889 4 555,00 1 577 Iraq Iraq
33 Wuhan 6 886 253 1 327,61 5 187 PRC PRC
34 Hyderabad 6 809 970 621,48 10 958 India India
35 Hanoi 6 844 100 3 323,60 2 059 Vietnam Vietnam
36 Luanda 6 542 944 2 257,00 2 899 Angola Angola
37 Rio de Janeiro 6 429 923 1 200,27 5 357 Brazil Brazil
38 Foshan 6 151 622 2 034,62 3 023 PRC PRC
39 Santiago 5 743 719 1 249,90 4 595 Chile Chile
40 Riyadh 5 676 621 1 233,98 4 600 Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
41 Singapore 5 399 200 712,40 7 579 Singapore Singapore
42 Shantou 5 391 028 2 064,42 2 611 PRC PRC
43 Saint Petersburg 5 225 690 1 439,00 3 631 Russia Russia
44 Pune 5 049 968 450,69 6 913 India India
45 Ankara 5 045 083 1 910,92 2 282 Turkey Türkiye
46 Chennai 4 792 949 426,51 21 057 India India
47 Abidjan 4 765 000 2 119,00 2 249 Cote d'Ivoire Cote d'Ivoire
48 Chengdu 4 741 929 421,00 11 260 PRC PRC
49 Yangon 4 714 000 598,75 7 873 Myanmar Myanmar
50 Alexandria 4 616 625 2 300,00 2 007 Egypt Egypt
51 Chongqing 4 513 137 1 435,07 3 145 PRC PRC
52 Calcutta 4 486 679 200,70 24 252 India India
53 Xi'an 4 467 837 832,17 5 388 China

Links

  • . geogoroda.ru. Retrieved July 14, 2016.

An excerpt characterizing the List of cities in the world by population

Napoleon enters Moscow after a brilliant victory de la Moskowa; there can be no doubt about victory, since the battlefield remains with the French. The Russians retreat and give up the capital. Moscow, filled with provisions, weapons, shells and untold riches, is in the hands of Napoleon. Russian army, twice as weak as the French, does not make a single attempt to attack for a month. Napoleon's position is most brilliant. In order to fall with double forces on the remnants of the Russian army and destroy it, in order to negotiate a favorable peace or, in case of refusal, to make a threatening move towards St. Petersburg, in order to even, in case of failure, return to Smolensk or Vilna , or stay in Moscow - in order, in a word, to maintain the brilliant position in which it was at that time French army It would seem that no special genius is needed. To do this, it was necessary to do the simplest and easiest things: to prevent the troops from looting, to prepare winter clothes, which would be enough in Moscow for the entire army, and to properly collect the provisions that were in Moscow for more than six months (according to French historians) for the entire army. Napoleon, this most brilliant of geniuses and who had the power to control the army, as historians say, did nothing of this.
Not only did he not do any of this, but, on the contrary, he used his power to choose from all the paths of activity that presented itself to him that which was the stupidest and most destructive of all. Of all the things that Napoleon could do: winter in Moscow, go to St. Petersburg, go to Nizhny Novgorod, go back, north or south, the way that Kutuzov later went - well, whatever he could come up with, was stupider and more destructive than what he did Napoleon, that is, to remain in Moscow until October, leaving the troops to plunder the city, then, hesitating, to leave or not to leave the garrison, to leave Moscow, to approach Kutuzov, not to start a battle, to go to the right, to reach Maly Yaroslavets, again without experiencing the chance of breaking through , to go not along the road that Kutuzov took, but to go back to Mozhaisk and along the devastated Smolensk road - nothing more stupid than this, nothing more destructive for the army could be imagined, as the consequences showed. Let the most skillful strategists come up with, imagining that Napoleon’s goal was to destroy his army, come up with another series of actions that would, with the same certainty and independence from everything that the Russian troops did, would destroy the entire French army, like what Napoleon did.
The genius Napoleon did it. But to say that Napoleon destroyed his army because he wanted it, or because he was very stupid, would be just as unfair as to say that Napoleon brought his troops to Moscow because he wanted it, and because that he was very smart and brilliant.
In both cases, his personal activity, which had no more power than the personal activity of each soldier, only coincided with the laws according to which the phenomenon took place.
It is completely false (only because the consequences did not justify Napoleon’s activities) that historians present to us Napoleon’s forces as weakened in Moscow. He, just as before and after, in the 13th year, used all his skill and strength to do the best for himself and his army. Napoleon's activities during this time were no less amazing than in Egypt, Italy, Austria and Prussia. We do not know truly the extent to which Napoleon’s genius was real in Egypt, where forty centuries they looked at his greatness, because all these great exploits were described to us only by the French. We cannot correctly judge his genius in Austria and Prussia, since information about his activities there must be drawn from French and German sources; and the incomprehensible surrender of corps without battles and fortresses without siege should incline the Germans to recognize genius as the only explanation for the war that was waged in Germany. But, thank God, there is no reason for us to recognize his genius in order to hide our shame. We paid for the right to look at the matter simply and directly, and we will not give up this right.
His work in Moscow is as amazing and ingenious as everywhere else. Orders after orders and plans after plans emanate from him from the time he entered Moscow until he left it. The absence of residents and deputations and the very fire of Moscow do not bother him. He does not lose sight of the welfare of his army, nor the actions of the enemy, nor the welfare of the peoples of Russia, nor the administration of the valleys of Paris, nor diplomatic considerations about the upcoming conditions of peace.

In military terms, immediately upon entering Moscow, Napoleon strictly orders General Sebastiani to monitor the movements of the Russian army, sends corps along different roads and orders Murat to find Kutuzov. Then he diligently gives orders to strengthen the Kremlin; then he makes an ingenious plan for a future campaign across the entire map of Russia. In terms of diplomacy, Napoleon calls to himself the robbed and ragged captain Yakovlev, who does not know how to get out of Moscow, sets out to him in detail all his policies and his generosity and, writing a letter to Emperor Alexander, in which he considers it his duty to inform his friend and brother that Rastopchin made bad decisions in Moscow, he sends Yakovlev to St. Petersburg. Having outlined his views and generosity in the same detail to Tutolmin, he sends this old man to St. Petersburg for negotiations.

There are about 2.5 billion cities on Earth, which from year to year, from century to century, live their own separate lives. Large and small, ancient and young, each of them is interesting in its own way. We invite you to take an express tour of the 10 largest cities in the world.

10th place. Kinshasa (Congo)

9th place. Melbourne (Australia)


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8th place. Tianjin (China)

The city of bridges Tianjin, one of the oldest settlements in China with an area of ​​11,760 square meters, moved up one line. km.


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7th place. Sydney (Australia)

In seventh place is Sydney with an area of ​​12,368 square meters. km. It is not only one of the largest, but also one of the most expensive cities in the world.


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6th place. Chengdu (China)

The Chinese city of Chengdu is considered the capital of traditional Chinese medicine. This wonderful city has an area of ​​14,378 square meters. km is in sixth place in the ranking.


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5th place. Al Ain (UAE)

The top five is opened by the oasis city of Al Ain, located in the United Arab Emirates. The area of ​​this settlement is 15.1 square meters. km.


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4th place. Brisbane (Australia)

In fourth place in the top 10 is the Australian city of Brisbane with an area of ​​15,826 square meters. km. This metropolis is considered one of the most glamorous in the world.


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3rd place. Beijing (China)

Beijing, which attracts more than 200 million tourists every year, rightfully received bronze. The area of ​​this city is 16,808 square meters. km.


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2nd place. Hangzhou (China)

An honorable second place belongs to the former capital of China - the city of Hangzhou with a territory of 16,847 square meters. km.


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1st place. Chongqing (China)


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There are more than two million cities in our world, each of them is unique, distinguished by its own atmosphere, culture, size and population. Many of them are unknown to anyone, while others have been heard of by everyone. To become famous, a city must have some kind of attraction, or become a center historical events, or, for example, become known as the most big city by area. What metropolis deserves this status? Let's find out in our ranking of the most major cities planets!

The largest cities in the world by area

The largest metropolis is located in the center of China. It earned first place thanks to its very impressive territory of almost 83 thousand square kilometers. True, “kilometerage” includes not only urban area, but also suburbs and rural areas. Official data says that Chongqing is 470 kilometers long and 450 kilometers wide, which is the same size as Austria!


The city is divided into nineteen districts, five counties and four autonomous counties. The population, which approaches 29 million, lives mostly in villages. The metropolis accounts for only 20% of the total.


Chongqing is an ancient city with three thousand years of history. The first people appeared on the territory of the future metropolis back in the Paleolithic era. It was in these lands that the settlers found coziness and comfort, because the city is located at the confluence of the Jialing River and the Yangtze.

Chongqing is surrounded by three mountain ranges: Dabashan guards it from the north, Wushan vigilantly looks at it from the east, and Dalushan from the south. Because of the bizarre landscape, the city is called “mountainous” (Shancheng).


There are as many as eight ancient capitals in China, and Hangzhou is one of them, and at the same time this city is also a center of economics, culture and science, as well as an important transport hub.


Hangzhou is traversed by the longest man-made canal on Earth, known as the Great Canal, as well as the tidal Qiantangjiang River. The metropolis is divided into eight districts and five counties, and it itself spreads over 16.5 square kilometers. The urban area makes up one fifth of the total territory.


The Chinese themselves call Hangzhou a paradise on Earth, this city is famous ancient history. No wonder, because it dates back 8 thousand years! The city is very generous with resources and is amazing beautiful views. Even Marco Polo could not remain indifferent to Hangzhou and called it the most beautiful place on the planet.


The capital of the Celestial Empire stretches over 16.8 thousand square kilometers, accommodating more than 21 million inhabitants. The city is inferior economically to Hong Kong and Shanghai, but leads in politics and education. And in 2008 it hosted the Summer Olympic Games.


Beijing, whose history goes back three thousand years, has always been the haven of emperors, which allowed it to be considered the most important city countries. People still come here to see the imperial palaces, tombs, temples and parks. Local residents revere ancient traditions, not forgetting to restore ancient buildings while new and modern areas are being built around them. By the way, Beijing is called the safest city on the planet!


We looked at the three largest cities based on area. But our rating would not be complete if we did not include cities that differ from others in the number of inhabitants inhabiting them.

Largest cities in the world by population


According to recent studies, the largest city by population is Shanghai, China. It is located in the Yangtze River Delta and spreads over an area of ​​almost two thousand square kilometers. This is the most important point in China, both financially and culturally. Shanghai was originally an ordinary fishing village, but now it is a major seaport and one of the most important cities in China. The population census showed that more than 24 million residents live here, and these are only those who are officially registered. That is why Shanghai can safely be called the largest city in the world in terms of this indicator.


This Pakistani city was once the capital of this country and only in the middle of the last century lost this honorary status. Karachi is located in the south of Pakistan, on the shores of the Arabian Sea. This is a major trading hub of the country, and also the educational center of all of South Asia. After the city gained independence from Great Britain, the population began to grow rapidly. At the moment, with a total area of ​​​​Karachi of 3.5 thousand square kilometers, the city accommodates 23.5 million residents.


Yes, the capital of the Celestial Empire has distinguished itself here too. Being the third in area, it occupies the same place in terms of population. Beijing is constant only in this regard; over its long existence, the city has changed many names, only in the 15th century did it receive its current name. If you count the suburbs of Beijing, which is what sociologists usually do, then the city's population is close to 22 million. And this does not take into account the numerous migrants working unofficially in Beijing.


The Indian capital is a place of pilgrimage for many travelers and has a population of 16 million. But due to the flow of tourists in Delhi, there are many more people. And all because here they are so intricately intertwined with each other most beautiful temples with dirt in the slums, bright and enchanting festivals and the quiet, unknown life of the poor. A city of contrasts and chaotic movement, eternal bustle, general noise and hubbub, for some, being here for more than two weeks becomes the test of a lifetime. But many note that they could live here forever.


Delhi has more than one thousand years of history; there is something to see for any, even the most demanding tourist. Attractions are mainly concentrated in two districts of Delhi - Old and New, which are separated by another district - Pahar Ganj. The latter most often becomes a haven for travelers. The most interesting historical exhibits of the capital are: the Jama Masjid Mosque, the Humayun Mausoleum, military fortresses, Lodi Park and numerous temples to various deities.


This city is located in the southwest of Nigeria and is not only the former capital city, but also the largest settlement in this territory. Lagos is located in the Bay of Benin under the “supervision” of Atlantic waters. Even though Lagos is no longer the capital, it remains an important city for Nigeria. It is not only a transport hub, but also the center of politics and culture of the country, where industry is also very developed. Lagos is spread over a thousand square kilometers and is home to 15 million people.


This city once had a different name, Eco, which literally meant “farm site” (according to another version, “military camp”). Locals They were engaged in growing vegetables and fruits here, and now the city is famous for its developed infrastructure, production, tall buildings and wide avenues. The main activity of the local population is work in production or trade, although the film industry is also developed in Lagos.

The list of the largest cities in the world 2013 did not include such monster cities as New York, Mexico City, Seoul for the reason that 8-10 million people live in these cities, not counting their agglomerations, and therefore they do not reach the top 10.

1. Shanghai, China

Population - 23 850 0500; Agglomeration - 26 ml. Human

Shanghai is the largest city in China and the world (excluding agglomeration). The city has the largest seaport in the world and plays a leading role in the economy and cultural life of the country. At the beginning of the 20th century, Shanghai was a small fishing town, but today it is the most important city in its country and ranks third in the financial world, second only to New York and London.

2. Beijing, China

Population - 20,713,000; Agglomeration - 25 million people

Beijing is the capital of China, playing an important role in the cultural, educational and political life of the country. The name of the city translates as “Northern Capital”. Despite the respectable status of the capital of the People's Republic of China, the city is inferior to Shanghai in terms of the number of people living in it.


3. Bangkok, Thailand

Population - 15,034,354; Agglomeration - 16 million people

Bangkok is the capital of Thailand, its cultural and economic center, as well as one of the most important cities in the whole southeast asia. Situated on the Chao Phraya River, the rapidly growing city plays a prominent role not only in the economy of the country, but also the region as a whole.


4. Tokyo, Japan

Population - 13,230,000; Agglomeration - 38 million people (1st place in the world)

Tokyo, founded in 1457, is located on the shores of Tokyo Bay. During the day, the city's population increases by 2 million due to students and workers arriving from other cities. The Tokyo agglomeration is about 38 million people, which is larger than the entire Asian part of Russia.


5. Karachi, Pakistan

Population - 13,227,400; Agglomeration - 18 million people

Karachi is the most populous city in Pakistan and one of the largest in the world. Despite the fact that more than 13 million people live here, there is no subway, there are huge piles of garbage on the streets, many people have to sleep right on the side of the road, all the houses are equipped with bars to the upper floors, and the fences say “Keep Out! I’ll shoot you!”


6. Delhi, India

Population - 12,678,350; Agglomeration - about 22 million people

Delhi is the capital of India, a city that is fully replete with all the classic Indian contrasts - dirty slums, magnificent temples, bright celebrations of life and quiet death in the gateway. The city, with its constant movement, din, noise, general bustle, poverty and abundance of dirt.

7. Mumbai, India

Population - 12,519,356; Agglomeration - more than 21 million people

The city is located in western India. Its population density is 22 people per km2, according to this indicator Mumbai occupies a leading place in the world. The city is one of the country's key economic centers and is also the largest port in western India. About 10% of all Indian workers work in this city.


8. Moscow, Russia

Population - 12,029,600; Agglomeration - about 16 million people

Moscow is the capital and main city Russian Federation, the largest city in Russia and the most populated in Europe. According to the migration service, in addition to the 11.5 million residents of the metropolis, about 2 million legal migrants and about 1 million illegal immigrants also work and live in Moscow.


9. Sao Paulo, Brazil

Population - 11,346,231; Agglomeration - 20 million people

The city of Sao Paulo is the capital of the state of the same name, as well as the largest city in Southern Hemisphere and ninth in the world. The city is located in southeast Brazil. The city itself is divided into 31 districts, which are called subprefectures.

10. Bogota, Colombia

Population - 10,788,123; Agglomeration - 10,788,123

The capital of Colombia, and also largest city, combines both its beautiful side: colonial churches, futuristic architecture, various museums, and its less attractive side: eternal traffic jams, tramps, slums and drug dealers.

There are a large number of city ratings. As a rule, they all diverge. It is not possible to say which list is more accurate. It is difficult to collect up-to-date and accurate data - censuses are not carried out so often, and the city, like a living organism, sometimes grows and sometimes “gets thinner.” The most important discrepancy occurs due to the fact that it is not clear where the boundaries of the modern metropolis lie. Are these only administrative boundaries? Should suburbs be included? And if so, to what extent?
Publication “Demographia. World Urban Areas & Population Projections" compiled a ranking of the largest cities in the world for 2013.

1. Tokyo, Japan

Population: 37 million 239 thousand people
Square: 8547 sq. km.
Population density: 4400 people/sq. km
Tokyo is the capital of Japan and the largest urban economy in the world. Yokohama, located 30 km southeast, is Japan's largest port. The metropolis's GDP is more than a third of the GDP of all of Japan.

2. Jakarta - Indonesia


Population: 26 million 746 thousand people
Square: 2784 sq. km.
Population density: 9600 people/sq. km
The earliest mention of Sunda Kelapa, a settlement on the site of Jakarta, dates back to the fourth century during the Indonesian kingdom of Taruma. Jakarta is a very fast growing city, whose population has grown 17 times since 1930. The city is experiencing major problems due to pollution, overcrowding and periodic flooding.

3. Seoul - Republic of Korea


Population: 22 million 868 thousand people
Square: 2163 sq. km.
Population density: 10600 people/sq. km
Seoul during Korean War changed hands between opposing sides four times. As a result, it was severely destroyed and after the war was actually rebuilt. Now Seoul is one of the world's largest industrial and financial centers. Nowadays, the headquarters of such corporations as Samsung, LG, Hyundai, Kia and SK are located here.

4. Delhi - India


Population: 22 million 826 thousand people
Square: 1943 sq. km.
Population density: 11800 people/sq. km
Delhi is a cosmopolitan city, home to many ethnic and religious groups. According to the Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi is home to about 60 thousand monuments of world significance, the oldest of which are more than several thousand years old. Over the past half century, Delhi's population has grown approximately tenfold. This caused numerous problems related to overpopulation. The emergence of slums, where almost all sanitary facilities and communications are missing, is the most noticeable of them.

5. Shanghai - China


Population: 21 million 766 thousand people
Square: 3497 sq. km.
Population density: 6200 people/sq. km
Shanghai has been mentioned in chronicles since the 10th century. Its favorable location for trade at the sea at the confluence of two great Chinese rivers has always contributed to its prosperity. New round The city's development was facilitated by market reforms at the end of the 20th century, and now Shanghai has become the most important industrial and commercial city in China, one of the world's leading financial centers.

6. Manila - Philippines


Population: 21 million 241 thousand people
Square: 1437 sq. km.
Population density: 14800 people/sq. km
Manila is located on the island of Luzon approximately 1,300 km from mainland Asia.
The city was founded in 1571 Spanish conquistador and Adelanto Lopez de Legazpi. Under the Spanish crown, Manila became the center of Christianization of the region, which is why even now the vast majority of the city's population is Catholic, and Manila's churches are included in the UNESCO heritage list. The main problem is air pollution from transport and industry. There has been nothing alive left in the rivers of the city for a long time.

7. Karachi - Pakistan


Population: 20 million 877 thousand people
Square: 803 sq. km.
Population density: 26,000 people/sq. km
Pakistanis call Karachi the Bride of Cities and the City of Lights. Now it is the largest industrial and transport hub of Pakistan. And in the 17th century, Karachi was just a coastal village. After the British invaded, they needed a seaport. Thanks to this, the city's infrastructure was created.
In 1947, Karachi became the capital of the newly independent Pakistan and remained so until 1969, when all official institutions moved to Islamabad. But the city retained its status as an economic and financial center, which contributed to a large migration of rural residents, which led to an overload of the city's already less than stellar infrastructure. One in three of these migrants was forced to settle in the slums of Katchi Abadi without running water, electricity or sewerage. Severe overpopulation - modern problem Karachi.

8. New York - USA


Population: 20 million 673 thousand people
Square: 11642 sq. km.
Population density: 1800 people/sq. km
The city was founded in early XVII century by Dutch colonists and was called New Amsterdam before being captured by the British in 1664.
Now the “Big Apple,” as New York is called, is the largest economic center not only of the United States, but of the whole world. Financial organizations, located in the city control approximately 40% of the world's money.
The skyline of New York is shaped by skyscrapers. Although the birthplace of skyscrapers is Chicago, the first association with the word “skyscraper” is New York. There are more than five and a half thousand high-rise buildings in the city.

9. Sao Paulo - Brazil


Population: 20 million 568 thousand people
Square: 3173 sq. km.
Population density: 6500 people/sq.km
Sao Paulo has preserved a large number of monuments to the past, ancient buildings and churches, but at the same time the city is one of the most modern in Latin America. The city has a reputation for cultural and educational center. Unemployment and crime rates are gradually decreasing due to economic growth and exports. Thanks to business, the city now attracts more visitors than Rio de Janeiro.

10. Mexico City - Mexico


Population: 20 million 032 thousand people
Square: 2046 sq. km.
Population density: 9800 people/sq.km
The city was founded by the Aztecs, and now more than half of the city's population are mestizos of Indian-Spanish origin. Mexico City is located on a high plateau in the heart of Mexico, at an altitude of more than two kilometers, and is bordered on all sides by mountains. Because of this, smog often hangs over the city, which, along with overpopulation, is one of Mexico City's most difficult problems.

Bonus from me: Moscow


Population: 12 111 194
Square: 2511 km²
Population density: 4823.26 people/km²
Moscow is the most populated city Russia and Europe. As a city of federal significance, it is also the most populated subject of the Russian Federation.
Moscow is also the center of the Moscow urban agglomeration, the largest urban agglomeration in Russia and Europe with a permanent population of about 15 million people.