Back in 1857, the “System of Code Signals for the Merchant Marine” was developed. Thus, 18 flags from this document were actively used by countries such as Britain, Canada, the USA and France. In 1887, the Merchant Marine Code Signal System was renamed the International Code of Signals (ICS), which remains to this day. It is used by many countries around the world, but recently in the Navy, flag signaling is increasingly being replaced by light signaling. For example, in the Russian Navy, flag signaling was completely replaced by light signaling in 2012.
The International Code of Signals (ICS) is a reference book divided into three independent blocks. The first and main block contains 26 letter flags, the second block represents ten numeric flags, and the third smallest block represents three replacement flags. The MSS is designed: firstly, to transmit a message, the required text is selected from a set of signals, and the signal combinations of flags opposite the text are written down; signals can be single-flag, double-flag and triple-flag, and there are also four-flag signals (as a rule, they inform about the nationality of the vessel ), then the final phase follows, the signalman selects the required set of signal flags and hangs them on special fasteners - halyards.
The signalman of the receiving ship writes down the observed combinations on paper and finds their meanings in the MSS, which is currently represented by the ten most common languages in the world. With the help of MSS, emerging language communication difficulties are overcome. The flag signaling range with good visibility reaches 4-5 nautical miles. Currently, ship flags for such purposes are made in accordance with current standards - from nylon fabrics. In addition, the MSS provides instructions for using the code (explanations and general notes, definitions, and signaling methods, as well as rules for producing signals by means of flag signaling), the MSS contains Morse code and procedural signals, single-letter signals (tables of color images of the flags of the code, arranged in order Latin alphabet), general section (two-letter signals of the Latin alphabet) and medical section (addition tables contain designations of affected body parts, a list of common diseases, a list of medications). At the end of the MSS there is an alphabetical index of defining words for the general and medical sections. Distress and rescue signals are given separately in tabs for hanging in a visible place for each book.
The MSS serves mainly for communication with foreign ships and vessels in situations of increased danger and ensuring the safety of navigation and security human life at sea, MSS is ideally suited in cases where language difficulties arise in communication between representatives of different states. It is built on the principle that each signal has a complete semantic meaning. In some cases, digital additions are used to expand the meaning of the main signal. As a general rule, only one flag should be raised at a time.
A (Az) is the literal meaning of the first flag in the list of letter flags of the MCC; according to the Navy code, the definition of the signal is “No, I do not agree. I don't have it. I don’t allow it.” Raised simultaneously with the signal, but separately from it, gives the signal negative value. According to the international code of signals, flag “A” means: “I am performing a speed test.”
This signal flag is a red flag with a white rectangle on top of it.
According to the current MCC, this letter meaning of the flag sounds like A-A (Alfa, Alpha), is a white and blue triangular flag with two braids and has the meaning “I lowered the diver, keep your distance and pass at low speed.”
B (Buki) - the literal meaning of the second flag related to the set of signals of the Navy and MSS. The meaning of the signal of this flag, translated from the naval code, means “High anchor”, “More speed” (if the ships are moving) or “Get moving” (if the vehicles are stopped). According to the MSS, flag “B” means: “I am loading or unloading explosives.”
Flag "B" was a white triangle with a red circle in the middle.
According to the current MCC, this letter value of the flag sounds like B-B (Bravo, Bravo), is a red triangular flag with two braids and has the meaning “I am loading, or unloading, or carrying dangerous cargo.”
V (Vedi) is the literal meaning of the third flag in the alphabet of letter flags of the naval and international codes of signals. According to the Navy code, this flag signals danger - “The course leads to danger.” According to the MCC, flag “B” means: “Yes” (affirmative).
The "B" (Vedi) flag was a "triple triangle" blue triangle with two triangles inside it in white and red.
According to the current MCC, this letter value of the flag sounds like V-B (Whiskey, Whiskey), it is a rectangular blue with a white rectangle in the center, on which a small red rectangle is superimposed and has the meaning “Medical attention required.”
G (Verb) - this flag belongs to the category of letter flags of the codes of signals of the Navy and MSS. The exact meaning of this flag as a signal, according to the Navy code, is fire watch. Maintained by ships (vessels) occupying a guard post. According to the MSS code, “G” means “Keep some distance from me, I have difficulty maneuvering.”
Flag "G" was a blue triangle.
According to the current MCC, this letter value of the flag sounds like G - G (Golf, Golf), is a flag of yellow and blue vertical stripes (already available in the table of 1901); Apparently, this flag meant that the row of signal flags following it conveys the phrase “by telegraph”, i.e. one flag corresponds to one letter, and has the meaning “I need a pilot.”
D (Good) (Affirmative) - the literal meaning of this signal refers to the letter flags of the naval and international codes of signals. The meaning of this flag, according to the code of the Navy, is interpreted as - “Yes, I agree, I authorize.” According to the MSS, flag “D” means: “I am changing my course to the right.”
Flag “D” (good) is a yellow flag, rectangular in shape.
According to the current MCC, this letter value of the flag sounds like D - D (Delta, Delta), is a flag of yellow, blue and yellow horizontal stripes and has the meaning “Keep your distance, I maneuver with difficulty.”
E (Yes) - the literal meaning of the flag of the Navy and MSS codes of signals, flag “E” according to the international code of signals means: “My ship has lost the ability to be steered. Connect with me."
In the USSR Navy, the “E” signal was a triangular yellow flag with a blue border, and earlier, in 1901-1911, this signal was indicated by a yellow flag with a longitudinal blue stripe and two braids.
According to the current MCC, this letter value of the flag sounds like E-E (Echo, Eco), is a flag of blue and red horizontal stripes and has the meaning “I am turning right.”
Zh (Live) - a letter value belonging to one of the 26 letter signal flags of the Navy and MSS codes. The flag “F” according to the MCC means: “Pilot needed.”
In the USSR Navy, the "Zh" signal was a square white flag with a red diamond. At the beginning of the twentieth century, 1901-1911, this flag was red triangular in shape with three longitudinal white stripes.
According to the current MCC, this letter meaning of the flag sounds like V-Zh (Victor, Vikta), it is a white flag with a red oblique cross and has the meaning “Please help.”
Z (Earth) - the literal meaning of one of the signal flags of the Navy and MSS codes. The meaning of the signal given in the Navy Code: “Reverse.” Flag “Z” according to the MSS means: “I have a pilot on board.”
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like Z-Z (Zulu, Zulu), it is a white flag divided by an oblique cross into yellow, black, blue and red triangles and has the meaning “I need a tug”.
I (Izhe) - the literal meaning of the signal flag from the codes of the Navy and MSS. According to the international code of signals, the “I” flag means: “I am changing my course to the left.”
The "I" signal was in the form of a triangular flag of yellow and red halves; in 1901-1911, this signal was indicated by a triangular flag, red with a white circle in the center. Its meaning was "I see clearly."
According to the current MCC, this letter meaning of the flag sounds like I-I (India, India), is a yellow rectangular flag with a black circle and has the meaning “I am changing course.”
K (Kako) is the literal meaning of one of the flags of the Navy and MSS code. Its meaning according to the Navy code is “I can’t control.” According to the MCC code, the “K” flag means: “I am going to make a message via semaphore.”
The "K" signal looked like a rectangle of blue and red horizontal stripes. In the code of signals of 1901-1911, this signal was indicated by a flag with a red field and a white vertical stripe. Its meaning was "I see clearly"
According to the current MCC, this letter value of the flag sounds like K-K (Kilo, Kilo), is a square white and red vertical flag, and has the meaning “I want to contact you.”
Y - The “Y” sign did not exist in the MSS. In the code of signals of the Navy, this flag meant “Mine detected.” It is a white flag with a black triangle in the middle and with braids on the edge, in the table of 1911. the letter "Y" corresponds to a red triangular pennant with a white cross.
According to the current MCC, this letter meaning of the flag sounds like J - Y (Juliett, Juliet), is a square flag of blue, white and blue horizontal stripes and has the meaning “I have dangerous cargo on board.”
L (People) - the letter value of the 12th signal flag from the list of letter flags of the Navy and MSS codes. The meaning of this flag is as a signal according to the naval code: “Keep to the left.” 2. “I’m turning left.” Flag “L” according to the MCC means: “Stop your ship immediately.”
Flag "L" is a white rectangular flag with a red cross in the middle.
According to the current MCC, this letter value of the flag sounds like L-L (Lima, Lima), is a square flag of two black and two yellow rectangles and has the meaning “Stop immediately.”
M (Myslete) - the literal meaning of the signal flag from the codes of the Navy and MSS. The meaning of this flag according to the code of signals of the Navy as a signal is 1. “Reduce speed.” 2. “Gave a small move.” Flag “M” according to the MCC means: “Stop. I have an important message."
This flag is a rectangular panel with a “chessboard” type image with white and red squares arranged in a checkerboard pattern.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like M - M (Mike, Mike), is a square blue flag with a white oblique cross and has the meaning “I stopped moving.”
N (Ours) is the literal meaning of one of the flags of the Navy and MSS. Its meaning as a signal according to the code of signals of the Navy is “Loading combat supplies” (explosives and flammable substances). According to the MSS, the “H” flag means: “I have a doctor on board.”
The letter signal “H” was a red flag.
According to the current MCC, this letter value of the flag sounds like N-H (November, November), is a square flag with four white and four blue squares arranged in a checkerboard pattern and has the value “No”.
O (He) is the literal meaning of the signal flag, from the codes of the Navy and MSS. According to the code of the Navy, the meaning of this flag is “Follow me”, and according to the code of the MSS - “I ask permission...”.
The letter signal "O" was a yellow triangle with a red vertical stripe. In the code of signals of 1901-1911, this signal was indicated by a white triangular pennant with five vertical blue stripes.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like O-O (Oscar, Oska), is a flag divided diagonally into red and yellow triangles and has the meaning “Man Overboard”.
P (Rest) - the literal meaning of the signal flag, from the codes of the Navy and MSS. According to the Navy code, the meaning of this flag is as a signal “Keep to the right”, “Turn right”, and according to the MSS code it means: in the harbor: “Everyone must be on board , since the ship is about to be removed"; at sea: "My nets got caught on an obstacle."
The letter signal "P" was a rectangle with two vertical stripes of yellow and blue.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like P-P (Papa, Dad), is a square flag with a white square superimposed on it and has the meaning “The ship is going to sea, report to everyone on arrival.” In the 18th century, this flag was also known as the "Blue Repeater" and was used to ask for a poorly understood signal to be repeated.
R (Rtsy) - the literal meaning of the flag of the Navy and MSS. Its meaning according to the Navy code is: “Duty ship.” This flag (small in size) hoists on the left end of the yardarm of the duty ship from sunrise to sunset (at night, a blue light is carried on the same end of the yardarm). According to the MSS, the “P” flag means: “My ship is not moving; you can carefully pass me.”
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like R - P (Romeo, Roumio), it is a red square flag with a yellow Scandinavian cross, the flag does not have a specific meaning.
C (word) - - the literal meaning of this signal refers to the letter flags of the naval and international codes of signals. The Navy's code of signals interprets this signal as follows: “stop the cars, stopped the cars.” According to the MCC flag, flag “C” means: “My cars are running at full speed backwards.”
Signal flag “C” is a blue rectangle with a white oblique cross.
According to the current MCC, this letter meaning of the flag sounds like S - C (Sierra, Sierra), it is a white square flag with a blue square superimposed in the middle and has the meaning “The propellers are now starting to work behind the stern of my ship.”
T (Hard) - the literal meaning of one of the letter signal flags from the code of signals of the Navy and MSS. Flag "T" according to the MCC means: "Do not cross my course (do not pass under my nose)."
Signal flag "T" - a flag of two black and two yellow rectangles arranged in a checkerboard pattern.
According to the current MCC, this letter meaning of the flag sounds like T-T (Tango, Tangou), is a square flag of vertical red, white and blue stripes and has the meaning “Stay away from me, I’m carrying a trawl.”
U is the literal meaning of the signal flag from the codes of the Navy and MSS. The meaning of this flag in the codes of signals of the Navy and MSS is “I am in distress.” Rises on a gaff under the stern flag. The “U” flag according to the MCC means: “You are heading towards danger.”
The signal flag “U” is a trapezoidal pennant with three red and two white stripes arranged alternately.
According to the current MCC, this letter value of the flag sounds like U-U (Uniform, Uniform), it is a square flag of two red and two white squares arranged in a checkerboard pattern and has the meaning “You are walking towards danger.”
F - Firth - the literal meaning of one of the flags navy and international codes of signals. According to the Navy code, the meaning of this flag as a signal is excellent. Raised without a signal, cancels the previous signal. Raised simultaneously with the signal, but separately from it, cancels the raised signal, and according to the MSS, the “F” flag means: “I am not in control. Keep in touch with me.”
The signal flag "F" was a yellow triangular flag with a black circle. In the code of signals of 1901-1911, this signal was indicated by a yellow rectangular flag with a blue rectangle in the center.
According to the current MCC, this letter value of the flag sounds like F-F (Foxtrot, Foxtrot), and is a square white flag with a red diamond. and means “I have lost control and communication.”
X (Ha) - the literal meaning of the flag of the Navy and MSS. The “X” flag according to the MCC means: “I have a pilot on board.”
In the Soviet Navy, "X" designated a white flag with a red cross. In more early times existence Russian Empire this flag had an additional function and, in addition to the letter meaning “X,” it was also called “Prayer” and meant “Divine service on the ship.”
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like H-X (Hotel, Hotel), it is a square flag divided vertically into white and red halves and has the meaning “I have a pilot on board.”
Ts (Tse) - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the naval and international codes of signals. The meaning of this flag according to the naval code is as a signal to “Return”. Flag "C" according to the international code of signals means: "Yes (affirmative)."
Flag “C” is a rectangular tricolor of red, yellow and blue.
According to the current one, this letter value of the flag sounds like C-C (Charlie, Charlie), it is a square flag divided horizontally into blue, white, red, white and blue and has the meaning “Yes”.
Ch (Worm) - the literal meaning of the flag of the Navy and MSS. The meaning of this flag as a signal according to the Navy code means: “Man overboard.” With the second value, it rises simultaneously with a cannon shot or a series of short beeps; the stern flag is lowered.
Flag "C" - is a rectangular blue flag with a rectangular "diamond" sign in the middle.
Ш (Sha) - the literal meaning of one of the Navy flags. The MCC does not have this flag. It means “Give full speed”.
Flag "Ш" is the literal meaning of one of the Navy flags. The MCC does not have this flag. It is a white rectangular canvas with five blue squares depicted on it in a checkerboard pattern.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag is absent.
Shch (Shcha) In the Soviet Navy, "Shch" designated a white triangular flag with a red cross. In the Russian Empire, the letter "Ш" was designated by another flag - white and red, which later became the "executive flag".
According to the current MCC, this letter meaning of the flag sounds like this: Q - Ш (Quebec, Cabec) is a yellow square flag and has the meaning “Everyone on my ship is healthy, please release me from quarantine.”
Ъ - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the Navy code of signals. There is no "Kommersant" flag in the MSS.
The flag "Kommersant" was a triangular two-striped flag (black and white stripes).
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag is absent.
Eras (Y) - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the Navy code of signals. There is no "Y" flag in the MSS.
The “Y” flag was a black canvas divided by a thick white oblique line.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like Y-Y (Yankee, Yankee) is a square flag with red oblique stripes on a yellow background and has the meaning “I raise the anchor.”
b - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the Navy code of signals. There is no flag "b" in the MSS.
The “b” flag was a triangle with a wide blue stripe at the left edge (base).
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag sounds like this: X-b (X-ray, Exray) is a white square flag with a blue Scandinavian cross and has the meaning “Stop what you are doing.”
E - the literal meaning of one of the flags of the Navy code of signals. There is no "E" flag in the MSS. E or E reverse.
The "E" flag was a rectangular canvas with alternating stripes of blue, white, red, white and blue.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag is absent.
Yu or Yula is the literal meaning of one of the flags of the Navy code of signals. There is no "U" Flag in the MSS. There are no signals from Yu or Yula.
The "U" flag was a rectangular white canvas with a red oblique cross.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag is absent.
Ya or Yako is the literal meaning of one of the flags of the Navy's code of signals. There is no “I” Flag in the MSS. Me or Yako there are no signals.
The "I" flag was a rectangular red cloth with a yellow Scandinavian cross.
According to the current MCC, this literal meaning of the flag is absent.
Digital flags of the USSR code of signals:
One (1) blue and white triangular flag with two braids;
Two (2) - blue triangular flag with a white circle;
Three (3) - a triangular flag of red, white and blue vertical stripes;
Four (4) - a red triangular flag with a white cross;
Five (5) - a triangular flag of vertical yellow and blue stripes;
Six (6) - a flag divided diagonally into red and yellow triangles;
Seven (7) - a flag of vertical red, white and blue stripes;
Eight (8) - a flag of four red and white rectangles;
Nine (9) - white flag with a blue cross;
Ten (10) - a flag divided by an oblique cross into yellow, black, blue and red triangles.
Additional signs of the USSR Code of Signals:
1st additional - red rectangle with a white border on a blue background;
2nd additional - red oblique stripes on a yellow background;
3rd additional - follows the pattern of the guy Russian fleet, has a white border;
4th additional - four-part white-black-red-yellow triangular flag;
Special signs of the USSR Code of Signals
- guy - repeated the guy of the USSR Navy (in the Russian Empire, of course, the imperial guy was used);
- gas - a black flag with a red triangle with a white border;
- smoke - a white triangular flag with a black horizontal stripe;
- telegraph - a flag of yellow and blue vertical stripes (already available in the table of 1901); Apparently, this flag meant that the row of signal flags following it conveys the phrase “by telegraph”, i.e. one flag corresponds to one letter.
- boat flag - blue flag with a white rectangle in the center (already available in the 1901 table);
- air - white flag with a blue rectangle in the center;
- Nord - white flag with a red triangle on top;
- south - white flag with a black triangle at the bottom;
- ost - white flag with a black diamond;
- West - a flag divided by an oblique cross into red and white triangles;
- interrogative - a flag of yellow, blue and yellow horizontal stripes. In the Russian Empire (data from 1911), the question flag was different - a long blue pennant with a white circle at the luff.
- response - a red trapezoidal pennant with a white circle;
The ship raises the response flag to half if the signal intended for it is noticed. When the signal is deciphered, the response flag is raised “to the point”. - executive - a flag divided vertically into white and red halves
Digital flags of the MCC signal code:
1 (unaone, unauan) - white pennant with a red circle;
2 (bissotwo, bissotu) - blue pennant with a white circle;
3 (terrathree, teratri) - a pennant of red, white and blue vertical stripes;
4 (kartefour, kartefour) - red pennant with a white cross;
5 (pantafive, pantafive) - a pennant of vertical yellow and blue stripes;
6 (soxisix, soxisix) - a pennant of horizontal black and white stripes;
7 (setteseven, setesevn) - a pennant of horizontal yellow and red stripes;
8 (oktoeight, oktoate) - white pennant with a red cross;
10 (nadazero, nadazero) - yellow pennant with a red vertical stripe.
There are also three "replacement" pennants.
1st substitute - yellow with a blue border;
2nd substitute - blue and white;
3rd substitute - white with a black horizontal stripe.
Navy signal flags Russian Federation for the most part they repeat by analogy the flags of the code of signals of the USSR Navy. The differences are very minor.
- 1st additional- a red rectangle with a white border on a blue background;
- 2nd additional- red oblique stripes on a yellow background;
- 3rd additional- the pattern is similar to that of the Russian navy, it has a white border;
- 4th additional- four-part white-black-red-yellow triangular flag;
- - repeated the jack of the USSR Navy (in the Russian Empire, of course, the imperial jack was used. In the table of 1901, it was assigned the meaning “I’m going by special order. I’m cutting through the formation. Court of a special commission”);
- - a black flag with a red triangle with a white border;
- - a white triangular flag with a black horizontal stripe;
- - a flag of yellow and blue vertical stripes. The “telegraph flag” itself is already present in the tables of 1901 and 1911, but there it is a blue cloth with 4 horizontal white stripes; This flag meant that the row of signal flags following it conveyed the phrase “by telegraph”, i.e. one flag corresponds to one letter. If the "telegraph" flag was hoisted with some signal at the same time, but on a separate halyard, this meant that the entire signal had to be read letter by letter. In the "Signalman's Handbook" N.S. Serebryany and B.B. Zhdanov (1983) said that the “telegraph” flag is also the first replacement flag.
- - a blue flag with a white rectangle in the center (already available in the 1901 table); The flag is used to show that the ship is using Boat Signal Book signals. This, together with another flag, is the call sign of the boat. In the "Signalman's Handbook" N.S. Serebryany and B.B. Zhdanov (1983) said that the “boat” flag is also the second replacement flag.
- - a white flag with a blue rectangle in the center; In the "Signalman's Handbook" N.S. Serebryany and B.B. Zhdanov (1983) said that the “air” flag is also the third replacement flag.
- - a white flag with a red triangle on top;
- - a white flag with a black triangle at the bottom;
- - white flag with a black diamond;
- - a flag divided by an oblique cross into red and white triangles;
- - a flag of yellow, blue and yellow horizontal stripes; In the Russian Empire (data from 1911), the question flag was different - a long blue pennant with a white circle at the luff. The question flag is hoisted simultaneously with the signal, but on a separate halyard, used to give the signal interrogative form
- - red trapezoidal pennant with a white circle;
The ship raises the response flag to half if the signal intended for it is noticed. When the signal is deciphered, the response flag is raised “to the point”. If the destination ship receives several signals from different ships, then it raises a response pennant together with the call signs of the ships that sent the signals. The return flag hoisted by the ship transmitting the signal also indicates that the signal has ended. A separate flag raised separately indicates the end of the connection. - - a flag divided vertically into white and red halves;
In the fleet of the Russian Empire, signal flags also included the so-called. "pilot flag"- national tricolor flag with a white border. Used to summon a pilot.
Flag - "Yes"- yellow-blue pennant (available in the 1911 table);
Flag - "No"- a rectangular white panel with a black vertical stripe (available in the table of 1911);
"Compass Flag"- a long yellow pennant with two blue triangles (available in the 1911 table);
"Duty flag"- green triangular flag (available in the 1911 table);
"Cancellation Flag"- a long pennant of white and black halves (available in the 1911 table);
"Prayer Flag"- a white flag with two braids and a yellow Orthodox cross (available in the 1911 table).Boat signals
Signals were used for negotiations between warships with their boats, warboats among themselves, pre-conscription training boats, Osoaviakhim ships (when they existed), and later DOSAAF ships "Boat Signal Book"(first a book from 1939, then a new edition of ShSK-70). Signals according to the Boat Signal Book were made in accordance with the Signal Production Rules of the PNS No. 2-39, and later - in accordance with the Rules for Visual Communication and Signaling of the Navy (PZS-69). To show that negotiations are being carried out on the Boat Signal Book, a boat flag is raised on one of the ship's legs. Such a flag is not hoisted on boats, since they can only give signals according to the “Boat Signal Book”. A boat flag hoisted on a ship can also mean:
- together with one letter flag raised above the boat flag on one halyard - the call sign of the boat. The call sign of a boat raised on the ship indicates a requirement for the boat to approach the side on which the call sign is raised. If the boat belongs to another ship, then along with its call sign, the call sign of that ship is also raised.
- before the signal with flags, without call signs - “the signal is intended for all boats.”Below are the meanings of single flags according to the Boat Signal Book:
A - “I don’t agree, I don’t destroy”
B - “More progress. row harder. Increase the sails. Stop drifting."
B - “The course leads to danger”
G - Brand watch
D - “Yes. Agree. I allow"
E - “What happened?”
AND -
Z - “I have reverse gear. I'm drifting. Back up. Tabanit"
AND -
K - “I can’t control myself”
L - “Keep to the left”
M - “Less stroke. Easier to row. Reduce sail"
N - “Cargo or have combat reserves”
ABOUT -
P - “Keep to the right”
R -
C - “Stop the car. Sushi paddles. Go drifting."
T - “Keep it up”
U -
F - Absolute
X - “End of teaching or class”
H - “Man Overboard”
Sh -
SCH -
Kommersant - “The flagship (commander) shows the course”
Y -
b -
E -
Yu -
I -
Numbers - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
0 - "The Boat Race Begins"
"Nord" - Rhumb Nord
"Zuid" - Rumba south
"Ost" - Rumb ost
"West" - Room West
“Telegraph” - “I have an important assignment”
“Response pennant” - “I see clearly. Understood"
“Boat” - “I’m conducting a conversation based on the boat book. Race Call Signs"The “Boat Signal Book” also lists and deciphers many signals from two flags (alphabetic or digital).
Source - "BOAT SIGNAL BOOK OF THE NAVY OF THE UNION SSR", Ed. Quartermaster 1st Rank A. Clafton. State naval publishing house NKVMF, Moscow, Leningrad, 1940
The flag semaphore is designed for communication during daylight hours over a short distance, equal to 1 - 1.5 miles when received with the naked eye and in good visibility, and 2.5 miles when received using optical instruments and in good visibility. The speed of flag semaphore exchange at maximum ranges reaches 100-110 characters per minute. Communication with a flag semaphore is carried out only by words transmitted by letter.
Each letter of the Russian alphabet has a specific symbol assigned to it, depicted by a certain position of hands with flags. By sequentially depicting letter signs in the order of their order in a word, they are transmitted over a distance. The reception is based on correct definition(reading) words and sentences. Transmission and reception in this order of words and sentences constitute the process of communication by flag semaphore. Conventional signs, established for the letters of the alphabet, are called the semaphore alphabet.
The flags used to communicate by semaphore are made from a shaft 45 cm long and 2.0-2.6 cm in diameter; a piece of fabric (staple or flag) measuring 30-35 cm is attached to one end of the shaft. The color of the fabric is chosen to be the same for the pair flags. To transmit a semaphore, the color of the flags is chosen depending on the background on which the communication is carried out: light-colored flags (yellow, white) are used on a dark background, dark-colored flags (black, red) are used on a light background.
The Russian semaphore alphabet, compiled in accordance with the Russian alphabet, includes 29 alphabetic characters (front flyleaf) and has features, knowledge of which accelerates and ensures the process of mastering the technique of receiving and transmitting flag semaphore. These include:
- the similarity of the image of the semaphore signs A, G, K, T, U with the image of these letters accepted in the Russian alphabet;
- establishing the same sign for pairs of letters EiE, IiI, biB (therefore, in semaphore texts, the letter E is written in the same way as E, the letter Y as I, soft sign, as a solid sign);
- pairwise symmetry in the image of semaphore signs A and U, B and D, V and G, E and C, ZH and Z, K and X, L and M, N and O, P and R, F and S, C and H , Sh and Shch, Yu and Z. In addition, the signs V and G, Zh and Z, L and M, N and O, P and R, C and Ch, Sh and Shch, Yu and Z, which are symmetrical in image, stand side by side in semaphore alphabet;
- semaphore signs E and C, Vi G, Ni O, IiY are depicted with one hand. In this case, the signs B, E, I (Y) and H are depicted right hand, and the signs C, G, O - left;
- in semaphore signs B and D, V and G, E and S, ZH and 3, L and M, N and O, P and R, C and Ch, Sh and Shch, Yu and Z, which are pairwise symmetrical, the position of the flag the right hand in the first sign corresponds to the position of the flag of the left hand of the adjacent sign.
Service signs of the Russian semaphore alphabet:
— call sign — to establish communication using a flag semaphore. It is given by waving semaphore flags raised above the head; in this case, the position of the hands does not exceed the boundaries established for the letter U;
- answer sign - to confirm receipt of the communication call sign (the communication call has been noticed), as well as to confirm each correctly received word during negotiations. It is given by flapping the semaphore flags facing downwards. When swinging, the arms should not go beyond the limits established for the letter A;
— repetition (error) sign — for a request to repeat an unaccepted word. It is given by raising the semaphore flags above the head twice, corresponding to the position of the hands for the sign b (b). It is used when transmitting text and as a sign of an error, followed by the transmission of the correct (corrected) word;
- wait sign - if necessary, temporarily interrupt the transmission or reception of a semaphore. The signalman interrupting the transmission (reception) describes horizontal circles above his head with semaphore flags raised upward;
- end sign - to show that the semaphore transmission or negotiations are completed. Indicated by alternately raising up and lowering semaphore flags with the left and right hands several times;
— question mark—in cases when the transmitted semaphore text requires an answer. It is indicated by passing twice the sign corresponding to the letter T;
- separating sign - when transmitting a signal consisting of several signal combinations, to separate one signal combination from another. It is indicated by raising the semaphore flags to a position corresponding to the sign b (b), and lowering them to the feet. This service sign is similar to the repetition sign, the only difference is that with the repetition sign, the semaphore flags are raised up twice, with the separating sign - once;
- sign of impossibility of reception - to show the transmitting signalman that reception is impossible (the signs are poorly visible), it is depicted by writing off three circles in the vertical plane with one or two semaphore flags in one hand.
The choice of location for transmission by semaphore flags determines the quality of reception. Therefore, if necessary, the receiving signalman can indicate to the transmitter a place from which the transmission is better visible. Additional service signs are used for this purpose (Fig. 1.7):
- “Move to my (receiving) right side.” The signal is made 4-5 times to the right side at 90° with a semaphore flag extended forward in a horizontal position, i.e. the sign corresponding to the letter B is repeated several times in a row;
IN early XIX century in France, a special method of transmitting information from a ship to land, the so-called semaphore alphabet, was invented. Several crossbars were raised on the mast and, by moving them, letters and then words were formed. "Semaphore" translated from Greek means "carrying sign." Almost two centuries this system signs have been actively used around the world. Later it was replaced by radio communication and Morse code. Today, flag communications are practically not used in the navy.
Semaphore alphabet in Russia
In Russia, the appearance of the semaphore alphabet is associated with the name of Vice Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov. IN late XIX century, he developed a system for transmitting Russian letters using flags. The Russian semaphore alphabet consists of twenty-nine alphabetic symbols, to which, if necessary, three service symbols can be added. All numbers and punctuation marks are spelled out, since it does not have a separate designation for numbers or symbols.
Each letter or service sign is a set hand position with flags. Sometimes, if there are no flags, signals are transmitted using caps. It is believed that a sailor well trained in the alphabet of flags can clearly reproduce 60-80 letters or signs per minute. In the evening or at night, use flags of bright and light colors, such as yellow or white. During daylight hours - black or red. Currently, training in the semaphore alphabet is carried out only in special courses. After all, flags were replaced by spotlights with Morse code and radio communications.
Semaphore alphabet abroad
In the 17th century in England, pictures were used to transmit information over a distance. Semaphore alphabet in modern form was created in France only two centuries later. The flag system that is used abroad is slightly similar to the Russian one. She also uses flags to represent the letters that make up words and sentences. But there are some differences between them. The first is that the flags used are not single-colored, as is usual in Russia, but colored, with different combinations of colors and symbols. Each such flag is a separate letter. That is, you can hang the flags in a certain order, making words and sentences from them. Based on latin alphabet. Another difference is that the Western semaphore alphabet also has special symbols for numbers. In this case, it is possible to transmit information using two flags.
Systematization of the flag language
Due to the fact that the method of transmitting information using a semaphore was considered very successful, there was a need to streamline all signals. In the 19th century, the number of ships increased, many countries acquired their own fleet, so the need arose to create a single maritime language for communication at a distance. In 1857, the Code of Signals was developed, which outlined international flags, their colors and meaning. It included eighteen main flags constantly used in the navy. Initially, four maritime powers took part in the development of this code: the USA, Canada, France and Britain. In 1901, all states with a military and merchant fleet approved this document for use. It is believed that from this moment the maritime semaphore alphabet was accepted and officially registered as unified system communication.
In 1931, the Code of Signals underwent minor changes. Due to the increasing use of radio communications and searchlights to transmit information using Morse code, some of the flags were removed, and the meaning for the rest was changed. In 1969, flag signals were translated not only into Latin, but also into Cyrillic. The system has become truly international and understandable to seafarers almost anywhere on the planet.
Flags and their meaning
At the moment, the International Code of Signals consists of three blocks. The first includes twenty-six flags that represent only letters. Naturally, the Latin alphabet is taken as a basis. The second contains ten flags to represent the numbers zero through nine. The last block contains three replacement flags. They are used in exceptional cases: if the ship has only one set of flags and there is no opportunity to hang, for example, repeating letters in a word. Substitutes come to the rescue.
After the collapse, the flag signal system in Russia and the CIS countries remained almost unchanged.
Use of the semaphore alphabet today
With the advent of radio communications and electricity, the flag signal system gradually lost its relevance and is currently practically not used. But in almost every country, in case of a critical situation, there is a sailor on board the ship who knows how to transmit information using flags. The semaphore alphabet is also actively used in parades and during demonstration performances. Now it is more of a tribute to tradition than a means of communication at a distance.
Course programcemaphoric alphabet for summer internship V cadet school 1-4 grades.
Qtyhours
Introduction: “What is the semaphore alphabet and where is it used”
Students will learn the basics of the semaphore alphabet, why and where it is used. They also make their own flags.
Cognitive, creative
Dialogue
Communication, cognition
"Study of the first and second groups of letters"
Cognitive, creative
Dialogue
Communication, cognition
Cognitive, creative
Dialogue
Communication, cognition
"Study of the third group of letters"
Students become familiar with letters that are shown with both hands and one hand. They also develop memory and attentiveness.
Cognitive, creative
Dialogue
Communication, cognition
Repetition and consolidation of what has been learned.
Students consolidate their acquired knowledge in pairs.
Cognitive, creative
Dialogue
Communication, cognition
"Study of the fourth group of letters"
Students become familiar with letters that are shown with both hands and one hand. They also develop memory and attentiveness.
Cognitive, creative
Dialogue
Communication, cognition
Repetition and consolidation of what has been learned.
Students consolidate their acquired knowledge in pairs.
Cognitive, creative
Dialogue
Communication, cognition
Final demonstration performance
Reporting lesson on the acquired skills of the semaphore alphabet.
Cognitive, creative
Dialogue
Communication, cognition
Semaphore alphabet course for primary school
№Lesson topic
Number of hours
The meaning of "Semaphore alphabet"
Studying the first and second group of letters
Studying the third group of letters
Studying the third group of letters
Studying the fourth group of letters
Demonstration performance
Total
RUSSIAN FLAG SEMAPHORE ABC
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:
Teach children techniques for sending and receiving texts using flag semaphore;
Strengthen your knowledge of the alphabet and correct pronunciation letters;
Increasing children's self-esteem due to the possession of new, unusual skills everyday life, knowledge.
The study is carried out in three sessions, lasting 30 - 40 minutes.
To practice the material of each lesson, 2 lessons of ~ 30 minutes should be allocated daily for 2-3 days.
1 LESSON.
INTRODUCTION.
Flag semaphore is the simplest means of visual communication during daylight hours over a short distance (with the naked eye - about 2 km, with the help of optical instruments - about 4 km). The Russian semaphore alphabet that exists today in the fleet was developed in 1895 by Vice Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov. The signalman is responsible for transmitting information using the semaphore alphabet on the ship; this specialty in the navy was introduced in 1869.
The Russian semaphore alphabet is compiled in accordance with the Russian alphabet and includes 29 letter signs. It does not contain numbers or punctuation marks. Their transmission is carried out in letters, in words. For example, the number “7” will be conveyed by the word “seven”, and the sign “,” by the word “comma”.
Each letter corresponds to a certain position of hands with flags. The conventional signs assigned to the letters of the alphabet are summarized in a table called the semaphore alphabet.
The transmission of information by semaphore is carried out by signalmen using flags. The color of the fabric depends on the time of day: at dusk or against a dark sky, flags with light-colored fabric (yellow, white) are used, and during daylight hours, flags with dark-colored fabric (red, black) are used. If there are no flags, they use semaphore caps. Average speed flag semaphore transmission by a trained signalman is 60-80 characters per minute.
For ease of study, the semaphore alphabet is divided into several groups.
First group of letters
– is shown by the symmetrical position of both hands, facing the children. Children repeat simultaneously with the teacher, repeating the sounds of letters.
Image of lettersA T U similar to their spelling in Russian.
For imageb b
the same sign is installed.
Second group of letters
- shows with one hand, first with his back to the children, then with his face.
N IN E E I Y - depicted with the right hand,
andpairs of letters E - E, I - Y are assigned the same semaphore sign.
ABOUT
G
WITH
-
depicted with the left hand.
The signs B and G, N and O, symmetrical in image, stand side by side in the semaphore alphabet.
The show is repeated several times.
At the end of the lesson, the teacher suggests reading words consisting of letters of the first and second groups. The teacher shows.
LEG
VATA
SETTIE
SPRING
VIY
SHADOW
NEGA
GOTIS
BUSTLE
WEIGHT
EAT
NIVA
VAIGA
AGON
GIG
GIGA
DEMOLITION
NET
VANGA
WEIGHT
NAST
VAGA
NEWS
SUCKER
VIV
GOUT
SCREW
HARBOR
FOREVER
FIRE
NIVA
EAT
FIRE
SURGE
ARIES
PILES
PUMP
PUMP
FLINT
THREAD
LIGHTS
AGENT
VATAGA
FRAMEWORK
SNOW
SNAG
TACKLE
PINE
KNIGHTS
AUTUMN
HAY
GUEST
VILLAGE
TAIGA
Practicing techniques for transmitting and receiving words consisting of letters of the first and second groups is done in pairs. First - repeating the display of letters, then - reading words. The teacher should stock up a large number cards with words (5 - 10 words per card). You can offer a game for making sentences from words consisting of letters of the first and second groups. For example: “It’s autumn here,” “Nastya has a guest,” “It’s spring in the taiga,” etc.
LESSON 2.
Children stand in 2-3 lines in a checkerboard pattern, at a distance of arms outstretched to the sides. The teacher stands so that he can be seen by everyone (preferably on a raised platform).
Third group of letters - are shown with both hands, first with their backs turned to the children, so that it is clearer how the letter is shown, then with their faces, so that it is clear what it looks like. The position of the hands is spoken out.
This group is characterized by pairwise symmetry in the representation of semaphore signs.
F - W
L-M P-R F-Y
Ts - Ch Sh - Sh
In addition, almost all of these signs are located next to each other in the semaphore alphabet.
The show is repeated several times.
To consolidate, children break into pairs and turn to face each other. The teacher names the letters, the children show them, looking at each other. In this case, not only the display of letters, but their perception occurs. The teacher, if necessary, suggests the correctness of the image.
At the end of the lesson, the teacher offers reading words consisting of letters of the first, second and third groups. The teacher shows.
SUMMER
MOUNTAIN
THEATER
CORKSCREW
HORN
WINTER
UMBRELLA
BEAST
BELT
NOSE
RAFT
TABLE
TARGET
CUT
GUL
SEA
MOTHER
FATHER
SPONSOR
Spur
SLIP
PROA
TRAWL
SHIPYARD
GUARI
LAT
PIER
VORST
IOL
RAY
STAG
RAFT
LADDER
TOP
MARS
TACK
NIRAL
PONTO
PAH
TENCH
PERTH
SLING
FAL
TONGUE
REPRISE
REMU
RELAY
BELT
RELINCHE
STOP
VERP
ALLOY
FREEZING
HAMMER
Practicing techniques for transmitting and receiving words consisting of letters of the first, second and third groups is done in pairs. First - repeating the display of letters, then - reading words on cards.
You can offer a game for composing small texts of 2-3 sentences for a given or free topic, consisting of letters of the first, second and third groups.
You can increase the distance in pairs up to 10 meters. Change the composition of the pairs until the “ideal” pairs are selected.
3 LESSON.
Children stand in 2-3 lines in a checkerboard pattern, at a distance of arms outstretched to the sides. The teacher stands so that he can be seen by everyone (preferably on a raised platform).
Signsfourth group of letters
They are also symmetrical in pairs, shown with two hands, both hands are on one side of the body, first turning their backs to the children, so that it is clearer how the letter is shown, then with their faces, so that it is clear what it looks like. The position of the hands is spoken out.
B - D, X - K, Yu - Z
Repeating the show.
Consolidating the display and memorization of the images of letters in pairs.
Reading words.
PAIN
SLOOP
FRACTION
BAY
HOUSE
HORSERADISH
CLOT
CABIN
SCAFO
DAU
SHEET
MOLE
HOOK
ANCHOR
COF
HAND
RUMB
GOOD
BLIND
CUBE
BULB
SHNYAK
HOOKER
SAVAGE
JULA
YACHT
HAWSE
BERRY
MUG
KETCH
HOLD
DREK
STERN
LOVE
JAMB
BAYONET
CADET
LUGER
COCKPIT
GIK
TROUSER
BONET
BOAT
ROWAN
HAKE
CHICKS
COLD
FIGHT
DIGEL
Testing is carried out in pairs at a distance of up to 50 meters.
The result of the training is the holding of competitions within the squad. Pairs are formed at will. Participants who have not chosen a pair for themselves can show their achievements in pairs with a teacher.
The learning goal has been achieved if each child can, to varying degrees of proficiency, at different speeds, send and receive simple text.
