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Battle of Poltava The Battle of Poltava is the largest battle of the Northern War between Russian troops under the command of Peter I and the Swedish army of Charles XII. It took place on the morning of June 27 (July 8), 1709, 6 versts from the city of Poltava on Ukrainian lands (Left Bank of the Dnieper). The decisive victory of the Russian army led to a turning point in the Northern War in Russia's favor and ended Sweden's dominance as the main military power in Europe.
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After the Battle of Narva in 1700, Charles XII invaded Europe and a long war broke out involving many states, in which the army of Charles XII was able to advance far to the south, gaining victories. After Peter I conquered part of Livonia from Charles XII and founded a new fortified city of St. Petersburg at the mouth of the Neva, Charles decided to attack central Russia and capture Moscow. During the campaign, he decided to lead his army to Little Russia, whose hetman, Mazepa, went over to Karl’s side, but was not supported by the bulk of the Cossacks. By the time Charles's army approached Poltava, he had lost up to a third of the army, his rear was attacked by Peter's light cavalry - Cossacks and Kalmyks, and was wounded just before the battle. The battle was lost by Charles, and he fled to the Ottoman Empire.
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Betrayal of Mazepa In October 1708, Peter I became aware of the betrayal and defection of Hetman Mazepa to the side of Charles XII, who negotiated with the Swedish king for quite a long time, promising him, if he arrived in Ukraine, up to 50 thousand Cossack troops, food and comfortable wintering. On October 28, 1708, Mazepa, at the head of a detachment of Cossacks, arrived at Charles’s headquarters. It was in this year that Peter I amnestied and recalled from exile (accused of treason based on Mazepa’s slander) the Ukrainian colonel Paliy Semyon (real name Gurko); Thus, the sovereign of Russia secured the support of the Cossacks.
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Ivan Stepanovich Mazepa Since 1687 - hetman of the Zaporozhye Troops of the left bank of the Dnieper, and since 1704, after the unification of the territories of the Left Bank and Right Bank of Ukraine, - hetman of the Zaporozhye Troops on both sides of the Dnieper. For a long time he was one of the closest associates of the Russian Tsar Peter I and did a lot for the economic rise of the Left Bank Sich In 1708, he secretly went over to the side of the enemy of the Russian state in the Northern War - the Swedish king Charles XII, almost a year before his defeat by the Russian army. For betrayal of the oath, he was subjected to civil execution with deprivation of the titles and awards that he received from the king. In 1709, Peter I ordered the production of a single copy of the Order of Judas, which was supposed to be awarded to Mazepa for betraying the Russian Tsar. The Russian Orthodox Church anathematized Ivan Mazepa. After the defeat of Charles XII near Poltava (1709), he fled to the Ottoman Empire and died in the city of Bendery
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Siege of Poltava In the autumn of 1708, the Swedes reached the suburbs of Poltava and, settling down for the winter rest in Budishchi, decided to take the city by storm. The superiority of forces was significant - the Swedish king Charles XII had thirty thousand soldiers at his disposal against the small Poltava garrison. But the courage of the city residents allowed them to hold out against an entire army for two months. Poltava was never surrendered to the Swedes.
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Battle of Poltava. Preparing for the battle While the Swedes were losing time and strength under the walls of Poltava, Peter I was preparing his troops for the most important battle. At the beginning of June, having crossed the Vorskla River, Russian soldiers settled down at Yakovtsy, five kilometers from the besieged city, in the rear of the Swedes. Having blocked the only path along which the Swedes could advance with several redoubts, behind them Peter placed 17 cavalry regiments of his friend and military leader, Alexander Menshikov. Ukrainian Hetman Skoropadsky, meanwhile, cut off the Swedes’ path to Poland and Ukraine. Peter did not trust the hetman too much, but nevertheless used his powers.
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Northern War (1700-1721) between Russia and Sweden - Poltavskaya battle. In the spring of 1709, after an unsuccessful winter campaign in Ukraine, the army... of the Swedes was undermined, the glory of the invincibility of Charles XII was dispelled. Poltavskoe The battle influenced the further development of Russian military art. ...
Battle of Poltava. Epifanovskaya L.I., ...
Discipline Chichinadze Zinaida Semenovna, literature teacher 1 Poltavskaya Victoria " Poltavskaya battle it was not a simple battle, remarkable in its enormity... 2nd question: When was the museum opened Poltava battles? Immediately after Poltava battles Russian soldiers were buried in mass graves: ...
V.S. Plan: 1. Background of the battle 2. Poltavskaya battle 3.Results Poltava battles Poltavskaya battle- the largest battle of the Northern War between the troops of the Russian Kingdom... 1345 people were killed and 3290 wounded. As a result Poltava battles the army of King Charles XII ceased to exist. He himself...
Poltava Position of the Russians On the eve battles Order of Peter 1 Before Poltava battle Troops in front battle Battle End of the first stage Building Russians... the basis of the famous order: Educational Center "Niva" Poltavskaya battle Order of Peter 1 before Poltava battle Warriors! The hour has come that will decide...
“And the battle broke out, the Battle of Poltava...” (Ah....
"And the battle broke out, Poltavsky battle..." (A.S. Pushkin "Poltava") What period battles depicted? What are the names of the earthworks shown in the picture? ... extra? No. 1 No. 3 No. 2 No. 4 What order is depicted? Monuments Poltava battle in St. Petersburg, the Monument to Peter I at the Mikhailovsky Castle. Sculptor - Karl...
And with them the royal squads
They came together in the smoke among the plain -
And the battle broke out, the Battle of Poltava!..
Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts;
Drumming, clicks, grinding,
The thunder of guns, the stomping, the neighing groan -
And death and hell on all sides.
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Battle of Poltava.
And with them the royal squads Came together in the smoke in the middle of the plain - And a battle broke out, the Battle of Poltava!.. Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts; Drumming, clicks, grinding, The thunder of guns, stomping, neighing, groaning - And death and hell on all sides. A. S. Pushkin. Poltava.
On June 27 (July 8), 1709, six miles from the city of Poltava in Little Russia (Left Bank Ukraine), the largest battle of the Northern War took place between Russian and Swedish troops, which ended in the defeat of the Swedish army of Charles XII.
In April 1709, Swedish troops besieged the city of Poltava, which was defended by a small garrison under the command of Colonel A. S. Kelin. The Swedes launched daily attacks on the fortress. If the city was captured, a threat was created to Voronezh, a key base for supplying and forming the Russian army. At the end of May 1709, the main forces of the Russian army under the command of Peter I approached the Poltava region. The Russian army, numbering 42 thousand people and 72 guns, was located in a fortified camp it created 5 km north of Poltava. Taking into account the experience of the Battle of Lesnaya, the Russian army chose a small rugged space surrounded by forest to complicate the enemy’s maneuvers. Peter took command of the first division, and distributed the other divisions among the generals. The cavalry was entrusted to A.D. Menshikov, the command of the artillery was entrusted to Bruce.
About 20 thousand people and 4 guns took part in the battle from the Swedish side (28 guns were left in the convoy without ammunition). The remaining troops (up to 10 thousand people), including the Cossacks and Ukrainian Cossacks who fought on the side of Sweden, led by Hetman I. S. Mazepa, were in reserve. The Swedish army, due to the injury of Charles XII, was commanded by Field Marshal Renschild. The infantry and cavalry were commanded by generals Levenhaupt and Kreutz.
At two o'clock in the morning on June 27 (July 8), Swedish infantry moved in four columns towards the Russian redoubts, followed by six cavalry columns. After a stubborn two-hour battle, the Swedes managed to capture only two advanced redoubts. Renschild, trying to bypass the Russian redoubts on the left, regrouped his troops. At the same time, six right-flank battalions and several squadrons of generals Schlippenbach and Ross broke away from the main forces of the Swedes, retreated to the forest north of Poltava, where they were defeated by Menshikov’s cavalry. Having broken through the redoubts, the main part of the Swedes came under heavy artillery and rifle fire from the Russian camp, and retreated in disarray to the Budishchensky forest.
At nine o'clock hand-to-hand combat began. Under pressure from superior forces, the Swedes began a retreat, which soon turned into a disorderly flight. A. D. Menshikov’s detachment was sent in pursuit of the retreating, which the next day overtook the enemy at Perevolochna on the Dnieper and forced the remnants of the Swedish army (16 thousand) under the command of A. D. Levengaupt to capitulate. The Swedish king Charles XII and the Ukrainian hetman Mazepa with a small detachment fled to the territory of the Ottoman Empire. During the Battle of Poltava, the Swedes lost over 9 thousand killed and over 18 thousand prisoners, while the Russian losses were significantly less - 1 thousand 345 people killed and 3 thousand 290 wounded.
The Russians were the first in the military science of the era to use field earthen fortifications, as well as fast-moving horse artillery. The decisive victory of the Russian army in the Battle of Poltava led to a turning point in the Northern War in Russia's favor and ended Sweden's dominance as the main military power in Europe. The ancient Russian lands went to Russia, and it firmly established itself on the shores of the Baltic Sea.
Day of Military Glory of Russia - The Day of the victory of the Russian army under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava (1709) is celebrated on July 10 in accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of March 13, 1995 No. 32-FZ “On the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia "
Objective of the lesson: show the growing power of the Russian army and the gradual preparation of a turning point in the Northern War of 1700-1721.
Lesson objectives:
- Trace the course of events at the turning point of the Northern War.
- To promote respect for Russian history.
- To promote the development of students’ information culture and introduce them to the capabilities of PCs.
Lesson equipment: computer and projector.
Lesson plan:
I. Organizational moment (2 min).
II. Repeat (7 min).
III. Introduction to the topic (3 min).
IV. Studying a new topic (16 min).
Plan for learning new material:
- Battle of Poltava.
- Consequences of the Battle of Poltava.
- Prut campaign.
V. Consolidation (7 min).
VI. Lesson summary. Reflection (3 min).
VII. Homework (2 min).
Basic Concepts: general battle, redoubt, Janissaries.
The most important dates: 1704 - capture of Narva and Dorpat; 1706 - the offensive of Charles XII in Belarus; September 1708 - battle near the village of Lesnoy; June 27, 1709 - Battle of Poltava; 1711 - Prut campaign.
Lesson progress
The lesson is conducted using a computer presentation. (Appendix 1)
Slide 1 Shows students not only the topic of the lesson, but also its place in the overall topic.
Slide 3. The teacher provides an epigraph for the lesson.
“Weapons should be resorted to last, when other means prove insufficient.” ( Machiavelli)
“War imposes tribute equally on both men and women, but only takes blood from some, and tears from others.” ( Thackeray)
Slide 4.
The teacher communicates the purpose and problem of the lesson.
Target: Learn about the growing power of the Russian army and the gradual preparation of a turning point in the war.
Problem: The war between Russia and Sweden is called the Northern War. Why did the main land battle take place in the south of the country?
Slide 5. Scheme "Northern War 1700-1721"
The teacher suggests repeating the main questions of the previous lesson.
Students answer the questions:
- What are the causes of the Northern War?
- What were the goals of the war?
- Which countries were part of the Northern Alliance against Sweden?
On the slide, after each student's answer, a diagram appears step by step.
Slide 6. Knowledge test.
Students in control notebooks complete the test proposed on the slide (for example, those sitting on option 1 - odd questions; on option 2 - even questions), then they can exchange notebooks for testing.
The test is carried out on the slide: by clicking on it, the answers appear step by step.
Task 1. Match the dates and events:
Answer: 1-1700, 2-1700; 3-1701; 4-1702; 5-1703; 6-1703.
Task 2. What events did Peter I speak about:
- “Unprecedented things happen” (Battle of Russian boats with Swedish ships at the mouth of the Neva in 1703).
- “We can finally beat the Swedes!” (B. Sheremetyev’s army defeated the Swedish corps near the town of Erestfer in 1701)
Slide 7. Plan for studying a new topic.
- The course of military operations in 1704-1709. Battle of the village of Lesnoy.
- Battle of Poltava.
- Consequences of the Battle of Poltava.
- Prut campaign.
Slide 8. Working with the map.
The teacher shows the course of events at the initial stage of the Northern War. Tells about the actions of Charles XII in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Describes military operations on the territory of Belarus, noting popular resistance to the invaders.
The teacher reminds that students must continue filling out the table about the progress of the war in their notebooks.
Slide 9. Working with the map.
The teacher talks about the battle near the village of Lesnoy. What are the results of the battle and what is its significance (“the mother of the Poltava battle”). A change in the plans of Charles XII - the betrayal of Hetman Mazepa allowed the Swedes to turn to Ukraine in search of a support base. It must be emphasized that the Ukrainian people did not support the traitor and showed serious resistance to the Swedes. Shows Poltava on the map.
Slide 10.
The teacher tells why the warring parties decided to give a general battle near Poltava? Explains the importance of the general battle. It is dangerous because you can end up losing everything. The Battle of Poltava was the first general battle fought by Russian troops after the defeat at Narva.
The teacher talks about the combat plan of the Russian command. On slide 10 shows a diagram of the fortifications and the positions of the parties.
- The Russian command thoroughly prepared for the meeting with the enemy. On the approaches to the Russian camp, 6 quadrangular redoubts (embankment earthworks) perpendicular to this line there are 4 more redoubts. This innovation came as a surprise to the Swedes. Military science and practice have never known this before.
- A new development in military affairs was also the presence of easily moving field artillery among the Russians.
What was the advantage of the Russian positions? Find out the balance of power. Explains why the Swedes attacked the line of Russian redoubts head-on, emphasizing that the Russian army had superiority in artillery.
Slide 11.
The teacher emphasizes that the high morale of the Russian army played a huge role in the battle. Describes the course of the battle, says that Peter personally led the soldiers into the attack. The Swedish retreat turned into flight.
Slide 12.
The teacher notes that near Poltava the Russian army showed excellent training and heroism, and Peter and his military leaders demonstrated outstanding leadership abilities (the use of redoubts and horse artillery). Capturing the remnants of the Swedish army on the Dnieper. The flight and tragic fate of Charles XII.
Slide 13. Students compare losses based on the slide data.
- 1345 Russian soldiers were killed on the Poltava field. They were buried in a mound, on the top of which Peter erected a wooden cross with the inscription: “Pious warriors, married in blood for piety.”
- The army of Charles XII lost 9 thousand people killed, about 3 thousand were captured, including most of the generals.
Slide 14. The teacher notes that near Poltava the Russian army showed excellent training and heroism, and Peter and his military leaders demonstrated outstanding leadership abilities.
By clicking on picture 14 of the slide, a fragment of the film is played. ( Appendix 3 )
Slide 15. Consequences of the Battle of Poltava: the rise of Russia’s international authority, a radical turning point in the course of the Northern War.
Slide 16. Narrator's story "Prut Campaign". (Appendix 4)
By clicking on the picture, the speaker's story is played with a change of pictures. At the same time, information gradually appears on the right in accordance with the speaker’s story.
- 1710-1711 - Russian-Turkish war.
- Turkey, incited by Sweden and England, declared war on Russia and moved the 120 thousand army of the vizier Batalji Mehmed to the Dniester, which included another 50 thousand Crimean Tatars.
- The actions of the Russian army in Moldova did not receive adequate support from the Slavs enslaved by the Turks.
- On July 9, 1711, 44 thousand Russian troops were surrounded near the Prut River by a 130 thousand Turkish army.
- To save the army, the Vice-Chancellor of Russia P. Shafirov signed the Prut Peace Treaty on July 12, 1711.
The teacher shows on the map the movement of Russian troops, a camp on the river. Rod. To do this, click on the hyperlink on the “map” icon to open slide 8, then click on the “return” hyperlink to open slide 16.
Slide 17. Prut campaign.
The teacher describes the difficult situation of the Russian army, which forced Peter to negotiate. The Prut Peace and its conditions. It is especially necessary to emphasize that the defeat and loss of Azov could no longer affect Russia’s transformation into a great power. Why did Peter's army fall into a trap? To summarize: as a result of this defeat, the Black Sea (Crimean-Turkish) direction of Peter I’s policy as a whole was unsuccessful.
Additional material: using the “information” hyperlink you can open the text about how Catherine I Peter I was released from captivity. ( Appendix 2
)
Slide 18. Fixing the material.
By using slide 18 The students' completion of the table in the notebook “1st stage of the Northern War 1700-1709” is checked.
| Main events | Results and implications |
1700 – Battle of Narva |
1. Complete defeat of Russian troops and loss of all artillery. |
1704 – capture of Dorpat and Narva by the Russian army |
1. Raising the morale of the Russian army. |
1706 – Abdication of the Polish King Augustus II from the throne |
Russia's loss of allies and the strengthening of Sweden's position (Swedish protege on the Polish throne). |
1708 – Battle of Lesnaya |
The defeat of the Swedish corps (with convoy) of Levengaupt, depriving Charles XII of additional forces. |
1709 – Battle of Poltava |
1. The defeat of the Swedish land army. |
Slide 19. Fixing the material.
Students answer the questions:
- What is the date of the Battle of Poltava?
- Which countries' armies took part in this battle?
- Who led these armies?
- What are the consequences of the Battle of Poltava for Russia’s international position and for the course of the Northern War?
After each answer, clicking on slide 19 will gradually reveal the package with the “secret task.” Which city’s coat of arms was revealed to you? (Poltava)
Slide 20.
Lesson summary. Reflection
Students talk about their fulfillment of the goal and problem of the lesson. For a reminder, you can follow the hyperlink “home” - “target”. Then follow the “return” or “smiley” hyperlink to return to slide 20.
Slide 21. Homework.
§14 questions 3,4,7 on page 122.
Tasks 1, 4 of the Workbook.
Creative task: write a letter on behalf of a participant in the Battle of Poltava.
Find out from additional materials what is now located on the site of the former Battle of Poltava?
Slide 22. Bibliography.
Literature
- Textbook by A.A. Preobrazhensky “History of the Fatherland, grade 7.”
- Serov B.N., Garkusha L.M. Lesson developments on the history of Russia from the end of the 16th to the end of the 18th century. 7th grade. M.: "VAKO", 2004.
- History of Russia in tables and diagrams. Series "Checkered School". – M.: “Leaf”. 2001. – 208 p.
- CD-ROM NOU SGI, Statpro LLC, 1997, 2001 “History of the Fatherland. Multimedia course".
