Final essay on literature 2018. Topic of the final essay on literature. "Goals and Means".

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FIPI comment:“The concepts in this area are interrelated and allow us to think about a person’s life aspirations, the importance of meaningful goal-setting, the ability to correctly correlate the goal and the means of achieving it, as well as the ethical assessment of human actions. Many literary works feature characters who deliberately or mistakenly choose unsuitable means to realize their plans. And it often turns out that a good goal only serves as a cover for true (base) plans. Such characters are contrasted with heroes for whom the means of achieving a high goal are inseparable from the requirements of morality.”

Let's consider the concepts of “goal” and “means” from different sides.

1. Purpose as a fundamental part of human life. About the role and importance of having a goal in a person’s life, about its absence, about a person’s desire to reach the top, about achievements and about goals as the engine of progress, about self-realization, great discoveries possible only thanks to goals, about obstacles on the way to a set goal, about goals as a continuous process, as well as about what and who helps a person on the way to his goals.

2. Goals vary(true, false, great, base, unattainable, selfish) You can talk about the differences between goals and dreams, as well as how a person’s goals are connected to his personality. What does the pursuit of certain goals lead to?

3. Does the end justify the means? Here one can speculate about whether great goals achieved through dishonest means can be justified, about the importance of human life, about ways to achieve the goal, and about the ethical assessment of methods and means of achieving the goal.

Target- this is an imaginary peak, individual for each person, to which he strives and tries to fulfill all the necessary conditions, requirements, and responsibilities that depend on him. From a philosophical point of view, the goal is a necessary condition of life for both humans and other organisms.
Synonyms: intention, completion, task, task, design, plan, project, calculation, target; meta, types, end, dream, ideal, aspiration, object (of sweetest dreams), so that; end in itself, intention, ultimate dream, highest goal, landmark, intention, telos, meaning, installation, purpose, goal setting, function, mission, throw, dream-idea

Means- a technique, a method of action to achieve something. or something that serves smb. goals, necessary to achieve, implement smth.
Synonyms: way, opportunity, method; tool, device, weapon; panacea, tool, system, path, asset, resource, state, method, recipe, drug,

Quotes for the final essay 2018 in the direction of “Goals and Means”.

A person who absolutely wants something forces fate to give in. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

A person must learn to submit to himself and obey his decisions. (Cicero)

When the goal is achieved, the path is forgotten. (Osho)

The meaning of life is those goals that make you value it. (W. James)

Perfect means for unclear ends are a characteristic feature of our time. (A. Einstein)

High goals, even if unfulfilled, are dearer to us than low goals, even if achieved. (I. Goethe)

If you want to lead a happy life, you must be attached to a goal, not to people or things. (A. Einstein)

You cannot change the direction of the wind, but you can always raise the sails to achieve your goal. (O. Wilde)

Find a goal, resources will be found. (M. Gandhi)

If you are heading towards your goal and stop along the way to throw stones at every dog ​​that barks at you, you will never reach your goal. (F.M. Dostoevsky)

Weaker and simpler people are best judged by their characters, while smarter and more secretive people are best judged by their goals. (F. Bacon)

It's never too late to leave the crowd. Follow your dream, move towards your goal. (B. Shaw)

When it seems to you that a goal is unattainable, do not change the goal - change your action plan. (Confucius)

No goal is so high as to justify unworthy means to achieve it. (A. Einstein)

You need to set yourself tasks that are higher than your strengths: firstly, because you never know them anyway, and secondly, because strength appears as you complete an unattainable task. (B. L. Pasternak)

Ask yourself, do you crave this with all the strength of your soul? Will you survive until the evening if you don’t receive this thing? And if you are sure that you will not live, grab it and run. (R. Bradbury)

To reach your goal, you must first go. (O. de Balzac)

A person must have a goal, he cannot do without a goal, that’s why he was given reason. If he doesn’t have a goal, he invents one... (A. and B. Strugatsky)

If you want to achieve the goal of your aspiration, ask more politely about the road you have lost your way. (W. Shakespeare)

I understand HOW; I don't understand WHY. (J. Orwell)

If you want to achieve a goal, don't try to be subtle or smart. Use rough methods. Hit the target immediately. Go back and hit again. Then hit again, with a strong shoulder blow. (W. Churchill)

No transport will be favorable if you don’t know where to go. (E.A. Poe)

The one who strives for the stars does not turn around. (L. da Vinci)

Life is suffocating without purpose. (F. M. Dostoevsky)

There are few things in this world that are unattainable: if we had more persistence, we could find a way to almost any goal. (F. de La Rochefoucauld)

Some Jesuits argue that any means is good as long as the goal is achieved. Not true! Not true! It is unworthy to enter a clean temple with feet defiled by the mud of the road. (I.S. Turgenev)

He walks faster who walks alone. (J. London)

Life reaches its peak in those moments when all its forces are directed towards achieving the goals set for it. (J. London)

High goals, even if unfulfilled, are dearer to us than low goals, even if achieved. (Goethe)

At some second along the way, the target begins to fly towards us. The only thought: don't dodge. (M.I. Tsvetaeva)

A warrior's intention is stronger than any obstacle. (K. Castaneda)

Only those whose aspirations have faded are lost forever. (A. Rand)

It is much better to do great things, to celebrate great victories, even if mistakes happen along the way, than to join the ranks of ordinary people who know neither great joy nor great misfortune, living a gray life where there are neither victories nor defeats. (T. Roosevelt)

Without some goal and striving for it, not a single person lives. Having lost purpose and hope, a person often turns into a monster out of sadness... (F.M. Dostoevsky)

A person grows as his goals grow. (I. Schiller)

If there is no goal, you don’t do anything, and you don’t do anything great if the goal is insignificant. (D. Diderot)

Seek that which is greater than what you can find. (D.I. Kharms)

Nothing calms the spirit more than finding a solid goal - a point to which our inner gaze is directed. (M. Shelley)

Happiness lies in the joy of achieving a goal and the thrill of creative effort. (F. Roosevelt)

The question of the goal and the means to achieve it has worried humanity since ancient times. Many writers, philosophers and public figures have reflected on it and have used historical, life and literary arguments to prove their point. In the Russian classics there were also many answers and examples that, as a rule, proved the statement that the paths of achievement must correspond in everything to what needs to be achieved, otherwise it loses all meaning. In this collection, we have listed the most striking and illustrative examples from Russian literature for the final essay in the direction of “Goals and Means.”

1. In Pushkin’s novel “The Captain’s Daughter,” the main character always chose the right path to achieve goals, however, no less noble. Thanks to this, from an unintelligent nobleman, Grinev turns into a sincere officer, ready to sacrifice his life in the name of duty. Having sworn allegiance to the empress, he honestly serves, defending the fortress, and even death at the hands of rebel robbers does not frighten him. Just as honestly, he sought Masha’s favor, and achieved it. The opposite of Pyotr Grinev in the novel - Shvabrin - on the contrary, uses any means to achieve the goal, choosing the most vile of them. Having set out on the path of betrayal, he pursues personal gain, demands reciprocity from Masha, without hesitating to denigrate her in the eyes of Peter. In choosing goals and means, Alexey is driven by spiritual cowardice and self-interest, because he is devoid of ideas about honor and conscience. Mary rejects him for this reason, because a good goal cannot be achieved by deception.
2. What should be the final goal if the means to achieve it are cruelty, deception and human lives? In the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Hero of Our Time" Grigory Pechorin's goals are momentary, encapsulated in the desire for momentary victories, to achieve which he chooses complex and sometimes cruel means. Hidden in his victories is a persistent search for meaning in life, which the hero is unable to find. In this search, he destroys not only himself, but also everyone who surrounds him - Princess Mary, Bela, Grushnitsky. To revive his own soul, he plays with the feelings of others, unwittingly becoming the cause of their misfortunes. But in the game with his own life, Grigory is hopelessly losing, losing those few people who were dear to him. “I realized that chasing lost happiness is reckless,” he says, and the goal, to achieve which so much effort and other people’s grief was put into, turns out to be illusory and unattainable.
3. In the comedy A.S. Griboedov’s “Woe from Wit”, the society in which Chatsky is forced to live lives according to market laws, where everything is bought and sold, and a person is valued not by his spiritual qualities, but by the size of his wallet and career success. Nobility and duty are nothing here compared to the importance of rank and title. That is why Alexander Chatsky turns out to be misunderstood and not accepted into a circle where mercantile goals dominate, justifying any means.
   He enters into a fight with Famus society, challenges Molchalin, who resorts to deception and hypocrisy in order to get a high position. Even in love, Alexander turns out to be a loser, because he does not defile the goal with vile means, he refuses to squeeze the breadth and nobility of his heart into the narrow framework of generally accepted and vulgar concepts with which Famusov’s house is replete.
4. A person is valuable by his deeds. But his deeds, even if subordinated to a high goal, do not always turn out to be good. In the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's “Crime and Punishment” Rodion Raskolnikov decides for himself an important question from a moral point of view: does the end justify the means? Can he, according to his theory, dispose of people's lives at his own discretion?
   The answer lies in the title of the novel: Raskolnikov’s mental anguish, after the atrocity he committed, proves that his calculation was incorrect and his theory was erroneous. A goal based on unjust and inhumane means depreciates itself and becomes a crime for which sooner or later one must be punished.
5. In the novel M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Flows the Flow" the fate of the heroes is swept away by the revolutionary elements. Grigory Melekhov, who sincerely believes in a happy and wonderful communist future, is ready to give his life for the well-being and prosperity of his native land. But in the context of life, bright revolutionary ideas turn out to be untenable and dead. Gregory understands that the struggle between whites and reds, seemingly aimed at a “beautiful tomorrow,” in fact represents violence and reprisals against the helpless and dissenters. Brilliant slogans turn out to be deception, and behind the lofty goal hides the cruelty and arbitrariness of the means. The nobility of his soul does not allow him to come to terms with the evil and injustice that he observes around him. Tormented by doubts and contradictions, Gregory is trying to find the only correct path that will allow him to live honestly. He is unable to justify the numerous murders committed in the name of a ghostly idea that he no longer believes in.
6. A. Solzhenitsyn’s novel “The Gulag Archipelago” is a study related to the political history of the USSR, according to Solzhenitsyn - “an experience of artistic research”, in which the author analyzes the history of the country - a utopia, building an ideal world on the ruins of human lives, numerous victims and lies, disguised for humanitarian purposes. The price for the illusion of happiness and peace, in which there is no place for individuality and dissent, turns out to be too high. The problems of the novel are diverse, since they include many questions of a moral nature: is it possible to justify evil in the name of good? What unites victims and their executioners? Who is responsible for mistakes made? Supported by rich biographical and research material, the book leads the reader to the problem of ends and means, convincing him that one does not justify the other.
7. It is human nature to seek happiness as the main meaning of life, its highest goal. For her sake, he is ready to use any means, but does not understand that this is unnecessary. The main character of the story V.M. Shukshin “Boots” - to Sergei Dukhanin - manifestations of tender feelings are not at all easy, because he is not used to unjustified tenderness and is even ashamed of it. But the desire to please someone close to him, the desire for happiness, pushes him to spend a lot. The money spent on buying an expensive gift turns out to be an unnecessary sacrifice, because his wife only needed attention. Generosity and the desire to give warmth and care fill the somewhat coarsened but still sensitive soul of the hero with happiness, which, as it turns out, is not so difficult to find.
8. In the novel by V.A. Kaverin's "Two Captains" the problem of ends and means is revealed in the confrontation between two characters - Sanya and Romashka. Each of them is driven by their own goals, each of them decides what is really important to them. In search of solutions, their paths diverge, fate pits them against each other in a duel that determines the moral guidelines of each, proves the noble strength of one, and the vile baseness of the other. Sanya is driven by honest, sincere aspirations; he is ready to take a difficult but direct path to find out the truth and prove it to others. Chamomile pursues small goals, achieving them in no less petty ways: lies, betrayal and hypocrisy. Each of them is experiencing the painful problem of choice, in which it is so easy to lose yourself and those you truly love.
9. A person does not always clearly understand his goal. In the Roman L.N. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" Andrei Bolkonsky is in search of himself and his place in life. His shaky life guidelines are influenced by fashion, society, and the opinions of friends and relatives. He is delirious of glory and military exploits, dreams of making a career in the service, but not just rising to high ranks, but gaining eternal glory as a winner and hero. He goes to war, the cruelties and horrors of which instantly showed him all the absurdity and illusory nature of his dreams. He is not ready, like Napoleon, to follow the bones of soldiers to glory. The desire to live and make the lives of other people beautiful set new goals for Bolkonsky. Meeting Natasha instills love in his soul. However, in a moment that requires his perseverance and understanding, he gives in under the weight of circumstances and abandons his love. He is again tormented by doubts about the correctness of his own goals, and only before his death Andrei understands that the best moments of life, its great gifts are contained in love, forgiveness and compassion.
10. Character makes a person. It determines his life goals and guidelines. In “Letters about the good and the beautiful” D.S. Likhachev's problem of the goal and the means to achieve it is considered by the author as one of the most important, forming the young reader's concepts of honor, duty, and truth. “The end justifies the means” is a formula unacceptable to the author. On the contrary, every person should have a goal in life, but no less important are the methods that he uses to achieve what he wants. In order to be happy and in harmony with one’s own conscience, it is necessary to make a choice in favor of spiritual values, giving preference to good deeds and beautiful thoughts.
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“Is it possible to achieve noble goals by any means, including dishonest ones?” This issue can be discussed and debated for a long time. One part of people is inclined to believe that it is possible, while the other says that it is impossible. In order to understand this, you must first understand: “What do we mean by the word honestly and dishonestly, bad and good”? Everyone understands these words completely differently. To understand this, we can turn to the animal world. Every day, predators kill other animals to feed their young. They do this out of instinct, for them the goal is to feed their offspring and not let them die.

There are two points of view on this question. On the one hand, the means to achieve noble goals must also be noble, otherwise the goal itself will not be considered noble. On the other hand, the means may be dishonest if the end itself requires it. Ever since we were given the opportunity to write an essay on this topic, I still can’t decide for myself. I thought for a long time and finally came to the conclusion: “Noble goals can be achieved through dishonest means only if these means do not cause serious harm to other people.” I'm going to give an example. Let's say a child needs an expensive operation, but the parents do not have the money for this operation. And then the father commits a crime: he decides to break into a rich man’s house and steal from him the amount he needs, without taking anything extra. I justify this man. After all, if he had not done this, his child could have died. Yes, he stole money, but because of this amount, another person will not become poor. Bottom line: noble goals can be achieved by any means, including dishonest ones, only under one condition - if this does not cause serious harm to others.

« Can whether achieve noble goals any , V volume number And dishonest means »?

Essay on “Goals and Means”.

This statement given to me is quite contradictory and ambiguous, like any other question that involves long discussions. Does the end always justify the means? And does it justify it at all? Should one correspond to the other, and what should be the goal for all means to be good for it?

On the one hand, a person’s entire life is a movement with some purpose, which in most cases is taken as the “meaning of life.” A house, a family, a good job, a car, an apartment, a garden with gooseberries, your own small business, world peace - all this can become the meaning of everyone’s existence. Does it make sense to think about the means to achieve your goal? Of course, yes, because in our lives any obsessive thought can be broken by reality and the very fact that a person is constantly changing, growing up and improving. And if today, for example, it seems to me that it’s worth going over your head to live in the capital, then tomorrow, quite possibly, I will kiss my grandmother’s hands in a small village on the very outskirts of our country, strive for something completely different and condemn yourself for what you did earlier. For example, the main character of the novel F.M. For a long time, Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment” considered his goal to prove to himself and those around him that with the help of evil deeds one can come to good. In other words, he believed that criminal means were acceptable in achieving a noble goal. According to Raskolnikov’s theory, there were two types of people: those worthy and those unworthy of life, and the hero believed that by killing the latter, an ideal, kind world could be created. However, having committed the murder of the old woman, the hero realized that his idea was inhumane, and he himself, having taken this step, did not become better than those scoundrels who surrounded him. These included, for example, Svidrigailov, a vile and low personality who did not disdain any means to achieve his dirty goals. Raskolnikov's repentance and Svidrigailov's suicide once again proved that the end does not always justify the means.

Another example is the hero of the novel N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls". Chichikov's goals were high social status and self-enrichment. The hero decided to take a rather desperate step: having bought out many “dead souls” from various landowners, he would, without much difficulty, at the same time acquire the status of a large landowner, and, having received a large loan for his peasants, the hero would also have the opportunity to have large capital. To this end, Chichikov began his difficult path and resorted to a variety of means, but the very character of the hero did not allow him to stoop too low and behave, for example, the same way as those landowners to whom he approached with his deal. Of course, the final ending of the novel remained in the second volume, however, it seems to me that the fact that Chichikov, having managed to find an approach to each landowner, nevertheless achieved his goal and collected the required number of dead souls, without having done anything like that, was enough. that he himself might be ashamed. Thus, Chichikov’s goal justified the means attached to it.

In conclusion, I would like to note once again that there is not and cannot be a specific answer to the question posed in the test. The end can justify the means only if the honor and dignity of a person do not suffer.