Slide 1
BIOSOCIAL NATURE OF HUMAN
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THE APPEARANCE OF MAN
Life appeared on Earth 3,500,000,000 (3.5 billion) years ago.
In the course of evolution, a unique plant and fauna. It existed for ≈ 3,499,000,000 years.
Thus, if we imagine that life arose on January 1, then man appeared on December 30, that is, one day before the start of the next year!!!
Life on Earth
Then man appeared - 1,000,000 years ago.
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THE PLACE OF HUMAN IN THE SYSTEM OF LIVING NATURE
Kingdom
Type
Subtype
Class
Squad
Family
Genus
View
Animals
Chordata
Vertebrates
Mammals
Primates
Apes
Human
Homo sapiens
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LIVING CONDITIONS OF PEOPLE
Natural environment
Built environment
Environment (nature): Mountains, rivers, lakes, seas, oceans, forests, deserts, flora and fauna, etc.
Environment created by man: Agricultural land, gardens, parks, cities, transport, clothing, communications, technologies for obtaining products and products, etc.
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Based on the structure and arrangement of organs, humans belong to the class of mammals. General features: milk, sebaceous and sweat glands, body hair, specialized teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars),
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Similarities between humans and mammals.
four-chambered heart and left aortic arch, pulmonary breathing, the presence of a diaphragm, a highly developed brain, intrauterine development of the embryo, feeding the young with milk.
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Slide 7
Similarities between humans and mammals.
Links of tissue metabolism common with animals, Growth and individual development are similar, A single principle of storage and implementation of the genetic code
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Similarities between humans and mammals.
Maximum resemblance to family members great apes or anthropoids: gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon. The commonality of internal and external structure: a single structure of the upper and lower extremities, absence of a tail, similar ears, presence of nails on the fingers.
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Similarities between humans and mammals.
Humans and gorilla share 385 morphological characteristics. In humans and chimpanzees 369, in humans and orangutans - 359, in gibbons and lower apes 113-117 common features with a person.
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FEATURES OF THE SPECIES – Homo Sapiens
The brain part of the skull is larger than the facial part
Canines approximately equal to incisors
Developed chin protuberance
These changes are due to the development of the brain and speech.
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The attachment of the skull to the spine almost coincides with the center of gravity of the head
The chest is flattened
The bones of the pelvis and lower extremities are massive
The foot forms an arch
The bones of the palm are movable, the thumb is opposed to the rest
The toes are shortened, the big toe is not opposed to the rest
These changes are due to upright posture and the development of work activity.
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The main differences between humans and animals
A person has thinking and articulate speech. A person is capable of conscious, purposeful creative activity. A person, in the process of his activity, transforms the surrounding reality, creates the material and spiritual benefits and values he needs. Man is capable of making tools and using them as a means of producing material goods. A person reproduces not only his biological, but also his social essence and therefore must satisfy not only his material, but also his spiritual needs.
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Slide 13
Sociogenesis.
Sociogenesis is the formation of social forms of life in the form of a clan, and then a clan tribal organization. Stages: Human herd, Tribal community, Neighborhood community.
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Slide 14
Culturogenesis
Culturogenesis: the formation of culture in primitive society. Characteristic features of primitive culture: Syncretism as main characteristic primitive culture. Formation of cultural values. The initial unity of material and spiritual activities and their subsequent separation. Evolution of material culture. The formation of primitive beliefs and their significance in people's lives. The birth of morality. Evolution, main types and functions primitive art.
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Slide 15
Slide 19
Environmental Medical Social
Problems
Becoming biological features Homo sapiens species
Natural selection
Speech Thinking Work activity
Strengthening social connections
Prerequisites for the life of a modern person
Creation of an artificial environment
Clothing Housing Medicine Industrial products
Benefits
Let's summarize:
Know the structure and functioning of the human body; Conditions for maintaining health; Features of higher nervous activity; Human interaction with the environment; Patterns of development of society.
To solve problems you need:
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Lesson objectives:
1. Educational - to reveal the social and biological essence of man, to show his differences from animals.
2. Developmental - skill development logical thinking, analysis, ability to draw conclusions.
3. Educational - to form in students a sense of awareness of their role on Earth.
Lesson Plan
2. Formation of a modern person
3. Biosocial essence of man
4. Differences between humans and animals
5.Repetition of the material studied
1.Theories of the origin of man on earth
Scientists believe that none living creature the planet hasn't changed that much during this time.
Only man could transform himself and transform the world around us
Biological
Belongs to the highest
mammals.
The biological in a person is what is given to him by nature - physical characteristics (age, gender, weight, appearance).
A person is born, grows, matures, grows old and dies.
Social
Man is inextricably linked with society. A person becomes a person only by entering into public relations.
Social skills are acquired by him in the process of living in society: speech, thinking, cultural skills, communication skills
Possesses thinking and articulate speech
Capable of conscious, purposeful creative activity
Produces its own environment(dwellings, tools, etc.)
Changes the world around us not only according to needs, but also according to the laws of morality and beauty
Can act according to his own will, imagination and choice
Capable of actions that do not bring him “benefit” (altruism, self-sacrifice)
Repetition of learned material
1. The sign that distinguishes a person from an animal is
1) Showing activity
2) goal setting
3) adaptation to the environment
4)interaction with the outside world
1)I.I. Mechnikov
2)I.P. Pavlov
3)H. Darwin
4) F. Cuvier
3. Which of the following features is characteristic of humans and absent in animals?
1) metabolic processes
2) creative activity
3) the work of the senses
4) food needs
4. Find in the list provided human properties of a social nature.
1) Ability for joint transformative activities
2)Striving for self-realization
3) The ability to adapt to natural conditions
4) Stable views on the world and your place in it
5) Need for water, food, rest
5. Name at least three features of the human body that constitute the biological basis of human activity as a social being.
University College Federalstate budget educational
higher education institutions
"Orenburg State University"
(OSU University College)
Presentation
in social studies
on the topic:
"Man as a biosocial being"
Completed:
Group: No. 18ZIO-1
Mironova M.
Teacher:
Ushakova O. A.
09/05/2018 Plan:
▪ Understanding the word man.
▪
▪ Man as a subject of biological and social
evolution.
▪ Man as a biosocial being.
▪ The main differences between humans and animals.
▪ Individual, individuality and personality.
▪ Conclusion. Understanding the word man.
MAN is a social being
possessing intelligence and consciousness,
as well as a subject of socio-historical activity
and culture. Originated on Earth in
result of evolutionary
process - anthropogenesis, details
which continues to be studied Versions of the origin of man.
General concepts
For a long time man has been the subject of study
sciences of spirit and nature. Between sociology
and natural science is still being conducted
dialogue about the problem of existence and exchange
information. At the moment, scientists
gave a person a specific definition.
This is a biosocial creature that
combines intelligence and instincts.
It should be noted that not one person in
the world is such a creature. Similar
the definition can be applied, with a stretch, to
some representatives of the fauna on
Earth. Versions of the origin of man.
Darwin's theory
Currently, there are different versions of the origin of man.
However, the most probable and closest to the truth is the theory
British scientist named Charles Darwin. It was he who contributed
invaluable contribution to biological science. His theory is based on
definition natural selection, which plays the role of driving
forces of evolution. This is the natural scientific version of the origin
humans and all living things on the planet. The foundation of Darwin's theory
formed his observations of nature during his travels
around the world. Development of the project began in 1837, and lasted
more than 20 years. At the end of the 19th century, the Englishman was supported by another natural scientist, A. Wallace. Soon after his report in London he
admitted that it was Charles who inspired him. This is how it appeared
the whole movement is Darwinism. Darwin's theory Versions of the origin of man.
Intervention theory.
This version of the origin of man is based on activity
foreign civilizations. People are believed to be descendants
alien creatures that landed on Earth millions of years ago
back. Such a history of human origin has immediately
several junctions. According to some, people appeared as a result
interbreeding of aliens with progenitors. Others believe that
it's all due to genetic engineering of higher forms of intelligence, which
they brought homo sapiens out of the flask and their own DNA. Someone is sure that
humans arose as a result of the error of experiments on animals. WITH
on the other hand, a very interesting and probable version is about
alien intervention in the evolutionary development of homo
sapiens. It's no secret that archaeologists still find in various
corners of the planet numerous drawings, recordings and other
evidence that ancient people were helped by some
supernatural powers. Intervention theory Versions of the origin of man.
Theory of creation.
This branch was named
creationism. His followers deny
all major origin theories
person. It is believed that God created people
which is the highest level in the world.
Man was created in his image from
non-biological material. Biblical
version of the theory says that the first people
there were Adam and Eve. Their God created their clays. IN
Egypt and many other countries religion
goes deep into ancient myths.
The vast majority of skeptics
consider this theory impossible, assessing
its probability is in billionths
percent. Man as a subject of biological and social
evolution
The relationship between the spiritual and the physical, the biological
and social principles in man. Human existence
his activities and creativity. Purpose and meaning of life
a person, his life choices and lifestyle.
Self-realization of a person and his self-knowledge.
Personality, its self-realization and education.
The inner world of a person. Conscious and
unconscious. Behavior, freedom and
personal responsibility. Cognitive
human activity. Worldview as
a system of views on the world and man’s place in it.
Truth and its criteria. Scientific knowledge. Knowledge
and faith. The diversity of human forms
knowledge. Sciences about man and society. Social
And humanitarian knowledge. All this
preceded by a long evolutionary
development of the biological in man himself,
social and spiritual principles. Man as a biosocial being.
Man is essentially
biosocial being. He is part
nature and at the same time inextricably linked with
society. Biological and social in
person are fused together, and only in such
man exists in unity. Biological
human nature is his natural
prerequisite, condition of existence, and
Sociality is the essence of man. How
biological being human belongs
to higher mammals, forming a special
view Homo Sapiens. Biological nature
of a person is manifested in his anatomy,
physiology. As a biological species, man
has circulatory, muscular, nervous,
skeletal and other systems The main differences between humans and animals.
▪ Man creates his own environment,
transforming and changing the natural environment. Animal
can only adapt to conditions
nature.
▪ Human needs are constantly growing and
are changing. The animal's needs are almost nonexistent.
are changing.
▪ Man evolves according to biological and
socio-cultural programs. Behavior
animals obey only instincts.
▪ A person relates to his life activity
consciously. The animal is not conscious and
follows only instincts.
▪ Man creates material and spiritual products
culture, creates, creates. The animal is nothing new
creates and does not produce. Individual
Individual translated from Latin (individuum)
means "indivisible". This is specific
representative of humanity, human
an individual that has characteristic only
her psychological and biological
peculiarities. Thus, the individual is
specific person with his
characteristics given to him from birth,
individuality - more
psychological term than
biological – a set of skills (character,
skills, knowledge) acquired in the process
life activity. Individuality
Individuality -
set of characteristic
features and properties,
distinguishing one individual
from another; originality
psyche and personality of the individual,
originality, uniqueness. Personality
PERSONALITY – relatively
sustainable holistic
intelligent system,
moral-volitional and
socio-cultural qualities
person expressed in
individual
peculiarities of his consciousness and
activities. Conclusion
In the 20th century, it was proposed to create a unified science,
the subject of study of which could be all
natural and social properties and relationships
person. If such a science were created, then
possible option for defining its subject
study could be described like this:
“Man is a subject of the socio-historical process, development
material and spiritual culture on Earth,
biosocial being, genetically
associated with other life forms, but
stood out from them thanks to the ability
produce tools that have
articulate speech and consciousness,
moral qualities"
ALMATY UNIVERSITY OF ENERGY AND COMMUNICATIONS
Department of Social Sciences
Semester work No. 3
In the discipline Philosophy
on the topic “Man as a biological, social and cultural being”
Completed
Group student
Gaidyshev Vitaly
Book no. 093104
Checked:
Shitsko V.L.
Almaty, 2011
PLAN
Introduction... 3
1. Development of the idea of a person as an individual... 5
2. Biological nature of a person, its influence on the formation of personality 7
3. Social nature of man, the process of socialization... 11
4. The influence of culture on personality development... 16
Conclusion... 19
Topic: “The relationship between the biological, social and cultural in personality development.” The choice of this topic is determined by its relevance. Today the human personality is the starting point sociological research. But the concept of “personality” is one of those phenomena that is rarely interpreted in the same way by different authors.
In modern sociological science There are many concepts of personality. The theory of personality as a subject and object of activity (Marxist sociology) places the main emphasis on the interaction of the individual and society; dispositional theory of self-regulation social behavior(T. Znaniecki, C. Thomas, V.A. Yadov) examines the behavior of an individual based on his predisposition to a certain perception of specific conditions. In accordance with the behavioral concept (B. Skinner, J. Homans), the behavior of each person is determined and controlled by the social environment through language, customs, social institutions. In psychoanalytic sociology (S. Freud), an attempt was made to connect biological principles and the social in a logically strict way, to pay attention to the energetic, sensory-analytical basis of the individual as a social subject. The role theory of personality (G. Cooley, J. Mead, R. Linton) considers personality as a function of the many social roles that are inherent in any individual in a particular society.
Having analyzed these concepts, we can identify two opposing views on personality development. From the point of view of some, each personality is formed and develops in accordance with its innate qualities and abilities, and the social environment plays a very insignificant role. Representatives of another point of view completely reject innate internal features and the abilities of the individual, believing that personality is a certain product, completely formed in the course of social experience. At the same time, some concepts trace the idea that personality is a complex, multifaceted, internally structured formation. In my opinion, it is advisable to consider the formation of personality as a combination of biological and social development. Therefore, no theory of personality should be accepted as the only and exhaustive one.
Based on the above, we will formulate the main goal and define the tasks. The goal is to consider the relationship between the biological, social and cultural in the development of personality. Tasks:
· analyze the development of ideas about a person as an individual;
· define the concept of “personality”;
· consider the biological nature of personality;
· describe the process of socialization of the individual, introducing him to culture.
Before defining the concept of “personality,” it is worth paying attention to the evolution of views about man. The ancient philosopher Socrates said that “Man is rational: he sets goals for himself and, achieving them, bears responsibility for them. The improvement of a person is the result of his activity and education. Every person has an inner “I” center, which is the mind, thinking.” Fundamentally new approach to man is associated with Christianity, which is embodied in the teachings of humanism. Christianity placed man at the center of the universe. Man is the Temple, he is created in the image and likeness of God. A person bears the imprint of the absolute personality of the creator. The views on man that emerged during the European Renaissance absorbed all the best from antiquity and Christianity and were embodied in the teachings of humanism. The thinkers of that era proclaimed the freedom and sovereignty of the human person. It was presented as a harmony of body and spirit, mind and feelings, earthly and divine. The Renaissance is also called the “age of reason,” because it proclaimed reason as the highest dignity of man. The Enlightenment continues the struggle begun during the Renaissance to establish the “kingdom of reason,” political freedoms and civil rights person. Freedom, intelligence, activity, active lifestyle, individualism and entrepreneurial spirit are the main parameters of the emerging personality. Historians claim that the word “individuality” itself, like the word “personality,” appeared some 200 - 300 years ago, i.e., during the Enlightenment. Throughout the 19th century, natural scientists attributed an individual's personality traits to heredity. In the first half of the 20th century, so many new facts accumulated that it forced us to reconsider the original views on the essence of man. It turned out that innate genius does not guarantee that a person will become a great personality. And an unfavorable combination of biological factors does not exclude the possibility for a person to become a full-fledged member of society. The environment into which a person finds himself after birth plays a huge role. Thus, the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in man has become acute.
Scientists have come to the conclusion: it is impossible to equate the concepts of “personality” and “person”, “personality” and “individual”.
Man is the most general, generic concept, leading its origins from the moment of the isolation of homosapiens. An individual is understood as a separate, specific person, as a single representative of the human race. In sociology, the concept of personality is introduced to highlight and emphasize the unnatural (social) essence of man and the individual. In this regard, the definition of personality given by V. Yadov seems satisfactory: “Personality is the integrity of a person’s social properties, a product social development and inclusion of the individual in the system social relations through activism and communication.”
Conclusion: man is a biosocial being; its advantages and disadvantages physical organization powerfully influence the course of his mental processes. However, the biological, entering the human personality, becomes social. Whether an individual remained mentally disabled or became a kind of historical figure depends on the historical environment. Natural features appear in the personality structure as socially conditioned. Consequently, in the structure of human nature one can find three components: biological nature, social and cultural nature. Let's look at them in detail.
2. Biological nature of a person, its influence on the formation of personality
The biological nature of man was formed over a long period of 2.5 billion years. evolutionary development from blue-green algae to Homo Sapiens. The ascending line of human evolution has passed through the following stages: Australopithecus (fossil southern monkey, 3.3 million years ago) - Pithecanthropus (ape-man, 1 million years ago) - Sinanthropus (fossil "Chinese man", 500 thousand years ago) - Neanderthal (100 thousand years old) - Cro-Magnon (Homo Sapiens fossil, 40 thousand years old) - modern man (20 thousand years ago).
In terms of biological adaptation to nature, humans are significantly inferior to the vast majority of representatives of the animal world. If a person is returned to the animal world, he will suffer a catastrophic defeat in the competitive struggle for existence and will be able to live only in a narrow geographical zone of his origin - in the tropics, on both sides close to the equator. A person does not have warm fur, he has weak teeth, weak nails instead of claws, an unstable vertical gait on two legs, a predisposition to many diseases, degraded immune system. Superiority over animals is biologically ensured to humans only by the presence of a cerebral cortex, which no animal has. The cerebral cortex consists of 14 billion neurons, the functioning of which serves as the material basis for the spiritual life of a person, his consciousness, ability to work and to live in society. The cerebral cortex abundantly provides scope for endless spiritual growth and development of man and society. Suffice it to say that today, over the course of a person’s entire long life, at best, only 1 billion - only 7% - of neurons are activated, and the remaining 13 billion - 93% - remain unused “gray matter”.
General health and longevity are genetically determined in human biological nature; temperament, which is one of four possible types: choleric, sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic; talents and inclinations. It should be taken into account that each person is a biologically unique organism, the structure of its cells and DNA molecules (genes). It is estimated that 95 billion of us people on Earth have been born and died over 40 thousand years, among whom there was not at least one identical person.
Biological nature is the only real basis on which a person is born and exists. Each individual, each person exists from that time until his biological nature exists and lives. But with all his biological nature, man belongs to the animal world. And man is born only as the animal species Homo Sapiens. The newborn biological creature Homo Sapiens has yet to become a human being in in every sense this word.
And biological nature steadily demands from every animal being that, having been born, it satisfies its biological needs: eat, drink, grow, mature, mature and reproduce its own kind in order to recreate its kind. To recreate one’s own race—that’s what an animal individual is born for, comes into the world. And in order to recreate its species, a born animal must eat, drink, grow, mature, and mature in order to be able to reproduce. Having fulfilled what is laid down by biological nature, an animal creature must ensure the fertility of its offspring and die. To die so that the race continues to exist. An animal is born, lives and dies to continue its species. And the life of an animal no longer has any meaning. The same meaning of life is embedded by biological nature in human life. A person, having been born, must receive from his ancestors everything necessary for his existence, growth, maturity, and, having matured, he must reproduce his own kind, give birth to a child. The happiness of parents lies in their children. Washed away their lives - to give birth to children. And if they don’t have children, their happiness in this regard will be detrimental. They will not experience natural happiness from fertilization, birth, upbringing, communication with children, they will not experience happiness from the happiness of children. Having raised and sent children into the world, parents must eventually make room for others. Must die. And there is no biological tragedy here. This is the natural end of the biological existence of any biological individual. There are many examples in the animal world that after completing the biological development cycle and ensuring the reproduction of offspring, parents die. A one-day butterfly emerges from the pupa only to die immediately after being fertilized and laying eggs. She, a one-day butterfly, does not even have nutritional organs. After fertilization, the female cross spider eats her husband in order to use the proteins of the body of “her beloved” to give life to the fertilized seed. Annual plants, after growing the seeds of their offspring, quietly die on the vine. And a person is biologically programmed to die. Death for a person is biologically tragic only when his life is interrupted prematurely, before the completion of the biological cycle. It is worth noting that biologically a person’s life is programmed for an average of 150 years. And therefore, death at 70-90 years old can also be considered premature. If a person exhausts his genetically determined life span, death becomes as desirable to him as sleep after a hard day. From this point of view, the "goal human existence consists in going through the normal cycle of life, leading to the loss of the life instinct and to a painless old age, reconciled with death.” Thus, biological nature imposes on man the meaning of his life in maintaining his existence for the reproduction of the human race for the reproduction of Homo Sapiens.
As for the influence of biological nature on personality development, it can be noted that the features of higher nervous system, physical constitution, biological needs that characterize an individual do not become features of his personality. For example, such an anatomical feature as a dislocation of the hip joint, which dooms a child to lameness, does not relate to personality. However, its significance for the formation of personality is enormous, even greater than the type of nervous system (say, the balance or imbalance of a person). Lameness dooms a child to isolation from his peers, gives rise to a feeling of inferiority, and limits wide and full-blooded communication with people. But “some individuals can overcome the awkwardness associated with a natural disadvantage, while others plunge into it, become withdrawn, and touchy.”
Conclusion: no anatomical, physiological or mental characteristics determine the formation of personality in a strictly unambiguous manner. They are just prerequisites, but not components of personality.
3. Social nature of man, the process of socialization
Let's begin the description of the social nature of man with the definition of society. Society is a union of people for the joint production, distribution and consumption of material and spiritual goods; for the reproduction of one’s species and one’s way of life. Such a union is carried out, as in the animal world, to maintain (in the interests of) the individual existence of the individual and for the reproduction of Homo Sapiens as a biological species. But unlike animals, the behavior of a person - as a being who is characterized by consciousness and the ability to work - in a group of his own kind is controlled not by instincts, but public opinion. The process of a newborn acquiring elements of social life is called human socialization. Only in society and from society does man acquire his social nature. In society, a person “learns human behavior, guided not by instincts, but by public opinion; zoological instincts are curbed in society; in society, a person learns the language, customs and traditions developed in this society; here a person perceives the experience of production and production relations accumulated by society.”
Sociobiologists have found that animals, it turns out, know how to love, make friends, create a family, come to each other’s aid, cooperate and form communities, be altruistic, and get irritated.
But what they failed to discover was socialization. In rudimentary form, learning the “rules of life” exists in monkeys or wolves. But conveying the meaning and significance of actions, social norms Animals do not have values, mastery of social roles, rights and responsibilities.
There are widely known cases where human cubs were raised by animals. When they were found, it turned out that the “jungle children” did not know how to think, speak or participate in social interaction. Returning to society, they were able to learn only the most basic skills, mastering oral speech, consisting of 30 words. But this would not have happened if not for the genetic inheritance, the biological predisposition of the human race to learn. The “isolants” never learned to be friends, smile, think abstractly, or have a conversation. They lived in human society for no more than 10 years. They are called feral people. They are a product of social isolation. The social environment, which plays a decisive role in the transformation of a biological being into a social one, has dropped out of the process of socialization in reality. early stage. Feral people were unable to become full-fledged members of society because socialization began too late for them. Human cubs (feral people), raised in a pack of wolves (i.e., representatives of another species), learned their habits: they moved quickly on all fours, approaching the meat, first sniffed it, when thirsty, licked their teeth. However, learn the “rules” from them social life” they couldn’t. It is not surprising that, having returned to society, that is, to representatives of their species, the “ferals” did not become full-fledged social beings.
Society acts on a newborn not directly, but through his family, immediate environment, or, as sociologists say, through the microenvironment, which for a newborn is the whole society, the whole “social being”, which always determines social consciousness. If the family or microenvironment into which a newborn finds himself has some specific ideological differences, then these, as a rule, will become his ideological differences. In this regard, society and the microenvironment act on the formation of a person’s worldview almost with the force of natural law. Along with the family and microenvironment, the upbringing of a child, teenager, and young man has a huge influence on the formation of a person’s worldview. It is carried out by the system of family, public and state education through nurseries and kindergartens, schools, children's and youth (pioneer, scout) organizations. It is here that the foundations of personal communication are laid, the development of social ideals, the ideal of the meaning of life, the ideal of heroism, and self-sacrifice are formed.
An even greater influence on the formation of one or another type of worldview is exerted by a person’s social position. Social status of the worker, businessman, employee, peasant; and also more narrowly - an engineer, military man, orderly, courier, manager, student, railway worker, agronomist, teacher, miner, and so on, dictates to each their social interests, which stem from their social status and place in society. All personal tastes, habits, aspirations and actions are strung on these social interests, as if on a core. Everything that protects and expresses social interests is strung on this rod and held on it. Various elements of worldview are also strung onto the core of social interests and to express them. Thus, a person’s worldview, regardless of its truth or fallacy, always has a clearly defined social character. Based on his social position, a person always accepts some elements of his worldview and rejects others; He feels sympathy for some positions of his worldview, and disgust for others. A change in social status often leads to a change in a person’s ideological orientation. Moreover, this concerns not only the transition from one class position - worker, employer, peasant, employee - but also a change in any specific social position of a person.
Since throughout our lives we have to master not one, but many social roles, moving up the ladder of age and career, the process of socialization continues throughout our lives.
Until a very old age, a person changes his views on life, habits, tastes, rules of behavior, roles. Socialization explains how a person transforms from a biological being into a social being. Socialization, as it were, tells how at the individual level what happened to society at the collective level takes place. After all, a person, growing up, in a condensed form goes through the same stages that society went through during 40 thousand years of its cultural evolution, and which the human race went through during 2 million years of its biological evolution. Not a single biological species has learned to “collapse” the stages of its development. Thanks to socialization, a weak human child does not have to go through an endlessly long path of development. Socialization is a process that cannot be artificially controlled or manipulated. By the age of 14, a talented child can be turned into a child prodigy who knows this or that subject perfectly. There are many examples of accelerated learning, but there are no examples of accelerated socialization. Of course, early adulthood is possible, especially if life was difficult: in childhood a person lost his parents, went to work early, and experienced all the hardships of fate. However, this is not yet socialization. You can shorten its individual stages and speed up their passage, but you cannot lengthen or shorten the process of socialization as a whole. Socialization should begin in childhood, when approximately 70% of the human personality is formed. If you are too late, irreversible processes will begin. In childhood, the foundation of socialization is laid, and at the same time, this is its most vulnerable stage. Children isolated from society die socially, although many adults sometimes consciously seek solitude and self-isolation for a while, for in-depth reflection. Even in cases where adults are isolated against their will and for a long period of time, they are quite capable of surviving spiritually and socially. And sometimes, overcoming difficulties, they even develop their personality and discover new facets in themselves.
Conclusion: initial, or early (children), and continued, or late (adults), socialization are qualitatively different stages, but components of the same process. The first stage is the most important and most difficult. Therefore, children, isolated from their own kind, die, but adults do not. Possible accelerated training and growing up, but accelerated socialization is impossible. This is the process by which social skills are accumulated. Only in society can a person become an individual. The social plays a decisive role in the structure of personality.
4. The influence of culture on personality development
Socialization leads to the introduction of a person to culture. Its content consists of customs, mores, laws, etiquette, symbols and much more. Culture is a purely human way of life. Animals do not have culture, just as there are no people who do not have culture. In sociology, culture in a broad sense is understood as a specific, genetically non-inherited set of means, methods, forms, patterns and guidelines for the interaction of people with the environment of existence, which they develop in common life to maintain certain structures of activity and communication. In a narrow sense, culture is interpreted as a system of collectively shared values, beliefs, patterns and norms of behavior inherent in a certain group of people. Over the course of many centuries, each specific community creates its own culture, which accompanies the individual throughout his life and has a huge impact on his development as an individual, shapes his value orientations and worldview.
Therefore, it is society in all its diversity that is the main factor in the formation of a personality type. Let's take, for example, people with religious worldview. A person born in Turkey is most likely to become a Muslim, a person born in Burma - a Buddhist, in India - a Hindu, and in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus - an Orthodox Christian.
An important social factor in the formation of a worldview is time and the national characteristics of the society to which a person belongs. People of the 21st century have a worldview that is not the same as that of the people of the Middle Ages; We do not have the same as the modern African tribes of the Tutsis and Huttos, or the inhabitants of the American state of Arizona. National features of the worldview, regardless of national awareness, are formed during childhood. The national characteristics of the worldview embody a certain understanding of the hierarchy of values, the peculiarities of interpretation and evaluation of most life-meaning ideals. This manifests itself, first of all, in the formation of everyday behavior and tastes, and is recorded in the color of the language. By mastering the language, the child, together with her, assimilates the entire holistic culture of his people. In language, in speech, the entire spiritual life of a nation and people is most fully embodied.
Conclusion: the cultural component plays a role in personality development huge role. From birth, a person grows up in a certain cultural environment, a certain historical era. This shapes his morals, moral principles, and worldview. Introducing to other cultures and studying their characteristics contributes to spiritual enrichment and broadens the horizons of the emerging personality.
Man exists through metabolism with the environment. He breathes, consumes various natural products, and exists as a biological body within certain physicochemical, organic and other environmental conditions. As a natural, biological being, a person is born, grows, matures, ages and dies. All this characterizes a person as a biological being and determines his biological nature. But at the same time, it differs from any animal and, first of all, in the following features: it produces its own environment (dwelling, clothing, tools), changes the surrounding world not only according to the measure of its utilitarian needs, but also according to the laws of knowledge of this world, as well as and according to the laws of morality and beauty, it can act not only according to need, but also in accordance with the freedom of its will and imagination, while the action of an animal is oriented exclusively towards satisfaction physical needs(hunger, procreation instinct, group, species instincts, etc.); makes his life activity an object, treats it meaningfully, purposefully changes it, plans it. The above differences between man and animal characterize his nature; it, being biological, does not lie in the natural life activity of man alone. He seems to go beyond the limits of his biological nature and is capable of such actions that do not bring him any benefit: he distinguishes between good and evil, justice and injustice, is capable of self-sacrifice and posing such questions as “Who am I?”, “For what am I living for?”, “What should I do?” etc. Man is not only a natural, but also a social being, living in a special world - in a society that socializes man. He is born with a set of biological traits inherent to him as a certain biological species. A person becomes a reasonable person under the influence of society. He learns the language, perceives social norms of behavior, is imbued with socially significant values that regulate social relations, performs certain social functions and plays specifically social roles. All his natural inclinations and senses, including hearing, vision, and smell, become socially and culturally oriented. He evaluates the world according to the laws of beauty; the developed social system acts according to the laws of morality.
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Differences between humans and animals They make tools and use them as a means of producing material goods They carry out conscious, purposeful creative activity They have a highly developed brain, thinking and speech They use only natural tools Their behavior is subordinate to instincts They do not have a highly developed brain and cannot speak
Human / animal needs AnimalsHuman Instincts + Consciousness Needs are not interconnected Needs are interconnected Genuine needs + Imaginary needs not only eats, but eats food prepared and served in a certain way only eats contribute to development lead to degradation
Pyramid of human needs (according to A. Maslow) Spiritual (self-realization, individuality...) Prestigious (respect, high status...) Social (communication, friendship, love...) Existential (security, safety...) Physiological (thirst, hunger, sleep, breathing... ) Primary, congenital Secondary, acquired
Creativity Creativity is the highest type of human activity, which gives birth to a completely new, never before existing Mechanisms of creative activity Imagination - the creation of a new image based on past experience Imagination - the creation of a new image based on past experience Fantasy - imagination, characterized by special strength, brightness and unusualness Intuition – knowledge, the conditions for obtaining which are not realized
Structure of the personality psyche According to Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) I IT Super-I the sphere of the unconscious, biological needs, repressed desires, consciousness that helps us contact outside world, regulate our actions cultural norms and values created by society and acting as a censor in human behavior libido mortido
Other elements of the psyche Habits are ways of automatic, unconscious satisfaction of needs acquired by a person. Motives are meaningful drivers of action. Temperament is the type of mental makeup of a person (sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic, melancholic). Will is a person’s ability to do something even against desire, to overcome obstacles. Reason is the ability to reason, think about objects and connect them.
The most important qualities personality Consciousness and self-awareness The ability to successfully interact with other people Personal dignity The presence of beliefs and principles The ability to bear responsibility Self-determination Freedom (= “perceived necessity”) Self-recognition + self-image + self-esteem Benedict Spinoza () the ability to reproduce reality in ideal images
Socialization The process of influencing a person by society and his social structures childhood youth maturity old age agents primary socialization: parents, relatives, friends secondary socialization: teachers, colleagues, leaders socialization institutions family, school, army, church + Adaptation - the process of getting used to new conditions of existence desocialization? resocialization?
Deviant behavior This is behavior that does not comply with accepted norms and rules, as well as the expectations of society. Negative OP: causing harm to people (delinquency, crime, alcoholism, drug addiction...) Positive OP: getting ahead of the usual course of events, causing bewilderment in others (collecting bricks, etc. .) Reasons: 1) congenital predisposition 2) unfavorable social environment 3) political, economic crises 4) conflict between the dominant culture and subculture
Are the following statements about deviant behavior correct? A. Deviant behavior implies a violation only legal norms. B. Deviant behavior involves violation of written and unwritten norms. only A is true, only B is true, A and B are both false
Spiritual world personality spiritual needs for knowledge of the world around us, for self-knowledge and self-expression knowledge about nature, society and man beliefs and faith in the truth of one’s beliefs ability for certain types of activities feelings and emotions goals values WORLDVIEW a person’s system of views on the world and one’s place in it
Types of worldview Ordinary (everyday): based on personal experience human and makes little use of the experience of other people Religious: arises under the influence of religious teachings Scientific: relies on the achievements of science, is closely connected with the social practice of people Humanistic: places human rights and freedoms as the highest value
A type of worldview that includes generalized results of the achievements of human knowledge, the principles of the relationship between man and his environment: 1) humanistic worldview 2) religious worldview 3) scientific worldview 4) everyday worldview
Approaches to understanding the meaning of life Hedonistic: the pursuit of pleasure (Epicurus (BC)). Ascetic: suppression of drives and desires (Cynics, Diogenes (BC)). Humble-stoic: submission to necessity, fate (Stoics, Zeno (BC)). Religious: selfless service to God. Categorical-imperative: live in accordance with the moral law: “Act in such a way that the maxim of your will can always become the principle of universal legislation” (I. Kant). Effective-humanistic: a person must realize his inner potential.
