Emigration: what would you tell yourself before leaving? Our principles Have I developed the right habits?

The concept of “willingness to take risks” became widespread in the works of European scientists in the 60s in connection with the emergence of scientific direction, about the prerequisites for accidents. At the same time, it is believed that the willingness to take risks is generated by the situation, but is based mainly on the individual qualities of the employee: needs, actual motives, dominance, extroversion, rigidity, egocentrism, frivolity, dishonesty, timidity, etc.

Willingness to take risks as a characterological component of “courage.” Using examples of analysis of critical life situations, they demonstrated the positive role of this quality in a person’s desire to act in accordance with his beliefs.

Subsequently, they began to distinguish not a generalized property of risk propensity, but an empirically substantiated, more comprehensive presentation personal risk. Thus, the German researcher Schmidt differentiated three components of this readiness: a) mental readiness for risk, associated with the willingness to withstand a threat to one’s bodily integrity, b) social, associated with the willingness to act in an unusual way, not to pay attention to cliches or the approval of others, c) financial , as readiness for outcomes with risks that cannot be calculated, or carelessness in handling money. As a private property, risk was included in factor Q3 - impulsivity. It should be noted that the replacement of the concept of risk readiness with the concept of impulsiveness was characteristic of many authors. Willingness to take risks, as G. Eysenck emphasizes, is a tendency to seek strong sensations, which differs from impulsiveness, which is more closely related to temperament.

More experienced workers have lower risk tolerance than less experienced workers; in women it is realized with more specific expectations than in men. Willingness to take risks reflects the nature of the activity: among the military it is higher than among students; in a group setting it manifests itself more strongly than when working alone.

All characteristics of an employee, including willingness to take risks, are manifested in his behavior and actions. The choice of behavior in conditions of danger is usually determined by the following factors:

the payoff that can be obtained with this choice;

danger (physical or other);

chances of success or avoiding failure (danger);

the degree of necessity of making a choice.

Each of the above factors is based on an analysis of a specific situation and its own capabilities. For example, the chances of success or avoiding danger can be assessed in connection with the ability to control the development of the situation, prevent the negative consequences of the choice made, etc. However, a person’s behavior in a dangerous situation also depends on how adequately these conditions are reflected in his consciousness. It depends on his individual qualities. So, people who are weak nervous system, anxiety, usually overestimate the degree of danger and the possibility of its manifestation. People, driven by a strong urge to achieve a goal and gain from this, sometimes tend, on the contrary, to underestimate the level of danger and consider the possibility of its manifestation less probable than it actually is. The influence of personal qualities is especially great when choosing a behavior option under risk conditions. extreme situations. A personality trait such as risk appetite has a particularly strong effect on choice.

Willingness to take risks is directly related to the individual’s focus on achieving a goal or orientation to avoid failure. It is these motives that are most associated with accidents. Psychological research identified a number of patterns:

workers who were afraid of an accident are more likely to find themselves in such situations than those who were focused on success in their activities;

Goal-oriented people prefer intermediate level risk, and those who are afraid of failure prefer small or, conversely, excessively large risks (where failure does not threaten prestige);

with strong motivation for success, hopes for success are usually more modest than with weak motivation;

people who are motivated to achieve a goal and have high hopes for success tend to avoid high risks;

The higher a person’s motivation to achieve a goal, the lower their willingness to take risks.

Willingness to take risks

The willingness to take risks and accept the results of a decision with dignity does not need any explanation for entrepreneurs. As a startup founder, you will face risks every day, and this is where someone with a lot of business experience may run into their first hurdles.

When a person is over 40, they have probably already taken great risks and failed. This means he will be less inclined to do it again. Thus, older businessmen think that they are avoiding complications, but it is impossible not to notice how they also miss opportunities.

People in their 20s and 30s usually don't have that experience. It is clear that they are afraid to take risks. However, in the end they usually decide to take the risky step and there is a very good chance that it will all pay off.

Knowledge

Those who start their own business after 40 years usually have some experience behind them. They may have taken part in the creation own business or witnessed the birth of a friend or colleague's business.

When you reach your 20s or 30s, you may not have the same real knowledge of how to start a business. However, you have something more important. This is the knowledge and skills that you acquired in higher education.

The importance of education to running a thriving business is often overlooked. However, there are essential points that you can only study in college. And this is exactly the foundation that is needed to create a viable business.

Responsibilities

By age 40, people accumulate many financial responsibilities. Family, mortgages, car payments and medical expenses not only eat up a significant portion of your budget, but also make you less flexible.

A fairly popular idea is that businessmen between the ages of 20 and 30 have nothing to lose. This may not be entirely true, as some people start family relationships when they are quite young. However, when you are under 40, you have more freedom of choice.

If you are a forty-year-old father of three, your business decisions will be determined by the risks you can take. Young people have fewer aspects that prevent them from making bold decisions, and they ultimately succeed.

Sustainability

There is one fact that experienced entrepreneurs would like to convey to every newbie. The message is that starting a business will be a journey filled with ups and downs. If you look at the stories successful people in business, you will see that each of them has its share of failures.

Impressionable business people don't respond well to failure. Their initial reaction may vary, but it always includes disappointment, resentment, and even a desire to quit. If they are lucky, they internal system support will not allow them to give up. If this is not the case, then your days in business are quickly ending.

But it's a completely different story with people in their 20s or 30s. They come to the starting point of their business with the understanding that failure is inevitable. This does not mean that they are completely immune to failure, but they have a more mature reaction.

Technology

Technology is an important part of starting a startup these days. There are thousands of businesses that thrive only online. Even if your business is completely offline, so to speak, technology can still be a valuable help in growing your business.

People over 40 can understand the importance of using technology in their business. They may even take their business online or undertake successful steps for the transition to the digital world. However, they will never be able to understand technology the way 28-year-olds do.

Not only are today's 30-year-olds completely savvy with technology, many of them are actually so-called digital natives. These people spent most of their lives staying up late at the computer, figuring out their smartphone. This is why young entrepreneurs are the future of business.

Conclusion

According to reviews from people who have multifaceted experience in business, starting your own business at any age without any problems is impossible. Entrepreneurs who are 20, 30, 40 or 50 years old have their strengths and disadvantages. However, there are many reasons why the age range of 20 to 40 is the golden age for starting a business. Take care of yourself, study, don't stand still, use your strength, don't let anything distract you, and soon you will become famous and rich! The sooner you start a business, the sooner you will face all the ups and downs, gain experience and become a successful entrepreneur who is not afraid of anything.

Nothing is more important to investors than understanding how much they are willing to lose. But the most difficult thing is to achieve this understanding before it is too late.

The wild swings in the US stock market this month, after three years of consistent gains, have yet to remind us all how bad it is to lose. money.

People masterfully distort their memories and forget facts. Many investors who panicked in 2008–2009 now firmly believe that they can survive another crisis with a straight face. At the same time, the standard test for the ability to remain calm in dangerous situations does not allow us to predict the reaction of financial managers to losses, if only because different people perceive risk differently.

Scientists became interested in this problem. A team of researchers from University College London, the University of Sydney, the University of Pennsylvania, New York University and Yale University published a study in the Journal of Neuroscience that found that the willingness to take financial risks is closely related to the density of cells in a specific region of the brain.

Experiments show that the thickness of the layer of gray matter in the right posterior parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex - a small area near the back of the upper part of the skull - is directly related to the ability to survive dangerous situations.

"People who have a large number gray matter in this zone will, on average, have an increased tolerance to financial risks.”

Biologist Scott Huettel from Duke University comments on the discovery of his colleagues:

“This study is the first to establish a link between brain structure and risky decisions.”

As psychologist Elke Weber of Columbia Business School notes, the ability to remain calm in dangerous situations varies by activity and context and is not a “fundamental character trait.” You can be a gambling enthusiast in Las Vegas, but invest in cash and bonds.

Perhaps the scariest risk for most investors is "deviating from a long-term plan in pursuit of short-term emotional well-being in times of turmoil," as Greg Davis, head of behavioral finance research at Barclays Wealth and Investment Management, a division of Barclays PLC, puts it.

How much risk can you take? Alas, science is not yet able to accurately calculate this value and issue personal recommendations based on measurements, so try to figure it out yourself. In order to predict your own behavior, you need to decide on several questions.

What did I do during the last crisis?

Perhaps the memories of how you turned pale and slid under the table, clutching your heart, have managed to fade somewhat over the years. The only way to know for sure is to dig up old bank statements. Anyone who sold shares in 2008-2009 will most likely do the same in a new wave of panic. Certainly, given these conditions, it is not worth increasing the share of stocks in the portfolio more than in 2007.

How flexible are my goals?

The ability to withstand risks depends not only on how much money is in the account, but also on plans for the future. If you're dead set on buying that charming cottage next year, your ability to take on risk is much lower than just looking at your account balance would suggest.

What risks am I protected from?

Financial advisors fill out their clients' portfolios high yield bonds and debt securities of developing countries and bank lending funds. During a crisis, these profitable but risky investments lose value no less than shares of American companies. The best insurance against falling stocks is cash and bonds high class.

Have I developed the right habits?

If there is peace and quiet around, a person tends to believe that he will do the right thing even in the most difficult situation. However, remaining calm in the midst of panic is only possible if your actions are honed and the right actions become a habit. If you've already updated the value of your stock portfolio this month, stop checking your personal accounts while the markets are open. If you can't make this a habit, you've probably invested too much of your capital in stocks.

Risk is a possible realized by man danger. A person faces risk every day, sometimes he doesn’t even notice it because... “automatically, at the subconscious level, evaluates its likelihood and potential threat.” Sometimes risk is understood as an activity that is performed in the hope of a successful outcome or simply the characteristics of an activity in a certain situation. However, another view of risk is more common, where it is viewed as a possible danger or failure.

According to the dictionary of S.I. Burn risk is defined as possible danger and acting at random in the hope of a happy outcome. According to him, for risk to exist, there must be danger, which contains uncertainty.

A.P. Algin defines risk as an activity that is associated with overcoming uncertainty in a situation of inevitable choice. In the process of this activity, it is possible to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the probability of achieving the intended result, failure and deviation from the goal.

According to O. Renn, risk is the possibility that human actions and the results of his activities lead to consequences that affect human values.

The concept of “risk” is used by many public and natural sciences. Each of them uses its own methods for this because... Each science has its own subject and its own focus in the study of risk. As a consequence, a wide variety of aspects can be identified in which risk or activity in risky situations can be considered.

“High willingness to take risks is usually accompanied by low motivation to avoid failure, and is directly proportional to the number of mistakes made.” Most often in older people with a lot of luggage life experience willingness to take risks weakens. If we talk about professional activities, then people with extensive professional experience take risks much less often than inexperienced, young specialists. If we consider individuals by gender, then women are willing to take risks under more certain conditions than men. In a team, an individual’s willingness to take risks depends on the expectations placed on him, therefore, in a given situation, the willingness to take risks may be stronger than if the person were alone. In general, a person’s willingness to take risks increases with the maturation or presence of internal conflict. “Sometimes there is no way to avoid risk, but it is possible to minimize it, and it is enough to know simple rules so as not to take unnecessary risks.”

But eliminate the risk from everyday life impossible because it is an integral feature of human activity. Typically, risk occurs in all areas human activity, this is due to the influence of many factors and conditions on the positive outcome of decisions made by a person external environment, both social and economic and even natural.

However, “risk can be managed, that is, various measures can be used that allow, to a certain extent, to predict the occurrence of a risk event and take measures to reduce the degree of risk.”

The risk cannot be considered unambiguously because sometimes it can accompany creative activity people, and sometimes, in dangerous situations, it is necessary for survival. Sometimes the decisions made can become risky, due to the fact that there is no way to predict the consequences that they may entail. That is why any decision made carries some degree of risk and is made by a person to ensure personal psychological safety.

Based on this, we can say that “risk not only characterizes a person’s activity as focused on the possibility of failure, but also shows the ability to calculate the situation and the person’s ability to change it in accordance with his goals.”

A person’s propensity to take risks cannot be a constant value; people can take different risks in their personal life and professional activities. An individual's willingness to take risk depends on many environmental factors, such as characteristics problem situations, structuring social systems, methods of problem formation and type of decision made. An individual's willingness to take risks may be related to gender, men are usually more risky than women, as well as personal qualities, as a tendency to self-assertion and dominance, impulsiveness, excitability and aggressiveness. “Negative relationships were found with social desirability, social responsibility, conscientiousness, and suggestibility.”

When assessing risk readiness when making risky decisions, the following data can be considered as initial:

1) important target settings, i.e. personal and professional goals;

2) a list of negative consequences and losses that are possible when making any risky decision, the main task here is to minimize losses;

3) the degree of risk readiness depending on the likelihood of consequences.

That is why “it is very important to assess the degree of risk readiness, and it is possible to take corrective measures to avoid the negative consequences of risk in a person’s life.”