"Lexicology" - Information about the word. Lexicography. Selection of synonyms. Word meanings in the dictionary. Lexicology. Types of linguistic dictionaries. Dictionaries are divided into encyclopedic and linguistic. What does lexicography do? What are the information media? Explanatory dictionaries. Types of interpretations of words. IN linguistic dictionaries contains information about words.
“Features of vocabulary” - Homonyms. Vocabulary from a point of view semantic meaning. Read the sentences. Direct and figurative meaning of words. Vocabulary. Read the sentences. Synonyms, antonyms and homonyms. Vocabulary and phraseology. Synonyms. Complete the tasks. Antonyms. Find synonyms. Single and polysemous words.
“Vocabulary of the text” - Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the sphere of use. Dialectisms in the text. Subject. Linguistic terms. Language is the history of a people. Fedor Abramov. Lexical characteristics words Key. Mouths and lips are not the same essence, and eyes are not peepers at all! Some people have access to depth, others - deep plates.
“Russian vocabulary” - Homonyms. Outdated words. Section "Vocabulary". Find the extra word. Find homonyms in poems. Fairy tale shifters. Words in figurative meaning. Antonyms in proverbs and sayings. Knowledge on the topic “Vocabulary”. Pairs that are opposite in meaning. Phraseologisms with antonyms. Vocabulary. Guess the heroes.
“Vocabulary and Phraseology” - Omoforms. Homographs. Stylistic categories of Russian vocabulary. Paronyms. Historicisms. Paths and stylistic figures. Homophones. Phraseology. Cold soup. Material on vocabulary and phraseology. Information. Homonyms. The vocabulary is commonly used. Dialectisms. Replace the spoken word. Sections of lexical units.
“Vocabulary of the modern Russian language” - Crossword questions. Find phraseological units. Road. Signs of Old Slavonicisms. Borrowed words. The origin of phraseological units. Signs of phraseological units. Find borrowed words. Borrowed morphemes. A set of words. Vocabulary from the point of view of origin. Speech. Russian correspondences. Choose synonyms.
Homophones are words that have the same sound, but differ in writing (“fruit” and “raft”, “threshold” and “vice”, “pillar” and “pillar”). Homophones can arise, in particular, due to the ability of different phonemes to coincide when pronounced in one variant. phonemes (Big Soviet encyclopedia)
I will read you a letter from an illiterate boy: Dear Mother! I live well. At first I was bored, then I offended all the guys I knew, and I started having fun. One day my grandmother gave me some kind of raft, and I ate it. In the morning, Mishka and I helped grandma: we washed the floor and tore away the door.
Conclusions In oral speech, homophones create ambiguity or ambiguity in the expression of thoughts. In oral speech, homophones create ambiguity or ambiguity in the expression of thoughts. We must learn to express our thoughts so that the interlocutor clearly understands what we mean. we're talking about. We must learn to express our thoughts in such a way that the interlocutor clearly understands what is being said. In writing, you must know and apply spelling rules, otherwise you end up with a text without meaning or a distortion of the meaning. In writing, you must know and apply spelling rules, otherwise you end up with a text without meaning or a distortion of the meaning.
Sources of information: Kolesov V.V. History of the Russian language in stories: A book for students high school– 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Education, 1982; V.A. Krutetskaya, Reports and messages on the Russian language for junior schoolchildren, S-P., 2007; Third edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, M., 1978; Reformatsky A.A., Introduction to linguistics, 4th ed., M., 1967; Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A., Modern Russian language, M.: Airis-Press, 2002
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HOMONYMS Russian language lesson in 5th grade Prepared by teacher of Russian language and literature Baykulova N.V.MOU “Secondary School No. 21 named after P.A. Stolypin" Saratov
VOCABULARY - studies the word and its lexical meaning. -We can find out the lexical meaning of words in an explanatory dictionary.
P..rtfel, thank..sibo, f..ri, parash..t, al..ea.
Text These are several sentences, united by one topic, related to each other in meaning.
The mink crawled out of the hole. There is no mink, and went to a familiar hole. Maybe a mink Into a mink mink Near the mink? Entered, Nowhere. A mink in a mink. No trace of it. I didn't find it. The mink is here, If there is no mink in the mink! A. Shibaev.
Homonyms Words of the same part of speech that are written and pronounced the same. These words are formed from different roots, and their meanings are completely different.
Chanterelles - Who are you? - We are foxes too. - We are foxes, - What, with one paw? Friendly sisters. - No, still with a hat. Well, who are you?
Homonyms* - Words of the same part of speech that are written and pronounced the same. These words are formed from different roots, and their meanings are completely different. The braid is on the girl's head; scythe - a tool for mowing; spit - a long cape in a body of water or in a watercourse (Curonian Spit).
Homonyms Pen - writing (gel, ballpoint, etc.); handle - human hand; handle - door handle. Brush - a bunch of ropes; hand - hands; brush - berries (rowan brush); brush - brush (for painting).
Homonyms 1. Beam - part of a structure, a beam resting on something at several points (on walls, abutments); 2. Balka - a long ravine; Kiwi is a fruit; kiwi is a bird.
Homonyms Lynx - running (eg horse); lynx is an animal. Three - horses; three - mark; troika - the judicial body of the NKVD; three-piece suit. The world is the universe; peace - the absence of war, hostility.
Homonyms Butterfly - insect; bow tie; butterfly knife Onion is a plant; bow is a weapon.
Homonyms Key - musical sign; key - from the door; key - natural spring water; wrench - wrench; key - information that allows you to decrypt a cryptogram or verify a digital signature; key - hint, cheat sheet, answer to the task.
homoforms * Homoforms are words that coincide only in certain forms (of the same part of speech or different parts of speech). For example, the numeral three and the verb three coincide only in two forms to three (numeral) - we are three (verb)
Homophones* Homophones are words that sound the same, but have different spellings and meanings. threshold - vice - park, meadow - onion, fruit - raft, carcass - carcass, case * - fall, ball - score, inert * - bone *, betray - give, emit * - imitate *.
Homonyms RESEARCH PROJECT IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE Completed by: student of GBPOU MO "PPTOT" Vasilyeva Natalya Group Supervisor: Ovsyannikova Tatyana Viktorovna teacher of Russian language and literature
Purpose of the work: Collect information and study the meaning of homonyms in the Russian language. Based on the analysis of linguistic literature, give an idea of how to modern science The phenomenon of homonymy is highlighted. Guided by this goal, I have the following tasks: - analyze different approaches to defining homonymy; - get acquainted with the history of coverage of this issue; - create didactic material for Russian language lessons on homonymy.
Introduction Relevance of the topic: In our language there are many words that are written and sound the same. Such words are called homonyms. I was very interested this topic. I did this work with the goal of understanding what homonyms are, how they differ, and what problems arise when using them. This paper examines the phenomenon of homonymy. This topic has been covered by many linguists for a very long time. She was examined by V.V. Vinogradov, M.I. Fomina, R.N. Popov, O.S. Akhmanova, A.T. Lipatov, L.I. Rakhmanova and others. Their disputes concern the understanding of the essence of homonymy, its occurrence in the Russian language, and its use in speech , differentiation between homonymy and polysemy, homonymy and related phenomena. Based on the above, I believe that until the controversy on this issue stops, it should be considered relevant.
The emergence of homonyms Homonymy is a historical phenomenon, therefore it is customary to talk about homonymous words of a certain period in the development of a language. Words perceived on modern stage as homonyms, in the past they might not have been. The emergence of homonyms is explained by various reasons. 1. Homonyms can appear as a result of the breakdown of polysemy Example-braid”1 “river shallows”, scythe”2 “name of hairstyle”, braid 3 “tool” o Polysemy - polysemy, the presence of several meanings in one word or sign. 2. Many homonyms appeared in the Russian language as a result of phonetic changes in the process historical development Example - I’m treating from flying (written with the letter “is”) and flying from treating (written with the letter “yat”); three (name of the number) and three are the imperative form of the verb to rub (three).
3. Homonymous words also arise as a result of the action of an extralinguistic factor: a random coincidence of native Russian and foreign words. Example - “marriage”1 (Russian) “matrimony” and marriage”2 (German) “disadvantage”, Words borrowed from one or different languages. Example - mate 1 (Persian) “chess piece”, mate 2 (English) “wicker mat”, mate 3 (German) “dull, pale”. Such homonyms are classified as lexical. 4. words can coincide in sound and spelling as a result of various word-formation processes (due to homonymy of affixes and/or stems). For example, the noun “fence”1, formed from the verb to take away, “fence”2 “fence.” Such homonyms are called word-forming homonyms. In the modern Russian language, a significant number of homonym words have been recorded, and with the development of the language, their number is increasing.
Homonyms in the Russian language In the lexical system of the Russian language there are words that sound and are written the same, but have completely different meanings. different meanings. Such words are called lexical homonyms, and the sound and grammatical coincidence of linguistic units that are not semantically related to each other is called homonymy. Example- (Gr. – homos – identical + onyma – name). For example, key 1 is a “spring” (ice key), key 2 is a “metal rod of a special shape for unlocking and locking the lock” and key 3 is musical.
Unlike polysemantic words lexical homonyms do not have a subject-semantic connection, that is, they do not have common semantic features by which one could judge the polysemantism of one word. Known various shapes lexical homonymy, as well as related phenomena at other levels of language (phonetic and morphological). Full lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words belonging to the same part of speech in all forms. Example - “outfit”1 - clothing, “outfit” 2 – “disposition”, they do not differ in pronunciation and spelling, they coincide in all case forms of the singular and plural.
According to their structure, homonyms can be divided into root and derivative. 1) have a non-derivative basis: peace – “absence of war, harmony.” Example - (peace has come) and peace - “universe” (the world is filled with sounds); marriage is a “flaw in production” (factory defect) and marriage is “matrimony” (happy marriage). 2) They arose as a result of word formation, and therefore have a derivative basis: Example assembly 1 – “action on the verb to collect” (assembling a structure) and assembly 2 – “small fold in clothes” (gathering on a skirt); drill – “relating to actions in the ranks (drill song) and drill – “suitable for construction” (drill timber). 7
Types of homonyms Lexical homonyms are combined into rows, each of which includes at least two words belonging to the same part of speech. There are two types of lexical homonyms: complete and incomplete (partial). 1. Complete homonyms are words that coincide in all grammatical forms. These words in all cases will appear in the same forms, and the plural forms will also be the same. Example -Lavka (1) “bench” and Lavka (2) “small” premises for trade." 2. Incomplete homonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, whose system of grammatical forms does not completely coincide. So, from the first word the singular and plural forms are formed, but from the second word it is impossible to form the plural form. For example - Shelf “a device for storing something”, can be in the form of units. and many more h. (shelf shelf, many shelves); The “weed control” shelf (a verbal noun derived from the verb weed) exists only in the singular form. h.
And Both complete and partial (incomplete) homonyms are studied by lexicology. One should distinguish from them phenomena that lexicology does not study, although it mentions them, comparing them with homonyms. In other words, other types of homonymy should be distinguished from lexical homonyms, both full and partial. In modern Russian, these types of homonymy are presented as follows: Paronyms (from the Greek Para about and Onyma name) are words that are similar in sound and morphemic structure, but have different meanings. Typically, paronyms are words formed from the same root, but using different affixes (suffixes, prefixes). The similarity of paronymic words in sound and the common root in them is the main source of errors in their use. Paronyms are sometimes mixed in speech, although they denote different phenomena. For example, they say “put on a coat” instead of “put on a coat.” Meanwhile, the verbs put on and dress differ in meaning: they put on what, and dress whom (put on a coat, hat, mittens, dress a child, a sick person). This example shows that paronyms differ not only in meaning, but also in compatibility with other words. Example - Put (a coat on yourself) dress (a child); Economical (person) economical (regime) economic (crisis); Escalator (moving staircase); excavator (digger); Zdravitsa (toast, congratulations) health resort (sanatorium).
L Homophones are different words that sound the same, but differ in writing. For example, fruit and raft, onion and meadow, code and cat, gender and mouth, carcass and carcass (phonetic homonymy) different word forms/word combinations that match in sound when their lexical meanings differ may arise when creating rhyming text. Homoforms are words that sound the same only in some grammatical forms and most often belong to different parts of speech. One of the varieties of homonyms (morphological homonyms) Example - lech'u "to treat someone" - lech'u "fly" Homographs - words that are the same in spelling, but differ in pronunciation (in Russian most often due to differences in stress) (graphic homonymy) Example - they get - they get, circles - circles.
The use of homonyms in speech The functioning of homonyms in speech, as a rule, does not cause any particular difficulties. First of all, the context clarifies the semantic structure of such words, excluding inappropriate interpretation. In addition, homonyms belong to different areas usage and having ambiguous expressive coloring and different functional relevance, as a rule, do not collide in speech. Nevertheless, combining the meanings of homonymous words is possible. However, in this case it is due to a certain stylistic purpose, and in different styles In speech this goal is different. The deliberate clash of homonyms has always been an indispensable means of witty wordplay. Kozma Prutkov also wrote: “It’s nice to caress a child or a dog, but the most important thing is to rinse your mouth.” Similar homophones are played out in folk jokes: “I went into the forest, and he got into it, I got into an elm, and he got stuck.” V. Dahl
The use of homonyms There is often a collision, even a combination in one text, of both homonym words and words that accidentally coincide in sound (homophones, homoforms, etc.) It is interesting to compare the intentional collision of partial homonyms is - “to be, have” and is - “to accept” food”, translated by S.Ya. Marshak “Zazdravnogo Toast” by Robert Burns: Those who have what to eat sometimes cannot eat, And others can eat, but sit without bread, And here we have what to eat, but at the same time there is something to eat, So, We only have heaven to thank! He combines consonant words, a writer, poet, publicist, as it were, brings together those objects and concepts that they denote. This technique is a means of actualization; it fulfills the task of communicating additional artistic information.
The use of homonyms The use of homonymous rhymes is all the more justified in humorous genres, for example, in epigrams. Don't flaunt, buddy, that you have an excess of topics. We know the works where the best themes perished. (D. Minaev) Or homonymous consonances - the main material for puns. That the people are awakening, Now they are giving them regulations, They are shouting: “Shut your lips!” And they instantly put a seal on your mouth. (K.M. Fofanov) Successful comparison of consonant forms and their playing out in speech arouses keen interest.
About Homonyms in Literature We have unique cases of using homonyms in the broad sense of the word in Gogol, who sometimes used homonymous techniques when giving names to his heroes. So, for example, in “The Tale of How Ivan Ivanovich and Ivan Nikiforovich Quarreled,” among the guests present at the “assembly” where an attempt was made to reconcile Iv. Iv. with Iv. Nick., named: “not that Ivan Ivanovich, but another” and “our Ivan Ivanovich.” A few lines later, Gogol again mentions this “other” Yves. Ivanovich, but to the again repeated expression: “not that Iv. Iv., and the other one” adds: “whose eye is crooked.” And it’s curious what exactly this crooked Yves. Iv. Gogol forces one to ask why Yves is not at the “assembly”. Nik., and precisely the crooked Iv. Iv. makes an offer to reconcile Eve. Iv. with Iv. Nick. The artistic effect of this homonymous game is, of course, obvious, and it is completely in the spirit of that “pun circle” with which Gogol depicted human vulgarity in “The Tale.” We also have an approach to a homonym in the surnames “Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky”. Here, the incomplete homonymic consonance of surnames that differ by only one letter represents a very striking poetic device. After all, Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky are essentially one image, they are synonymous, and this internal synonymy, sameness, receives a special comic coloring from the fact that their surnames differ from one another, just by one letter.
Homonyms in literature The contrast between the same sound and different meaning of homonyms, which in a pun gives a comic character to the concepts designated by homonyms, in Bryusov, on the contrary, leads to a deepening of their content. And due to the fact that this contrast is strengthened by the very position of homonyms as rhymes, the deepening becomes directly obvious. Indeed, the homonyms “beregu” from “to take care” and “beregu” from “berega”, consonantly opposed to one another, are mutually enriched: the concrete “bereg” expands its content, receiving an abstract connotation from the word “beregu” (to take care), and back to the abstract “protect” a specific shade from “shore”. There is something similar in the rhyming homonyms “eyelids” and “forever”. Homonym, therefore, fulfills here one of the essential functions of poetic thinking, namely, it destroys the gap between the abstract and the concrete.
The meaning of homonyms Currently, the category of so-called “functional homonyms” is being actively studied. These include homonyms that appear as a result of their specialization in a certain syntactic function, and this entails changes in their semantics and grammatical features. Different ways in which homonyms arise determine the difference in their types in a given period of language development, in a given state. The processes leading to the coincidence of the outer shells of whole words and individual forms of a word also turn out to be completely different. Therefore, one should carefully distinguish between homonyms themselves, that is, words in which the entire system of forms coincides, and homoforms that arise when the sound composition of individual forms of words coincides.
The question arises: does homonymy interfere with the correct understanding of speech? After all, homonyms are sometimes called “sick” words, since homonymy reduces the informative function of the word: different meanings receive the same form of expression; In support of the negative assessment of the phenomenon of homonymy, the idea is also expressed that the very development of language often leads to its elimination. For example, in early XIX V. in linguistics the term “dialectical” was used, meaning “relating to a dialect” (local dialect). But with the spread of the concept " dialectical materialism» The word dialectical began to be used more often in a different meaning – “relating to dialectics.” And then linguistic term fell out of use, giving way to another - “dialectal” - “associated with a dialect; relating to a dialect.” The meaning of homonyms
There are many examples of such resistance of the language itself to the phenomenon of homonymy. Thus, the adjectives eternal (from “eyelid”) and wine (from “wine”) disappeared from the dictionary; the latter is replaced by a related word - guilty. However, this process is far from active and consistent in the lexical system of the modern Russian language. Along with the facts of the elimination of homonymy, the emergence of new homonyms, homophones and homographs is observed, which has a certain linguistic value and therefore cannot be considered as a negative phenomenon, to which the language itself “puts obstacles in the way.”
O The meaning of homonyms First of all, the context clarifies the semantic structure of such words, excluding inappropriate interpretation. In addition, homonyms belonging to different spheres of use and having ambiguous expression, different functional relevance, as a rule, do not collide in speech. For example, “the paths do not cross” of such homonyms as “bar” – “a type of restaurant” and “bar” – “a unit of atmospheric pressure”; lion "-"beast" and lion "-" monetary unit in Bulgaria"; swearing " - "swearing" and swearing " - "war" (obsolete) etc. At the same time, the deliberate clash of homonyms has always been an indispensable means of witty wordplay. Kozma Prutkov wrote: It’s nice to caress a child or a dog, but the most important thing is to rinse your mouth. Similar homophones are played out in folk jokes: I got into the forest, and he got into it, I got into an elm, and he got stuck (Dal); special entertainment: You puppies! Follow me! It will be a roll for you, Look, don’t chat, or I’ll beat you up (P.) The snow will become a river of pigeons, It will flow, shaking a flock of reflected pigeons (Goats.) .
O However... You must be careful in the use of words, since in some cases homonymy (and related phenomena) can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement, inappropriate comedy. For example, when commenting on a football match: “Today the players left the field without goals”; “On the TV screen you see Gavrilov in a beautiful combination.” Even professional writers and great writers are not immune from such speech errors: Have you heard... (P.); With lead in my chest I lay motionless (L.); Is it possible to be indifferent to evil (modern translation from Kazakh). Puns are most often caused by homophony. 17
Conclusion In this work we examined the phenomenon of homonymy in the modern Russian language at this stage of development, types of homonymy, issues of the appearance and use of homonyms in speech. Homonymy is a universal linguistic category; it arises naturally as a result of the action of various linguistic patterns. Typically, speakers do not notice it unless certain situations of ambiguity arise as a result of an unfortunate form of expression. Most often, homonyms appear as a result of word formation processes and semantic breakdown of polysemy. Homonymy can also arise as a result of sound changes. It is possible that homonyms may appear as a result of foreign language borrowing.
References Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. M., 1972 Deykina A.D. Questions of the Russian language. M., 1998 Nikitin O.V. Slavic linguistics. M., 2007. Norman B. Yu. Game on the edges of language. M., 2006 Solganik G. Ya. Stylistics of the text. M., 2001. Dictionary of homonyms. M., 2010 Dictionary Russian language. M., 2004 Chevtaeva I. B., Shampur V. P., Ptashkina V. N. Formation key competencies schoolchildren. Volgograd, 2009 Shmelev D.N. Modern Russian language
Slide 1
Encyclopedia of the word-term Homonym Completed by: Arina Glebova, student of 9 “B” class of MOUSOSH No. 3 in Petrovsk Supervisor: Galina Vasilievna Fokina, teacher of Russian language and literature.
Slide 2
Lexical meaning Homonyms are units of language that are different in meaning, but identical in spelling (words, morphemes, etc.).
Braid on a girl's head
Scythe - a tool for mowing
Slide 3
Where did this word come to us from? Homonym from Greek. ὁμός - identical and ονομα - name. The term was introduced by Aristotle.
Slide 4
Homonyms are: 1. Complete (absolute) homonyms 2. Partial homonyms 3. Grammatical homonyms, or homoforms
Slide 5
Complete (absolute) homonyms Homonyms in which the entire system of forms coincides. For example, outfit (clothing) - outfit (order), forge (blacksmith) - forge (wind instrument).
Forge (blacksmith)
Horn (wind instrument)
Slide 6
Partial homonyms Homonyms for which not all forms coincide. For example, weasel (animal) and caress (show of tenderness) diverge in the genitive plural form (weasels - caresses).
Slide 7
Grammatical homonyms, or homoforms of Words that coincide only in separate Forms (the same part of speech or different parts of speech). For example, the numeral three and the verb three coincide only in two forms (to three - we are three).
Slide 8
Omomorphemes Along with homonyms, that is, homonymous words, there are also homomorphemes, that is, homonymous morphemes, in other words, parts of words (prefixes, suffixes, roots, endings) that coincide, but have different meanings.
Slide 9
Homonyms, homophones and homographs The most common definitions are: * Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling, but different meanings. * Homophones are words that sound the same, but have different spellings and meanings. * Homographs are words that have the same spelling, but different sounds and meanings. But there are also other definitions: * Homonyms are words that are the same in sound or spelling, but different in meaning. (In this case, homophones and homographs are considered special cases of homonyms, and they are called, respectively, “phonetic homonyms” and “graphic homonyms.”) * Homophones are words that sound the same, but have different meanings. (That is, the spelling is not important.) * Homographs are words that have the same spelling but different meanings. (That is, the sound is not important.)
Slide 10
Examples * A scythe is on a girl’s head, a scythe is a tool for mowing, a scythe is a geographical name (Curonian Spit). * Key - musical sign, key - door, key - natural water source, key - wrench, key - registration number entered to install paid software. * A butterfly is an insect, a tie is a bowtie, a knife is a butterfly. * Onion is a plant, onion is a weapon. * Pen - writing (gel, ballpoint, etc.), pen - human hand, door handle. * Brush - a bunch of ropes, a brush - hands, a brush - berries (rowan brush), a brush - a brush (for drawing). * Lynx is running, lynx is an animal. * Three - horses, three - mark. * Peace is the universe, peace is the absence of war, hostility. * Messenger - giving news, a signal about something, messenger - in the army: a private for sending parcels on service matters. * Beam - part of a structure, a beam resting on something at several points (on walls, abutments), beam - a long ravine; beam and beam are lexical homonyms. * Kiwi is a fruit, kiwi is a bird.
