Some maps depict individual, relatively small territories, while others depict entire continents or oceans. What is shown on the physical map of the hemispheres? What is its scale? And what information can be “extracted” from it? You will definitely find answers to all these questions in our article.
A few words about cards
Cartography began around the same time as writing. IN ancient times our ancestors drew primitive plans on the walls of caves and rocks, on which they indicated important features of the area in which they lived. The first map of the world, according to scientists, was created in Babylon about 3 thousand years ago.
Cartography flourished during the so-called Age of the Great geographical discoveries. Numerous travelers and sailors have created hundreds of fairly detailed and interesting maps. All the information obtained during travels to distant and unknown lands was applied to them.
Despite the passage of time, the map has not become archaic and has retained its meaning to this day. IN modern science even exists special method research - cartographic. Today, geographic maps are used in various industries national economy- urban planning, territorial planning, agriculture, transport, meteorology, tourism, etc.
There are different maps: physical, economic, recreational, climatic, synoptic, geological, political and many, many others. Physical maps show continents and oceans. You can also see hydrographic objects on them (rivers, seas, lakes), various shapes and sometimes - the largest cities.
Back in 150 BC, the ancient Greek scientist Crates of Mallus created the first three-dimensional model of the Earth - a globe. However, it later turned out that using this model in practice is not so convenient. You can’t take it on a long walking expedition, and it certainly won’t fit in a travel backpack. Besides, when you look at the globe, you only see one half of it. This is also not always convenient.
Apparently, this is why maps of the Earth’s hemispheres were invented. Of course, we cannot do without distortions here. But such maps make it possible to contemplate the whole picture of the world at once, because they show two halves of our huge planet at once. If we dissect the globe along the equator, we will get a map of the North and Southern hemispheres. If you divide the planet along the Prime (Greenwich) meridian, you will get, respectively, a map of the Western and Eastern hemispheres.
Scale of the physical map of the hemispheres
Scale is a purely mathematical concept. This is the ratio of the length of a segment on a geographical map or plan to the actual length of the same segment on the ground. For example, we have a topographic map with the following scale: 1:2000. This means that one centimeter on it corresponds to two thousand centimeters (or twenty meters) on the ground.
Physical maps of the hemispheres are of an overview nature and are used for educational purposes (usually in a wall-mounted version). Therefore, they tend to be small-scale. The scales of physical maps of the hemispheres most often vary from 1:15,000,000 to 1:80,000,000. That is, the distance between Kiev and Moscow on them does not exceed 3-4 centimeters.
What is shown on the physical map of the hemispheres
A physical map of any scale primarily displays various natural objects. Which ones exactly? What exactly is shown on the physical map of the Earth's hemispheres? Let's list all these objects.
- Landforms: uplands, plateaus, mountain ranges).
- Elements of the coastline (islands, peninsulas, bays, straits, bays, capes).
- Objects of hydrography (seas, oceans, rivers, lakes, canals, large reservoirs, glaciers).
- Elements of underwater relief (basins, ocean ridges, trenches).
- Capitals and largest cities.
The map of the Earth shows three continents (North and South America, Antarctica) and three oceans (Pacific, Atlantic and Arctic), the map of the Eastern Hemisphere shows four continents (Eurasia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica) and four oceans (Arctic, Atlantic , Quiet and Indian).
How to Read a Physical Map
Any geographical map has its own specific language. Knowing this language, you can learn to read it correctly. First of all, you should pay attention to the scale of the map. Most often it is placed in the upper left corner of the sheet. The scale is indicated not only in a numerical version, but also in a linear one, so that the process of determining distances on the map is as convenient as possible.
There are not too many symbols on the physical map of the hemispheres (usually no more than two dozen). Thus, rivers are indicated by dark blue lines, lakes and reservoirs - by blue spots. Continental ice and permanent snow are shown using parallel rows of blue dots. This “pattern” covers most of Antarctica and Greenland.
On physical maps you can find some others conventional signs(see photo below). The relief on them is displayed using different shades. This is worth talking about in more detail below.
Displaying terrain on a physical map
Under each physical map there is necessarily a so-called scale of heights and depths with numerical marks in meters. The shape of the earth's surface is indicated by different colors, depending on the absolute height of the area. Thus, lowlands are shown in green, hills are shown in yellow, mountain systems and ridges are shown in orange or dark brown.
The same thing applies to depths. The shallow waters of the ocean floor are indicated by a light blue tint. But the deep areas are shown in a more saturated blue color. The principle here is: the deeper, the darker the color.
The absolute heights of individual points on the land surface are indicated in black, and the depths of the seas and oceans are indicated in blue.
One card sheet can fit the whole world, with all the oceans, continents, mountains and plains, countries, cities, minerals, animals and birds. You just need to be able to read the map correctly. In this lesson we will learn what maps were in ancient times, and what types of maps exist now, what are the advantages of a map over a globe, what is the scale, and the map legend. Let's learn how to use the scale of depths and heights and determine the coordinates of earthly objects.
Topic: The planet we live on
People started drawing maps before they even thought about whether the Earth was round or flat. Scientists have discovered a drawing on a bone in Kamchatka depicting a path to a place rich in prey. This is probably one of the oldest maps. Maps were drawn on pieces of bark and cut out on wooden planks, which were convenient to take on the road. Some peoples scratched maps with a sharp object on wet clay tiles, which, after drying, became durable, with a clear image.
This world map, in the center of which the city of Babylon is located, more than 3 thousand years.
Rice. 1. World map of Ancient Babylon ()
Rock paintings of areas in caves where people lived thousands of years ago were also found.
Rice. 2. Rock painting of the area ()
With the invention of paper, maps began to be drawn on it. All the information obtained by scientists and travelers during their travels through different lands was put on the maps.
Rice. 3. Ancient map world on paper ()
Making the map was a long process, because all the details were drawn by hand, so the maps were very expensive.
For a long period of time, only four were present on the maps: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America. Many years passed before sailors discovered Australia and Antarctica.
When you look for a country on the globe, you only see one hemisphere. And to see something else, you need to turn the globe.
It is impossible to indicate a large number of geographical objects on a globe without increasing its size. A large globe is inconvenient for travel.
Scale- this is the ratio of the length of lines on a map or drawing to the actual length. The scale of the physical map of Russia tells us that every centimeter of the map corresponds to 200 km on the ground.
Rice. 7. Physical card Russia ()
The map can show two halves of the Earth at once. If you divide the globe along the equator, you get map of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres,
Rice. 5. Northern and Southern Hemispheres
and if along the line of the prime meridian - Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
Rice. 6. Western and Eastern Hemispheres
On mineral map special icons mark places of mineral deposits.
Rice. 9. Map of mineral resources ()
On animal habitat maps habitats indicated various types birds and animals.
Rice. 10. Map of birds and animals ()
On contour maps there are no color codes and all kinds of geographical objects are depicted, but not labeled. They are convenient for planning routes.
Rice. 11. Outline map
On political map the world depicts countries and their borders.
Rice. 12. Political map of Eurasia ()
On synoptic maps Symbols indicate weather observations.
Rice. 13. Synoptic map ()
Different cards are combined into atlases.
Rice. 14. Geographical atlas ()
Maps depict different territories. There are maps of districts, cities, regions, states, continents, oceans, hemisphere maps and world maps.
Legend on the map are the same as on the globe. They are called legend and are usually placed at the bottom of the card.
Let's find the West Siberian Plain on the physical map of Russia.
Rice. 16. West Siberian Plain ()
Small horizontal lines covering a large part of its territory mean swamps.
Here are some of the most big world swamps - Vasyugansky. Lines represent rivers, borders and roads, and circles represent cities.
Rice. 17. Vasyugan swamps
The seas and mountains have real outlines and are painted in different colors. Blue and cyan are water bodies, yellow are highlands, green are lowlands, brown are mountains.
At the bottom of the map there is a scale of depths and heights, with which you can see what height or depth a particular shade of color on the map means.
The deeper the ocean, the darker the color. On the map of the Arctic Ocean, the darkest shade of blue is in the Greenland Sea, where the depth reaches 5 thousand 527 meters; the lightest shade of pale blue, where the sea depth is 200 meters.
Rice. 18. Physical map of the Arctic Ocean
The higher the mountains, the darker the color they are marked with. So, Ural Mountains, which are considered relatively low (the highest peaks are from 1000 to 2000 m above sea level), are colored light brown on the map.
Rice. 19. Ural Mountains
The Himalayas - the highest mountains in the world (10 peaks with a height of more than 8 km) are indicated in dark brown.
Rice. 20. Himalayan mountains
Chomolungma (Everest), the highest peak in the world (8848 m), is located in the Himalayas.
Using the altitude scale, it is easy to determine the height of the Caucasus Mountains.
Rice. 23. Caucasus Mountains
Their brown color indicates that the height of the mountains is more than 5 thousand meters. The most famous peaks - Mount Elbrus (5642 m) and Mount Kazbek (5033 m) are covered with eternal snow and glaciers.
Using a map, you can determine the exact location of an object. To do this you need to know it coordinates: latitude and longitude, which are determined by a degree grid formed by parallels and meridians.
Rice. 26. Degree grid
The equator serves as the origin of reference - at it the latitude is 0⁰. Latitude is measured from 0⁰ to 90⁰ on both sides of the equator and is called north or south. For example, the coordinate 60⁰ north latitude means that this point lies in the Northern Hemisphere and is at an angle of 60⁰ to the equator.
Rice. 27. Geographical latitude
Longitude is measured from 0⁰ to 180⁰ on both sides of the Greenwich meridian and is called western or eastern.
Rice. 28. Geographical longitude
Coordinates of St. Petersburg - 60⁰ N, 30⁰ E.
Moscow coordinates - 55⁰N, 37⁰E.
Rice. 29. Political map of Russia ()
- Vakhrushev A.A., Danilov D.D. The world around us 3. M.: Ballas.
- Dmitrieva N.Ya., Kazakov A.N. The world around us 3. M.: Fedorov Publishing House.
- Pleshakov A.A. The world around us 3. M.: Education.
- Academician ().
- Survival().
- Find it on the physical map of the world Pacific Ocean. Determine its deepest place, indicate its name and depth. Describe how you identified this location.
- Make a short test (4 questions with three answer options) on the topic “Geographical maps”.
- Prepare a memo with the rules for working with cards.
A physical map of the world allows you to see the relief of the earth's surface and the location of the main continents. The physical card gives general idea about the location of seas, oceans, complex terrain and elevation changes in different parts of the planet. On a physical map of the world, you can clearly see mountains, plains, and systems of ridges and highlands. What is the surface of the Earth? The concept of surface has the same meaning as the concept of geographic envelope and the concept of biosphere proposed by geochemists... Before this, connections between the peoples of both hemispheres existed mainly only in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean.
Measuring distances on a globe
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The coordinates of any place on the earth's surface can be determined from a globe or a map. And vice versa, knowing the coordinates of a geographical object, you can find its place on a map or globe.
At the same distance from the poles, a circle is drawn around the globe, which is called the Equator.
Lines of the tropics and polar circles
The Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia, Australia and Oceania, and most of Europe. There are exceptions when some continents (countries on these continents) located in the region of the equator and the Prime Meridian are part of both hemispheres.
Twice a year, on March 21 and September 23, the rays of the Sun fall vertically down over the equator and uniformly illuminate the Earth from pole to pole.
On globes and maps, conventional lines of the poles, equator, tropics and polar circles are also drawn.
On the map you can see all the continents, seas and oceans existing on the planet, and two hemispheres are visible at once. And on a plane you can depict the Earth either on a map or using hemispheres. Using a map of the hemispheres, you can find out the location of the highest places on the planet and the location of the lowlands, you can determine geographical coordinates straits and bays. Using a map of the hemispheres, you can find out the sizes of the continents relative to each other. It is better to learn the colors of the map, because it is the colors that highlight land areas that are at different altitudes. A map of the hemispheres gives a general idea of geographical features of our planet.
Considering the physical map of the hemispheres, first of all, let's pay attention to the degree grid. It is known to be formed by meridians and parallels. Parallels, unlike meridians, are all different from each other. The further from the pole, the longer they will be. The greatest parallel is the equator - a line equidistant from the poles. On other parallels, the distance on the ground, which corresponds to 1 ° on the map, decreases in the direction from the equator to the poles.
If you take a map of the hemispheres and a globe, the first thing that will catch your eye is the different outlines of the continents. They will differ (slightly near the equator and extremely significantly closer to the poles). Both the map and the globe serve for orientation - determining coordinates, location, and landscape features.
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January 20, 2017 -December 7, 2016 -
Lesson on the world around us
“Studying the map of the hemispheres”, 2nd grade.
Lesson objectives:
1. Introduce the concepts of “part of the world”, “continent”, “ocean”.
2. Teach to recognize “by sight” and find all parts of the world, continents and oceans on a map of the hemispheres.
4. Enrichment vocabulary schoolchildren.
Equipment: globe, map of hemispheres, set of multimedia equipment, envelopes with tasks.
Software: MicrosoftPowerPoint.
Progress of the lesson.
1. Good afternoon Let's start a lesson about the world around us. Today we have to study an important and interesting topic. This can be done in two ways:
Or you can go on a journey, gaining new knowledge.
Raise your hand those who choose the first path. (...) And now those who are second. (...)It's decided! Let's go on a trip! But we have a long journey ahead, we need to see a lot. So I suggest you go on a tripby plane . (slide).
Okay, there is transport! What should a literate traveler definitely take with him? (card). That’s right, any journey is simply unthinkable without a map. And in our case even more so. Ask why? And everything is simple, we go on a trip using the map -on the map of the hemispheres. (slide) . Therefore, the topic of the lesson is “We study the map of the hemispheres."
Let's remember what a map is? (Map – reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane).
What have we learned to distinguish from the map of the hemispheres? (Reservoirs are in blue, plains are in green and yellow, mountains are in brown.)
3. Guys, do you think people have always known that the earth’s surface looks like this? (No). It turns out that ancient people explored the earth gradually,in parts. They opened Parts of the world are large historical areas of the Earth, bounded by seas and mountains.
They called that part of the world where our ancestors lived a long time agoEUROPE . (slide)
Going south one day, brave ancient travelers discovered the existence of a third part of the world– AFRICA. (slide).
Much later, and completely by accident, a fourth part of the world was discovered -AMERICA. (slide).
The thirst for discovery of ancient travelers forced them to plow the seas and oceans in search of new lands. And only many years later people discoveredAUSTRALIA with its amazing wildlife.(slide).
AND ANTARCTICA , that part of the world where permafrost reigned.(slide).
- These are the parts of the world that our ancestors began to divide the entire landmass of the Earth into. Let's repeat: Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia, Antarctica. (The teacher points on the map, the children name the parts of the world in unison.)
How many parts of the world are there in total? (6.) Assignment from Know-It-All: (slide).
“Please note, pictures appeared on our map of the hemispheres: a penguin, an Indian, a kangaroo, Mowgli with his friends, Misha and Lena, a giraffe. The know-it-all proposes to resettle their typical inhabitants in parts of the world.
Who could live in the America part of the world? (Indian).
- Who could live in Antarctica?(penguin).
Who could live in Asia?(Mowgli).
- Who could live in Australia?(kangaroo).
Who could live in Africa?(giraffe).
Who could live in Europe?(Misha and Lena).
(During the children’s answers, “residents” in their part of the world appear on the screen.)
4. Do you know, guys, there is a more scientific division of the earth’s land -continents are huge areas of land surrounded by water.
Look at the map of the hemispheres. How many continents, by definition, would you identify?(…). Let's check our assumptions. Our plane will land on every continent, and Know-It-All's assistants will tell us about it. So, first landing.
The largest continent on Earth isEurasia- ( slide).It takes a whole day to fly from one end to the other by plane. It includes two parts of the world: Europe and Asia. The western part of the continent - Europe - is a word of Greek origin and means “west”, and the eastern part of the continent - Asia - means “east”. The Ural Mountains are considered the border between Europe and Asia.
Mainland Africa coincides with the part of the world Africa. Africa is the second largest continent on the globe; in area it is second only to Eurasia. Almost all of Africa lies in a hot thermal zone, so it is the hottest continent on Earth.
Part of the world America is divided into two continents, which are connected by the Isthmus of Panama. The continent that is north of the equator is calledNorth America , and the continent, most of which is south of the equator, is calledSouth America.
Mainland Australia, located in the eastern hemisphere, also coincides with the part of the world Australia. Australia is the smallest, flattest continent on Earth. Australia is also the driest continent, since the surrounding seas and oceans have little influence on the climate of the interior regions, so there is little precipitation there.
The coldest continent on EarthAntarctica , she is also part of the world Antarctica. The entire continent is covered with an ice sheet, and in some places mountain ranges with sharp ridges rise above it.
So, how many continents have we counted? (6). Let's name them again: Eurasia, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Antarctica. (The teacher shows, the children call in chorus).
How amicably and confidently you named all the continents. Can you recognize these continents by their outlines?Assignment from Know-It-All is in envelope No. 1. Take out the contents of the envelope. (...) In front of you is a card with the outlines of the continents, try to guess the familiar continents in these outlines and label them. (...) Exchange cards with your desk neighbor and check the correctness of the answers. (slide). Raise your hands if you don't have a single mistake. Well done!
The outline of which continent is missing here? (Antarctica).
Guys, how many continents are there? (6). What about parts of the world? (also 6). Then why do they have different names? (Because the continent of Eurasia includes two parts of the world, Europe and Asia, and the part of the world, America, is divided into two continents, South America and North America.)
Is there a difference between part of the world and the mainland? What is this difference? (If children find it difficult to answer, you can remind them of the definitions of what a part of the world is and what a continent is.)
Physical education minute.
The sun is shining in a clear sky (hands up, stretching)
The plane flies across the sky. (arms to the sides - we fly like an airplane)
And below are forests, fields - (downward slope)
The ground is spreading. (extending arms to the sides).
5. Now I ask everyone to sit down, lay their heads on the desk, close their eyes and listen. (The teacher plays an audio recording with the sounds of sea waves).
What did these sounds remind you of? (The sound of water). That's right, our plane is flying over water. What's on globe more water or land? (In chorus: water.) It turns out that all the water on the globe is also divided and has its own names. Large bodies of water between continents are usually calledoceans. Let's find the name of each ocean. Open the textbook on pages 128 – 129, you will see a map of the hemispheres. I will talk about the location of each ocean, and when you find it, read its name.
This ocean washes the shores of America, Asia, Australia and Antarctica.( Pacific Ocean).
Name the body of water between America, Europe, Africa and Antarctica. (Atlantic Ocean ).
This ocean is located between Asia, Africa, Australia and Antarctica. (Indian Ocean ).
The ocean washing Eurasia and North America, forever covered with ice.( Arctic Ocean).
“On our Earth there are four oceans:
Indian is the saltiest in the world,
The Atlantic Ocean is famous for its herring.
The Arctic sleeps under the ice,
And Quiet, of course, is not quiet at all,
And the violent, deep and greatest!
6. What a wonderful trip we had! Is it true? But how attentive and observant you were will be checked by a test from the Know-It-All. This test is in envelope No. 2, remove it. After reading the question carefully, you must choose the correct answer from the three proposed options and mark it with a “tick”.
On which continent are there two parts of the world?
America
Eurasia
Antarctica
What part of the world connects the two continents?
- America
Eurasia
Africa
What oceans wash Africa?
Arctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Which ocean is located between Asia, America and Australia?
Arctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
- Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean (...)
Check the correctness of your answers (a slide with the correct answers appears).
7.- Raise your hands if you answered all the questions correctly. (…).
Who had some difficulties? (…).
And who couldn’t answer the questions asked at all? (…).
I'm very happy! This means that our journey through the map of the hemispheres was not in vain. Let's name all the parts of the world that we discovered during our travels (...), and now all the continents (...). What oceans did our plane fly over? (...) Our journey is over, but at home you can continue it with the textbook material and answer the Know-It-All question: “Find on the map of the hemispheres the highest place on land and the deepest place in the ocean, find out what they are called.
Thanks everyone! The lesson is over! Relax!
