Speech aggression in print media. Natalia Petrova - The language of modern media

Conclusion

In the course of this work, we examined the phenomenon of speech aggression, so the purpose of the abstract can be considered fulfilled.

There are three types of human influence (the power of thought, the power of words, the power of action), of which, thanks to the development of means of communication, the power of words is especially developed in the modern world. Therefore, a comprehensive study of verbal aggression is a necessary condition, ensuring the communicative security of the individual and society as a whole. But not only the study of this problem should be carried out to reduce the consequences of speech aggression, but also legislative regulation of speech in the media. Without legal support for this issue, there will be no leverage over the media in the field of speech culture.

List of used literature

1. Vorontsova T.A. Speech aggression: Invasion of communicative space. - Izhevsk: Publishing house"Udmurt University", 2006. - 252 p.

Diagnosis of tolerance in the media. Ed. V.K. Malkova. M., IEA RAS. 2002. - P.105.

Petrova N.E. “Forms of manifestation of verbal aggression in a newspaper text” - Russian language at school 2006, No. 1 p. 76-82.

Soldatova G., Shaigerova L. The superiority complex and forms of intolerance - The Age of Tolerance. 2001, No. 2 -P.2-10.

Yulia Vladimirovna Shcherbinina: Russian language. Speech aggression and ways to overcome it - LitRes LLC, 2004. - 5 p.

6. Maidanova L.M. Thesis. Modern Russian slogans as supertext -

Introduction

Different definitions of the concepts of verbal aggression in the media

Types of verbal aggression

Methods of verbal aggression

Speech aggression as a method of insult

Cases of verbal aggression in the media

Speech aggression on television

Consequences of using verbal aggression

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

In the modern world, the media occupy a fairly large niche in the spiritual life of society. And, unfortunately, the phenomenon of verbal aggression has now become widespread. This happens for many reasons: decreased control over compliance with speech, lexical, and ethical standards; social, psychological preconditions; decline in the cultural level of the population. Speech aggression in the media manifests itself in different ways: jargon, simplification of the language of the media to the everyday level (often this is done in order to seem like “one of our own” to the reader), the use of speech means unacceptable by ethical standards.

When creating this essay, my goal was to consider the phenomenon of verbal aggression in the media.

The tasks I set were as follows:

Find out exactly how aggression manifests itself in the media

Classify verbal aggression by type

Determine the consequences of verbal aggression

Identify cases of use of verbal aggression in the media.

Finding a connection between invective vocabulary and various concepts of verbal aggression (these concepts are not clearly defined for the reasons stated below). In the course of the content of the essay, I give examples from various Russian print media.

Different definitions of the concepts of verbal aggression in the media

Speech aggression is a multifaceted phenomenon that can affect almost all areas of a person’s life due to the fact that communication appears in all these areas. That is why the concept of “verbal aggression” is interpreted differently by researchers.

Speech aggression is an impact carried out by means of language on the consciousness of the addressee, namely the obvious and persistent imposition of a certain point of view on the interlocutor (reader), depriving him of choice and the opportunity to draw his own conclusion and independently analyze the facts.

Verbal aggression as “unreasoned at all or insufficiently reasoned, open or hidden (latent) verbal influence on the addressee, aimed at changing his personal attitudes (mental, ideological, evaluative, etc.) or defeat in controversy.”

Speech aggression is a deliberate focus on insulting or harming a person through various speech speech methods.

Having drawn a conclusion from these definitions, I am inclined to accept the definition, since verbal aggression is carried out with the help of speech and affects a person’s consciousness. And changes in personal attitudes causing harm to a person is already a consequence negative influence to consciousness

Types of verbal aggression

Psychological interpretation of types of speech aggression.

Active direct aggression. To this view verbal aggression include command statements. Characteristics: 1) requires immediate obedience); 2) threatens unpleasant consequences 3) uses verbal insult or humiliation of another person (group of persons), shows sarcasm or ridicules.

Active indirect aggression is the dissemination of incorrect information regarding the object of aggression.

Passive direct aggression is a pronounced cessation of any conversations with an opponent.

Passive indirect aggression is the refusal to give specific verbal explanations or explanations.

You can also distinguish types of verbal aggression according to the method of expression:

Explicit verbal aggression is a pronounced influence on consciousness with the aim of imposing one’s ideas and point of view.

Implicit verbal aggression is a hidden, implicit influence on consciousness with the aim of imposing one’s ideas and point of view.

Based on the intensity of verbal aggression, the following 2 types can be distinguished:

) Strong verbal aggression - obvious swearing or swearing (this can often be seen in public discussions of V.V. Zhirinovsky), when the speaker does not hide his desire to insult his opponent.

) Weak (erased) verbal aggression - aggression towards the opponent is observed, but at the same time all norms of politeness are observed (irony can be cited as an example)

According to the degree of purposefulness of verbal aggression and its awareness:

) Conscious, purposeful (deliberate, proactive) speech aggression. This type verbal aggression is characterized by the fact that the aggressor wanted to influence (offend) the opponent, and this was his main goal.

) Unconscious or conscious insufficient verbal aggression. This verbal aggression is characterized by the fact that insulting or influencing the opponent is not the main goal of the involuntary aggressor (for example, this is used when the speaker tries to increase his self-esteem with his remark, to assert himself, which can lead to insulting others). This point includes aggression as a method of defense (often observed in television discussions).

Methods of verbal aggression

) Unmotivated use of foreign language vocabulary that makes it difficult to understand the text

) Expansion of jargon

) Invective vocabulary (Invective vocabulary is vocabulary that degrades the honor and dignity of another person, expressed in an indecent form that contrasts with accepted social norms; can be used verbally or in writing)

) Linguistic demagoguery

) Excessive metaphorization

) Usage set expressions, proverbs and sayings associated with negatively assessed situations

) Use of common nouns correlated with certain negatively assessed phenomena

) Expression of the state of the addressee, indicating his attitude to a certain event, action that caused this state.

In newspaper speech, one of the most common means of expressing subjective negative attitude to someone or something is expressive vocabulary, as well as tropes - metaphors and comparisons, which clearly prevail over neutral synonyms expressing the same concept. Often in a newspaper text, in addition to expressive (including rude) words, metaphors and comparisons are actively used based on vocabulary naming dangerous animals, socially condemned or clearly “low” realities of life. The effect of aggression here is caused by the radicalism of the assessment and the fact that the texts are overly saturated with “negative” rhetoric. In newspaper texts aimed at negatively influencing consciousness, there is a skillful replacement of arguments with the emotions of the author, and healthy polemics with criticism not of positions, but of personalities.

Separately, at this point it is worth mentioning the use of invective vocabulary, which not only offends the person who has become the object of the nomination, but also causes fair disgust in the reader, who also becomes a victim of aggression in this sense. This vocabulary includes words and expressions that contain in their semantics, expressive coloring and evaluative content the desire to humiliate, insult, even disgrace the addressee of the speech in the most extreme form

Due to the frequency of speech aggression, linguists began to comprehensively study how exactly this phenomenon manifests itself in various spheres of public life. L.P. Krysin writes: In general, if you don’t use it strictly linguistic terms, and evaluatively, today the level of aggressiveness in people’s speech behavior is extremely high. The genre of speech invective has become unusually active, using diverse figurative means negative assessment of the behavior and personality of the addressee - from expressive words and phrases that are within the limits of literary usage to crudely colloquial and devalued vocabulary. All these features of modern oral and, partly, book and written speech are a consequence of negative processes occurring in extra-linguistic reality; they are closely related to general destructive phenomena in the field of culture and morality (Krysin 1996: 385-386). Research on verbal aggression is conducted in different directions. Verbal aggression is conceptualized in the aspect of the ecology of language as an expression of anti-norm, as a means of clogging speech. Manifestations of verbal aggression are studied in genres colloquial speech as factors that have a negative emotional impact on the addressee, as a communication strategy in a conflict situation. Turning to the study of devalued vocabulary of the Russian language also indicates an interest in verbal aggression.

Speech aggression as a method of insult

Currently, the media often use verbal aggression to humiliate a subject (object). This happens when there is a lack of arguments for objective criticism.

Invective language often appears in the media in the direct speech of people whom the journalist is interviewing (for example, in an interview with a television journalist, poorly educated people say words that censors do not have the right to voice (“bleep”), but which may offend some of the viewers ).

The use of slang words can be considered an explicit manifestation of verbal aggression. Researchers note the expansion in the media of the vocabulary of small societies, jargonization and even criminalization of language.

How can we explain media jargon? This is explained by the fact that the media strive to seem like their own to the reader (viewer or listener). In addition, in the language of the media, a slang unit often acts as a characterological means when describing a particular era, time, or the speech characteristics of certain characters.

Implicitly, verbal aggression is realized through means of expressing irony. Therefore, when using them, the writer must be very careful: people who are victims of ridicule may take it for a public insult. Expressions bordering on cynicism are unacceptable in the media, especially in cases where they are used as a headline.

A means of capacious, expressive characterization of someone or something in modern fiction and journalism are served by so-called precedent texts. Among them, linguists include texts themselves (for example, texts of jokes, advertisements, songs, certain works of art), and individual statements (such as happy hours are not observed), as well as anthroponyms and toponyms (Oblomov, Khlestakov, Ivan Susanin, Chernobyl) associated with well-known texts or with some significant situations. All types of precedent texts have general properties: firstly, they are well known to most members of a particular linguistic-cultural community; secondly, they are symbols of certain concepts or situations; thirdly, they can function as collapsed metaphors. In essence, these are a kind of quotes that can not only evoke in a person’s memory an idea of some hero, plot situation or event, but also - most importantly - activate a certain emotional and evaluative perception. A lively journalistic pen often uses precedent text to express poisonous irony and sarcasm in relation to certain individuals:

TO special type Implicit speech aggression can include techniques of linguistic demagoguery, i.e. indirect influence on the addressee, “when the ideas that need to be instilled in him are not expressed directly, but are imposed gradually by using the opportunities provided by linguistic mechanisms.” Logical ellipsis is often used as a means of putting emotional pressure on readers, as, for example, in the title:

Manifestations of verbal aggression include overloading the text with negative information, the main purpose of which is to impress a potential buyer of the newspaper.

Cases of verbal aggression in the media

Verbal aggression in the media is of a slightly different nature than in interpersonal aggression. This happens for reasons that will be discussed below. Therefore, L.M. Maidanova identifies the following cases of verbal aggression in the media:

Speech aggression on television

On television, in various discussion television programs, interviews and similar programs, manifestations of verbal aggression very often occur. This is understandable, because each communicator tries to influence the other participants in the discussion in order to capture the communicative space. But since there is a certain censorship on television, public discussion, and, accordingly, verbal aggression takes other forms. So, the main differences between discussions on television:

) Equality of communicants, despite social status.

) Approximately the same time allotted for each communicator’s statement.

) Presence of censorship.

) The speech of all participants in discussions should be understandable to the TV viewer and other communicators.

) The moderator controls the progress of the discussion.

These rules must be enforced on television, but they cease to be observed as soon as one or more communicators try to seize the communicative space. And here they often use verbal aggression as a tool that can influence the mass consciousness of television viewers

If a communicative imbalance is achieved by one of the participants in the discussion, then it is this communicator, in whose favor the communicative advantage will be, who will have real opportunity establish your point of view as the main one.

There are two ways to capture communication space:

Reasonably and convincingly support your point of view with facts

Using the means of verbal aggression, suppress opponents, thereby pushing aside and disrupting the balance of the discussion in your favor.

Let's consider the capture of speech space through the use of means of speech aggression. As mentioned above, verbal aggression can be implicit or explicit, and in a public discussion one participant can correctly combine both types (for example, in television debates, the leader of the LDPR faction V.F. Zhirinovsky skillfully combines direct obvious insults and hidden irony, often turning into sarcasm) .

Attempts to capture speech space begin at the outset of the discussion, namely during the presentation of the participants. It is during the presentation that the professions or areas of activity of the communicants are announced, which can influence other members of the discussion due to the so-called “professional factor”. Even if this factor is not used, other participants will try not to argue with this person on a topic that is within the scope of his activities.

As a “shade” of this factor, one can also cite a hobby (in public discussions, participants often focus their attention on their passion for an issue that is directly related to the subject of discussion) or hereditary affiliation (for example, in discussions on esoteric topics one can often hear about "hereditary fortune tellers").

A way to enhance the “professional factor” can be using special professional coding. These are all kinds of professional terms, professional jargon, humor. Providing a person with information that is incomprehensible to him deprives him of the opportunity to respond adequately and reasonedly, and on the contrary, this gives the aggressor the opportunity to expand the communicative space by suppressing the opponent.

In its most aggressive form, this can manifest itself in a direct indication of the opponent’s professional incompetence in this matter (for example: “You don’t understand anything about this because you’ve never done this”), various provocative questions, quotes and references to frivolous matters can also be asked. topic of this discussion (jokes, advertising, etc.).

The following technique can be used both as a method of aggression on television and as a method of protection against the use of professional coding. This is a technique of deliberately unclear definition of his type of activity, which lowers the professional status of the opponent and raises the question of his competence in the issue discussed by the participants in the discussion. This method is especially effective against the backdrop of the contrast between the status of the speaker and his position on the subject of discussion (you are a competent politician, but you are talking about creating a utopian state).

Another way to suppress an opponent is the factor of communicative competence. The assignment of evaluative characteristics to someone else's statement directly shows the degree of his communicative competence. Therefore, if you give a negative assessment to your opponent, this may suppress his initiative, which will lead to the seizure of communicative space. Also, a negative assessment, which is emotionally presented correctly, discredits the partner’s communicative competence and, therefore, devalues all the information presented by him. Let us give an example of some ways of devaluing information.

Evaluating a partner’s statement in terms of its significance and relevance in a given discussion (expressing an opinion about whether it is relevant to the topic or not).

Evaluation of the partner’s statement from the point of view of the genre features of the discussion (“This is a serious conversation, not a farce!”).

Evaluating the linguistic means used by the partner (indicating the incorrect meaning of a word or term).

These methods of devaluing information lead to complete or partial ignoring of the content of the opponent’s statement; the consequence of these actions is again a communicative imbalance

A directly expressed negative assessment of the truth of the information, clearly emotionally expressed (this is all a blatant lie!).

A negative assessment of an opponent’s statement, expressed through one’s own affective state (I am very shocked by what you are saying here!).

In television discussions, various implicit methods of verbal aggression can be used. So, for example, there is a way of expressing one’s negative assessment to an opponent - “depersonalizing” the partner. Depersonalization can be performed in the following ways:

Addressing an opponent based on gender (man, what are you saying?!).

Addressed on a professional basis (Here is a representative oil industry speaks of incredible economic transformations).

Addressing an opponent based on his affiliation with any organization (Let's listen to what a member of the United Russia party will tell us).

Addressing using adjectives (Dear, you do not understand what you are saying).

This method of verbal aggression on television is used to demonstrate the insignificance of the partner when discussing the topic of discussion. This distances the opponent from other participants in the discussion and lowers his status in the eyes of television viewers.

Thus, the semantic ways of creating a communicative imbalance can be reduced to a series of generalizations. According to the speaker, the speech partner does not have the “right to speak”, because he: a) is professionally incompetent; b) does not have sufficient communicative competence; c) reports false information; d) does not have due authority and therefore does not have the right to an identifying designation.

The struggle to capture speech space can also be carried out through a structural and semantic disturbance of the speech process. Speech intervention over other discussion partners becomes one of the main goals set by the participants. This communicative intention is realized both at the structural and semantic levels. To do this, various methods are used to disrupt the structure of the dialogue: interrupting the opponent, trying to “drown” him with his own remarks, diverting him from the main topic of the discussion. At the same time, discrediting a speech partner can also occur at the content level of an extraordinary utterance. Interception of speech is due to the intention to disrupt the communication program and thereby gain a communicative advantage. The aggressor’s statement carries two goals at once: 1) to express directly or indirectly his attitude towards the addressee and 2) to seize the communicative space. But the problem with the use of verbal aggression on television (for those who use it) is that on television there is censorship determined by law and ethical standards. Therefore, if verbal aggression is used too actively, it may cause disgust in the viewer and other participants in the discussion.

Consequences of using verbal aggression

speech aggression newspaper mass information

The very formulation of this problem is possible and necessary in two aspects: general social (verbal aggression as a social phenomenon) and the actual communicative one (verbal aggression as a phenomenon of speech).

The danger of using verbal aggression in the media is that people with a tendency to be suggestible (and the majority of such people in the world) can project verbal aggression into real life, and this can already lead to physical aggression. For example, after the screening of the television series “Brigada,” internal affairs bodies detained several teenage gangs who called themselves “brigade.” In addition, many jargons heard on television are often used by people in real life.

Another problem is that very often in everyday life verbal aggression is not recognized by the public consciousness as absolutely unacceptable and truly dangerous. In this regard, this concept is being replaced by unjustifiably softened or completely distorted definitions: “speech incontinence”, “sharpness of expressions”, etc.

One of the main dangers of verbal aggression in the media is that the younger generation with an immature consciousness begins to perceive it as speech norm, and not as an exception to the rule, which should not be used at all.

Thus, we observe a widespread prevalence of verbal aggression. At the same time, there is relative loyalty to this phenomenon on the part of modern society.

All of the above allows us to draw the following important conclusion:

The main danger of verbal aggression in socially lies in the underestimation of its danger by public consciousness.

The immediate area of distribution of specific forms of verbal aggression is everyday verbal communication. What are the consequences of verbal aggression in the communicative aspect?

Linguists identify the following three features of verbal communication:

) Intentionality (the presence of a specific motive and goal).

) Effectiveness (coincidence of the achieved result with the intended goal).

) Normativity ( social control over the course and results of the act of communication).

During the manifestation of speech aggression, all these three signs are violated or are not taken into account at all. Communicators, intentionally violating speech and ethical norms, often deny the offensiveness of what they said, thereby trying to evade responsibility for this violation.

Evidence of the use of speech aggression is the active use of invective vocabulary, violation of the phonological features of speech, violation of the order of remarks (interrupting the interlocutor), touching on forbidden or personal topics.

In addition, in a situation of verbal aggression, there is a rapid increase in emotional tension, which captures almost all participants in communication, even those who do not have aggressive verbal intentions.

The situation of offensive communication, characteristic feature which is the extreme inaccuracy of realizing the goals of communication, also makes it impossible to fulfill the first two conditions of effective verbal communication - intentionality and effectiveness.

Thus, in the case of verbal aggression, a kind of substitution or distortion of the original communicative intention of one or more participants in communication occurs. For example, a discussion that initially has a positive communicative orientation - proving one’s own point of view or a joint search for truth - easily develops into a quarrel, a verbal altercation, the purpose of which is to hurt the opponent. This happens as soon as the speech of at least one of the opponents shows signs of verbal aggression: increased tone, sharp categorical judgments, “getting personal,” etc. So, let's summarize our reasoning:

Speech aggression interferes with the implementation of basic tasks effective communication:

makes it difficult to fully exchange information;

inhibits the perception and understanding of each other by interlocutors;

makes it impossible to develop a general interaction strategy.

Conclusion

In the course of this work, we examined the phenomenon of speech aggression, so the purpose of the abstract can be considered fulfilled.

There are three types of human influence (the power of thought, the power of words, the power of action), of which, thanks to the development of means of communication, the power of words is especially developed in the modern world. Therefore, a comprehensive study of speech aggression is a necessary condition to ensure the communicative safety of the individual and society as a whole. But not only the study of this problem should be carried out to reduce the consequences of speech aggression, but also legislative regulation of speech in the media. Without legal support for this issue, there will be no leverage over the media in the field of speech culture.

List of used literature

1. Vorontsova T.A. Speech aggression: Invasion of communicative space. - Izhevsk: Udmurt University Publishing House, 2006. - 252 p.

Diagnosis of tolerance in the media. Ed. V.K. Malkova. M., IEA RAS. 2002. - P.105.

Petrova N.E. “Forms of manifestation of verbal aggression in newspaper text” - Russian language at school 2006, No. 1 p. 76-82.

Soldatova G., Shaigerova L. The superiority complex and forms of intolerance - The Age of Tolerance. 2001, No. 2 -P.2-10.

Yulia Vladimirovna Shcherbinina: Russian language. Speech aggression and ways to overcome it - LitRes LLC, 2004. - 5 p.

6. Maidanova L.M. Thesis. Modern Russian slogans as supertext?

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Speech or linguistic aggression is a form of verbal harassment aimed at insulting or deliberately causing harm to a person, group of people, organization or society as a whole. Speech aggression is motivated by the aggressive state of the speaker and often has the goal of causing or maintaining an aggressive state of the addressee. Therefore, speech aggression is a violation of ethical and speech norms. Based on existing classifications, the following types of verbal aggression can be listed:

active direct verbal aggression - verbal abuse of smb. or something, insult or humiliation of someone; expressing threats, destructive wishes addressed to someone; calls for aggressive actions, violence;
active indirect verbal aggression - spreading malicious slander or gossip about someone;
passive direct verbal aggression - refusal to talk to another person, answer his questions, etc.;
passive indirect verbal aggression - refusal to give certain verbal explanations, demonstrative silence.

A fairly common phenomenon in modern speech reality. In everyday life everyday communication and in public speaking verbal aggression occurs equally often. Let's show this with examples taken from fiction and newspaper texts.

Active direct verbal aggression includes uttering threats against someone:

When they fine him, the bastard, he will find out from me... I'll show him Kuzka's mother! (A. Chekhov);
If you, uneducated bastard... in her [Alla Sergeevna's] lesson, you blurt out a word, I'll smear it all over the wall. Got it, asshole? (Kunin).

A type of active direct speech aggression is the verbal expression of evil, destructive wishes addressed to someone (death, injury, destruction, etc.):

May you all die! (Kunin).

This group also includes speeches that contain a direct call for aggressive action against the subject of the speech (call for liquidation, etc.). Often the author aggressively introduces the subject of speech into the sphere of the addressee and encourages him to take an action that is non-aggressive, but directly or indirectly beneficial to the addressee. This type of speech influence is manipulative (see language manipulation).

Speech aggression in media texts- This is primarily a means of manipulating mass consciousness. This or that subject of speech can be presented in such a way as to evoke or maintain an aggressive state in the audience and form a negative attitude towards it:

And what now, when they drained the water in the pond, and on the sticky bottom there are only crumpled beer cans, Sobchak’s wet shoe, Novodvorskaya’s torn bodice? There, to this sticky bottom, the nearsighted Primakov carefully descended, short of breath, and climbed there in the wet mud. He passes something to Maslyukov, and Gerashchenko asks for something. And the three of them, like the Duremars, carry a rotten bag in which there are wet nuts, bent bicycle wheels and Chubais’s red horsehair wig (Head, No. 38, September 1998).

To create and consolidate in the minds of the audience a discrediting image (portrait-revelation) in media texts, such types of verbal aggression can be used as

sticking labels;
playing on the name of the object of verbal aggression;
forcing repulsive comparisons and associations;
savoring details, details, circumstances, unattractive and unpleasant for the object of verbal aggression. etc.

For example:

What would you say if a stale piece of meat that you couldn’t finish, didn’t finish chewing, was thrown somewhere into the grass, where dogs gnawed at it for several days, flies sat at it, crows pecked at it - if this piece was brought to you again on a plate ? People experienced something similar when they learned about Chernomyrdin’s reappointment (Head, No. 34, August, 1998);
If Gaidar were a mushroom, he would be a pig (Head, No. 38, September, 1998).

One of the ways to express an aggressive attitude towards the subject of speech is dysphemization (see dysphemism).

Active direct speech aggression can be open (explicit) and hidden (implicit). Texts containing open speech are clearly aggressive in nature and contain direct attacks, threats or insults. Hidden verbal aggression is interesting in that its goals are disguised by the addressee (for example, as simple information), and language means are selected in such a way as to evoke negative feelings and emotions in the addressee towards the object.

Public self-flagellation and verbal self-humiliation- the most harmless type of active direct verbal aggression for others.

Active indirect verbal aggression- deliberate slander, slander, dissemination of slander, malicious speculation: active indirect speech aggression in media texts has become the cause of many noisy trials in recent years.

Passive direct verbal aggression, as a rule, is an expression of disdain for the initiator of communication, a demonstration of a negative attitude towards him or a protest against his behavior: one of the forms of verbal rudeness is silence in response to a buyer’s question.

For example: (A man and a woman stand in front of the counter; the woman addresses the saleswoman)
G. Girl, how much does this hat cost?
M. (Silent, does not answer).
J. (Turning offendedly to his companion). Difficult to answer!!! My God! What a military secret! I asked her twice!!!” (Russian language of the late 20th century).

Passive indirect verbal aggression can be considered, for example, a reluctance to intervene and stop verbal insults against someone, regarded as tacit agreement with the aggressor, approval of his behavior. Meaningful silence can be a way to put pressure on a political opponent, i.e. temporary refusal of speeches and journalistic statements by politicians.

Literature:

Berezhnaya T.M. Modern American rhetoric as the theory and practice of manipulating public consciousness: Dis. ...cand. Philol. Sci. M., 1986;
Baron R., Richardson D. Aggression. M., 1997;
Mikhalskaya A.K. Russian Socrates: Lectures on comparative historical rhetoric: Textbook, manual for students of humanities faculties. M., 1996;
Speech aggression and humanization of communication in the media. Ekaterinburg: UrSU, 1997;
Skovorodnikov A.P. Linguistic violence in the modern Russian press // Theoretical and applied aspects of speech communication. Vol. 2. Krasnoyarsk-Achinsk, 1997;
Sharifulin, B.Ya. Language expansion, language aggression, language demagoguery // Problems of development of teacher’s speech culture. Tomsk, 1997;
Russian language of the late 20th century (1985-1995) / Ed. E.A. Zemskoy. M., 1996.

active direct verbal aggression - verbal abuse of smb. or something, insult or humiliation of someone; expressing threats, destructive wishes addressed to someone; calls for aggressive actions, violence;
active indirect verbal aggression - spreading malicious slander or gossip about someone;
passive direct verbal aggression - refusal to talk to another person, answer his questions, etc.;
passive indirect verbal aggression - refusal to give certain verbal explanations, demonstrative silence.

A fairly common phenomenon in modern speech reality. In everyday everyday communication and in public speeches, verbal aggression occurs equally often. Let's show this with examples taken from fiction and newspaper texts.