India is located on a peninsula isosceles triangle. Successful physical geographical position India and the concentration of important air and sea routes contribute to the unification of the South-Eastern and South-Asian states with Africa and Europe. This is washed by the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. India includes the Nicobar, Amindive, Andaman and other islands. The state with a total area of 3.287 million km² stretches from south to north for 3214 km and from west to east for about 3000 km. If its land boundary corresponds to 15,200 km, then the sea one is approximately 6,000 km. Most major ports are located either artificially (Chennai) or in (Kolkata). The south of the east coast is called Coromandel, and the south of the west coast of the Hindustan Peninsula is called Malabar. The geographical position differs markedly from the location of modern India. In the past, the state corresponded to the territory of some countries taken together (Iran, Palestine, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia and Syria).
At present, in the east, India is in contact with Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh; in the north it borders on Afghanistan, Nepal and China; adjoins Pakistan from the western side. Almost three quarters are filled with plateaus. The northern part of India is fenced off from other countries with the help of the Himalayas - the highest mountains in the world, accumulating a huge amount of moisture and heat. This mountain range rises above the Indo-Gangetic lowland and extends near the border of China, Afghanistan and Nepal. It is in the Himalayas that the great and Ganges arise. The most beautiful place in India is Goa, which is located next to the Arabian Sea.
This rapidly developing, agro-industrial state has achieved many recognitions in the economy. The national policy is aimed at the formation of the space program, industrialization and agrarian reforms. Indian industry consists of different types of production - from giant new factories to primitive handicrafts.
The main economic and geographical features are:
- the favorable economic and geographical position of India in the south of Asia, where the sea routes from the Mediterranean to the Pacific Ocean are located;
- unresolved territorial issues related to China and Pakistan;
- complex economic ties due to the terrain with countries located in the north.
Not only India's favorable geographical position attracts many foreign investors, but also the economy, which is rather controversial. Along with the rapid pace of industrial development, agriculture continues to move intensively. It involves 520 million people, of which more than half work in the agricultural sector; a quarter - in the service sector; the remaining amount - in the industry, the main areas of which are engineering, automotive, consumer electronics and much more.
Thus, the economic and geographical position of India is favorable to the development of its economy, and the country manages to achieve success in the development of its economy.
The name of the country and the composition of the territory.
India is one of the largest states in the world, possessing huge natural and human resources and great scientific potential. There are currently 25 states in India. These are Andha Pradesh, Arunagal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujaharat, Jammu and Cammir, West Bengal, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Maharashtra, Meghalal Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Talielnad , Trinura, Haryana, Himachaya Pradesh, Ushtar Pradesh. In addition to the states, India includes seven union territories - administrative units of central subordination, relatively small in size and population: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra and Nonarhaveli, Daman and Diu, Delhi, Lanshadweep, Puttucheri (Pondicherry), Chandigarh.
2. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The impact of EGP on the development of the country. Changing the position of the country in time.
Republic of India, a state in South Asia: 3.3 million sq. km.
India borders Afghanistan and Pakistan in the northwest, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the north, Burma and Bangladesh in the east. In the south, the Polk Strait and the Gulf of Manara separate Sri Lanka from India. The Great Channel between the islands of Great Nicobar and Sumatra is the maritime border between India and Indonesia.
India is washed by the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Most of the peninsula of Hindustan is occupied by the Deccan Plateau, in the north - the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the highest mountains of the Himalayas and Karanorum. The climate is subequatorial monsoon, tropical in the south. The main rivers are the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Indus. Rainforests savannah and shrubby semi-desert. In the mountains, altitudinal zonality.
From the beginning of the 16th century, there was a gradual conquest of India by European colonizers (Portuguese, Dutch, French). India (in the 19th century) was turned into an object of outright plunder, brutal tax exploitation, a source of raw materials and a market for British manufactured goods.
Until the middle of the 19th century, India was a feudal country with a slow development of socio-economic relations. The specificity of India was the dominance of the communal-caste social structure sanctified by Hinduism. At the end of the 19th century, the development of capitalism intensified, and national monopolies arose. The contradictions between the Indian bourgeoisie and British imperialism sharpened. After World War II, the British government was forced to grant independence to India. In 1950, the Indian Union became a Republic. India adheres to the policy of international cooperation, opposes military blocs and neo-colonialism. Diplomatic relations with Russia.
In international affairs, India pursues an independent course. Having gone through all the hardships of nearly two hundred years of domination by foreign colonialists, it stands on the side of those whose freedom and independence have been and are being trampled underfoot by imperialism. India has greatly contributed to the national liberation movement in the former colonies, supported the heroic struggle of the Vietnamese people against US aggression, strongly condemns racism and apartheid in South Africa, stands for a just settlement in the Middle East. India seeks to develop good bilateral relations with all countries, primarily neighboring ones. In this regard, the Indian leadership attaches great importance to the participation of countries in the Association for Regional Cooperation of South Asia, established in 1985.
3. Features of the population. demographic policy.
India is the most populated country in the world after China. In 1952, the Government of India adopted a nationwide family planning program. The program was modest in its early years, and when the 1961 census showed that the rate of growth was higher than expected, specific time frames and targets were developed for the program. This led to a noticeable decrease in the birth rate - from 4.5% at the turn of the 50s to about 3.3% in the early 80s. In 1986 it is believed to have hovered around 3.1%.
between the 1971 and 1981 censuses. India's population grew by 3.25% per year, and in absolute terms increased by about 137 million people. During the period from 1947 to 1981, the country's population doubled, i.e. a second India appeared within the same borders. India's current population growth rate is approximately 2%. About 24 million babies are born every year and about 8.5 million people die - bringing the total to 15.5 million, equal to the population of Australia. It is assumed that if the population of India continues to grow at the same pace, then by the end of this century its number will outgrow the billion mark. The country has created big number jobs, but it was not enough to cover the unemployed and those who joined the ranks of the working population. In fact, the number of unemployed, including among the educated strata, is increasing. Only at labor exchanges in March 1985 about 14 million people were registered as unemployed (approximately 7.4 million men and 6.5 million women). These data, however, do not reflect the full picture. According to various estimates, total number fully or partially unemployed, especially in rural areas, is tens of millions of people.
India is a multinational state. It is inhabited by large peoples, whose representatives differ from each other in appearance, language, and customs.
Hindi and Urdu have a common grammar and a common stock of everyday words, they are often considered as two literary forms. common language Hindustash. They are mainly located in the North-Central region. In addition to the Hindustanis, languages originating from Sanskrit are spoken by such large peoples as the Bengalis (West Bengal), Marathas (Maharashtra), Gujaratis (Gujarat), Oriya. (Orissa), Punjabis (Punjab), as well as Assamese (Assam) and Kashmiris (Jammui and Kashmir). All these peoples have an external European appearance.
The peoples of South India speak languages of the Dravidian family. These are Tolugu (Andhra Pradish), Kannara (Karnatana), Tamils (Tamil Nadu) and Malayali (Kerala). They are darker-skinned than the Northerners and have some Australoid traits.
In the central regions of India live troupes of Australoid small peoples whose languages belong to the Munda group (Austrasian family).
The northeastern states of India are inhabited by small peoples, in the appearance of which there are Mongoloid features. These are Manipuri, Opipera, Garo, Naga, Lizo, etc. They speak the languages of the Tibetan-Burmese group. The exception is the Khash, whose language belongs to the Mon-Khmer family.
According to the 1982 census, almost 100% of India's population is religious. The main religious and ethical system of India is Hinduism, it is practiced by 83% of the country's population. About 12% are Muslims, the rest are Sunkhs, Christians, Jayugs, Buddhists, Parsis, etc.
4. Natural resources and their use. Assessment of natural resource potential for the development of industry and agriculture.
India is rich in minerals. The country has the world's largest reserves of iron ore, which is estimated at 22 billion tons, which is ¼ of the world's reserves. Iron ore deposits are found everywhere, but the largest are concentrated in the states of Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Goa and Karnatana. India exports iron ore mainly to Japan, but also to some European countries. Reserves of manganese ore are estimated at 180 million tons. (3rd place in the world). Its main deposits are located in the central part of the country - the states of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. India accounts for about 4/5 of the world exports of sheet mica. The mica belt of India stretches from east to west along the northern edge of the Bihar plateau, mica deposits are also being developed in Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. Bauxite deposits are numerous, the main mining areas of which are concentrated in Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. India is a world exporter of chromium. It occupies a leading place in the reserves of graphite, beryl, thorium, zirconium, and second in the world in titanium mining.
From energy minerals nai greater value has coal. Coal reserves of all types in India are estimated at 120 billion tons. The leading producers are the states of Bihar and West Bengal: they account for almost ¾ of the total coal production. However, coking coal reserves are essentially limited to the Jhariya deposit in Bihar. Coal mining is also carried out in Assan (bituminous coals) and in Tamil Nadu (rich deposits in Netveli). In 1974, in the zone of the continental shelf of the Arabian Sea, 120 km north of Bombay, the Bombay arch field with oil reserves was discovered. High Quality. However, India meets about half of its needs for oil and oil products through imports.
5. General characteristics of the economy. Reasons affecting the pace of economic development.
India is an agro-industrial country. From the colonial period it inherited considerable economic backwardness and the appalling poverty of the vast masses of the population. The main branch of the economy, agriculture, was in a state of extreme decline. According to official data, in 1947 more than 60% of all land belonged to princes, feudal lords and large landowners-zamindars, and the rest of it was scattered among millions of small and smallest peasant farms, who were in bondage to usurers.
But socio-economic transformations within the framework of the “Nehru Course” pulled the country out of the stagnation of the colonial period and led to its steady economic growth. Industrialization on the basis of five-year plans (the volume of industrial output for 1951-1985 increased by more than 7 times) led to significant progressive shifts in the sectoral structure of the economy. The large absolute size of the Indian economy provides a sufficiently capacious domestic market - despite the low level of per capita income. India, to a much lesser extent than most developing countries, is experiencing the shock of structural and cyclical crises of the world capitalist economy and has a smaller external debt. Foreign aid currently accounts for about 15% of the country's investment budget.
By the beginning of the 1980s, the stage of breaking up the colonial structure had basically ended in the Indian economy, and local capitalism had turned from the leading socio-economic structure into a structure that directly or indirectly dominated the entire system of social production. This was facilitated by a number of factors, including the creation of a powerful state-capitalist sector, the strengthening of the processes of concentration of production and the centralization of capital in the large private capitalist sector, which outpaced the development of small-scale capitalist entrepreneurship in the city and countryside since the second half of the 60s.
The state actively supports small businesses. The number of small and handicraft industrial enterprises has sharply increased. They provide jobs for about 9 million people. The small handicraft sector produces about 5,000 types of industrial products. In India's exports, their share is about 30%.
India's economic development is, however, extremely uneven - in terms of sectors and industries, as well as regions and states of the country. Per capita income in the developed states grew 2.3 times faster than in the underdeveloped ones.
Regional uneven development serves as a breeding ground for various autonomist and separatist tendencies, actively supported and encouraged. external forces. In terms of total gross domestic product, India ranks 11th in the world. It is the world's leading producer of peanuts and tea, the second largest producer of rice and sugar, and the third largest producer of tobacco and cotton yarn. At the same time, in terms of national income per capita, India ranks 102nd in the world. About 40% of the country's population lives below the official poverty line, which implies incomes of less than $100 per person per year. This clearly reflects the contradictions in the economic development of modern India.
Geography of the main industrial complexes and branches.
India appears as the largest industrial power, having a diversified national industrial complex, which includes a wide range of full-cycle production in heavy industry. The specificity of Indian industry is that it combines the most diverse forms of production - from large factories equipped with the latest technology to primitive handicrafts. Moreover, it is characteristic that the output of products at the so-called “registered” enterprises, i.e. with more than 10 workers, is only twice the volume of production in the small-scale sector.
The largest growth in production over the past 10-15 years has been observed in the oil refining industry and the mineral fertilizer industry.
The oil refining industry of India has 14 plants, designed for 44.6 million tons of crude oil per year.
The largest of them are: in Noilli (Gujarat) - with a capacity of 7.3 million tons per year, in Bombay - 6 million tons and 5.3 million tons, in Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) - 6 million tons, as well as in Vimakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Cochin (Kerama), Madras and Haldia (near Calcutta). The location of the main oil refineries near seaports is explained by the fact that they are focused on the use of mainly imported oil.
In terms of steel production (12 million tons), India ranks 16th in the world and 3rd among developing countries. The largest ferrous metallurgy plants are located in Bhilai (Madhya Pradesh), Bonaro (Bihar), Rourkel (Orissa), Durgapur (West Bengal) and Jam Nidpur (Bihar). Of these, the first four are state-owned, the fifth belongs to the private company TISCO, which is part of the Tata monopoly group.
Specialization of agricultural production.
Industrialization had practically no effect on the sectoral structure of employment due to the orientation of modern industry, including small-scale industry, towards capital-intensive technology. India turned out the only country Asia, where the share of agriculture in the economically active population remains from the beginning of the 20th century. unchanged - at the level of 70-72%. The achievement of self-sufficiency in grain is an important success for independent India. At the same time, this self-sufficiency is based on maintaining a very low level of consumption. Despite the "green revolution", the level of agricultural technology and productivity in India remains one of the lowest in the world. Despite the fact that the use of chemical fertilizers in the country has doubled over the 70s and is now used on 55% of the area occupied by wheat and 45% by rice, their consumption per 1 ha of sown area in India was in 1983 .5 times less than in China, cotton - 7 times less than in Mexico. The development of agriculture in India is hampered by the backward socio-economic structure of the countryside.
In India, about 2.5 million tons of fish are caught per year (7th place in the world), including 2/3 - marine. Sea fishing is most developed in the coastal southern and western states, river fishing - in the East and North-East of the country. For the inhabitants of a number of areas, especially Bengal, fish is one of the essential foodstuffs.
Under agricultural land in India, 60% of the territory is used. They are mainly occupied by arable land. Although due to the abundance of heat in almost the entire territory of the country, with the exception of the highlands, year-round farming is possible, only less than 1/5 of the sown area is sown more than once. The main reason is insufficient moisture during the dry season.
Rice is planted mainly in the main kharif field season during the summer rains in the coastal lowlands, as well as in the Ganges and Brahmaputra valleys. Wheat is grown mainly during the winter rabi season in Northwest India - in the states of Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradish and surrounding areas. Improved varieties occupy about 83% of wheat fields. Yields range from 30 centners/ha in irrigated areas in Punjab to 6.5 centners/ha in dry areas of Gujabat.
Millet crops (jowar and bajra) are cultivated on about ¼ of the area occupied in India for food crops, legumes - on 1/5. These are predominantly inland dry and poorly irrigated regions of peninsular and Central India, as well as Rajasthan.
Development of the transport complex.
India is one of the largest railway powers in the world. Its length railways is about 62 thousand km.
Railways account for 55% of India's land transportation, which is 800 thousand tons of cargo and 9 million passengers daily. In terms of cargo transportation - 173 billion tons / km per year - India ranks 5th in the world. By the year 2000, the volume of traffic on the railways of India should almost double compared to 1985. The main increase in traffic is expected on the railway lines connecting the four largest cities - Delhi, Kolkata, Bombay and Madras. Currently, it is planned to electrify more than 10 thousand km. Railways in India are profitable. In 1984/85 they generated Rs 14.57 billion in revenue for the Indian central government.
The main cities of India are interconnected by national highways, which are constantly being expanded and reconstructed. These highways have a very busy traffic, intercity bus service is developed. The total length of roads in India with a hard, so-called "all-weather" surface for the period from 1950/51 to 19984/85 increased from 157 thousand km. Up to 833 thousand. However, only 1/3 of settlements have access to such roads.
Most Indian roads, especially in the outback, are unpaved. During the rainy season, they become impassable, and thousands of Indian villages are then cut off from the outside world.
With a relatively small number of vehicles (5.2 million including 218,000 buses, 734,000 trucks and 1.5 million cars), India has a high accident rate.
India is a maritime power. It has 736 merchant marine vessels with a total capacity of 6.5 million tons. However, 62.9% of maritime trade is handled by the eight main ports. The largest among them is Bombay.
Significant development has been achieved in India by air transport - both on international and domestic lines. Bombay, Delhi and Kolkata are India's major international airports and serve a large number of transit flights of foreign airlines from Europe to Southeast Asia and Australia. International airports also exist in Madras and Trivandrum.
Socio-economic development of individual regions. Reasons for the unevenness in their socio-economic development. Level alignment economic development.
Separate regions of India differ significantly among themselves in terms of the level of socio-economic development and economic specialization. Each such region covers several states connected by a single geographical and economic community, less often limited to one state.
The economic-geographical zoning of India is carried out by different researchers - Indian and foreign - in different ways. India has seven major economic and geographical regions: Northern (Uttar Pradish), Northwestern (Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradish), Eastern (West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa), Northeastern ( Assam, Meghala, Nagaland, Tripura, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh), Central (Madhya Pradesh), Western (Maharashtra, Gujarat, Goa) and Southern (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerama, Puttucheri, Lakshadweep). At the same time, the union territory of Delhi is given a special place.
Delhi combines the functions of the political and administrative center of India with transport, industrial, cultural. In the old branches of production - textile and food, precision engineering, metalworking, and the chemical industry were added. There are three universities and dozens of research institutes in Delhi. The northern region is an agricultural state. It has 18.8 million hectares. Irrigated area and is the largest producer of grain, including wheat, rice, barley, corn, potatoes, fruits. The district produces half of Indian sugar cane. Northern India is one of the last places in India in terms of industrial production and economic development.
For the North-West of India, the absence of a large industry is indicative.
The unique combination of mineral resources of East India determines the active industrialization of the region, the main coal and metallurgical base of India.
The North-East is rich in hydropower resources, but due to the remoteness of the region, they are used extremely poorly.
Central India is the largest state in terms of area, the leading center of the cotton industry.
Western India is the main oil-bearing region of the country.
The southern region is important for rice cultivation, a major producer of cotton, oilseeds, and coconuts.
10. Foreign economic relations. Export. Import. Participation in integration economic unions
The share of India in world trade is relatively low, moreover, this indicator tends to decrease: India's share in world exports has decreased from 1.05% to 0.43%. At the same time, the absolute volume of both India's exports and imports is steadily increasing. India's main imports are oil and oil products, machinery and equipment, pearls and precious stones, mineral fertilizers, vegetable oils, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and chemical products.
India's main trading partners: in terms of exports - the USA, Russia, Japan and Great Britain, in terms of imports - Russia, the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Canada.
Main export commodities: tea, iron ore, cotton fabrics, ready-made clothing, jute, leather and leather goods, pearls and precious stones, machinery and equipment.
THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
"TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY"
Faculty of Ecology and Geography
Department of socio-economic geography and nature management
India is a specialty of tea and coffee.
(essay)
Completed: student 782 gr.
Gribanov A.A.
Checked: st. teacher
Sabanin S.A.
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….3
Chapter 1. Economic and geographical characteristics of India…………………4
1.1. Economic and geographical position………………………………..4
1.2. The form of state government……………………………………6
1.3. Administrative-territorial division…………………………10
1.4. Natural resources and natural conditions………………………………………14
1.5. Sectoral structure of the regional economy…………………….17
1.6. Monuments of natural and cultural heritage…………………….24
Chapter 2. State National Companies…………………………..28
2.1. J-Rus Company……………………………………………………….28
2.2. Tata coffee company…………………………………………………...29
2.3. Foreign economic relations……………………………………………..31
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………33
References………………………………………………………………….34
Introduction
The world appears as a mosaic of specific cultures, sometimes opposing each other in terms of value systems. In conditions when the world community is looking for ways to overcome differences, when the process of mutual understanding creates new conditions for cooperation between East and West, the study of the nature of the deformation of the modern world is becoming increasingly important.
In his work India. Specialization of tea and coffee ”I talk about the country of an ancient and original civilization, its geographical location and history of development, the natural environment as a source of resources, the nature of the settlement and economic activity of the population, foreign economic relations with other countries of the world, about the successes socio-economic development. I also provide some data on state-owned national companies and their ties with Russia. The volume of the abstract is 37 pages, 3 tables are presented in the work.
Chapter 1. Economic and geographical characteristics of India.
1.1. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position. The impact of EGP on the development of the country. Changing the position of the country in time.
India shares borders with Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. The length of the Indian-Chinese border is especially great. It runs along the main Himalayan range. The maximum length of the mainland of the country from north to south is 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km.
The territory of India is shaped like a giant triangle, as if fenced off from the rest of Asia by a high wall of the Himalayas. In the literature, this vast area is often referred to as the Indian subcontinent.
Although the length of the maritime borders of India is much less than the land borders, it is they who play leading role in the economic life of the country. The world trade route runs along its shores, opening up great opportunities for expanding ties with the countries of the East, Europe, Africa and Australia.
Afghanistan - economically underdeveloped country. Trades in raw cotton, fruits, nuts. Industry is less developed than in India.
People's Republic of China- a country with a developed economy, rich in natural resources: coal, iron and manganese ores, bauxite, zinc and other minerals. The water resources of this country are enormous, fraught with the world's largest reserves of hydropower.
Butane- agricultural country Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma) - economically underdeveloped countries.
India is one of the cradles of human civilization. The Indians were the first in the world to learn how to grow rice, cotton, sugarcane, and were the first to breed poultry. India gave the world chess and the decimal number system. The achievements of ancient and medieval India in the field of science, literature, and art, which originated in India in various religious and philosophical systems, influenced the development of many civilizations of the East, and became an integral part of world culture.
Civilization in this distinctive region arose in III thousand. BC. During the Age of Discovery, the Portuguese expedition of Vasco da Gama (1498) discovered the sea route from Europe to India (around Africa) and laid the foundation for European colonization this region. English colonialists as a result of wars with European rivals (Portuguese, Dutch, French), as well as Anglo-Maratha, Anglo-Sikh and other wars by the middle of the nineteenth century. subjugated the whole of India and the territories adjacent to it. A huge colony emerged - British India.
With the conquest of India by the British, not only the political, but also the economic situation of the country changed. All the former conquerors of India - Indo-Aryan tribes, Turks, Mongols - settled here and assimilated by the local population. England, on the other hand, considered India as an arena for pumping out wealth, which was transported to the metropolis. India has been called "the biggest diamond in the British crown". This country gradually turned into a market for its manufactured goods, and then into an arena for the application of British capital. The construction of the railway, the first coal mines began. In the 60-90s of the XIX century, the length of railways increased from 1300 to 25600 km. An important object of British investment was irrigation construction in areas where export crops - cotton and wheat, as well as plantation farming. In the 1950s, the first English jute factories were established in Calcutta.
India gained independence only after the Second World War - on August 15, 1947. In 1947, India was divided into two British dominions - the Indian Union and Pakistan (Western and Eastern). On January 26, 1950, India was proclaimed a federal republic within the British Commonwealth (Commonwealth). The country's constitution enshrined the most important achievements of the national revolution: democratic civil liberties, the prohibition of discrimination based on religion, race and caste, gender and place of birth.
From the first days of independence, the young Indian state had to face the most acute problems. The division of the country on a religious basis and the establishment of the borders of new states were accompanied by a mass migration of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India, and Muslims to Pakistan. In October 1947, a conflict was provoked between India and Pakistan over Kashmir. It was not until the spring of 1948 that hostilities in Kashmir ceased, and on January 1, 1949, a ceasefire agreement came into force. The Kashmir issue is still one of the most acute in Indo-Pakistani relations.
The division of the country also led to serious economic difficulties. Agricultural areas were transferred to Pakistan, which yielded 40% of the cotton harvest, 85% of jute, and 40% of wheat. In India, there was immediately a shortage of raw materials for the main industry - textiles, as well as food. The unified irrigation system and transport network were torn apart. For a long time, communication with the northeastern part of the country - Assam - was maintained mainly by air. (Yu.N. Gladkikh, 2004)
Similar information.
GENERAL ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIA
Territory - 3.28 million km2.
Population -1010 million people
The capital is Delhi.
Geographical position, general information
The Republic of India is located in South Asia on the Hindustan Peninsula. India borders on Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar. The maximum length of India - from north to south - 3200 km, from west to east - 2700 km.
The economic and geographical position of India favors the development of the economy: India is located on the sea trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, halfway between the Middle and Far East.
For almost two centuries India was a colony of England. In 1947, India gained independence, and in 1950 it was proclaimed a republic within the British Commonwealth.
India is a federal republic consisting of 25 states. Each of them has its own legislative assembly and government, but while maintaining a strong central authority.
Natural conditions and resources
The mineral resources of India are significant and varied. The main deposits are located in the northeast of the country. Here are the largest iron ore, coal basins, deposits of manganese ore; it creates favorable conditions for the development of heavy industries.
The minerals of South India are diverse - these are bauxites, chromites, magnesites, brown coal, graphite, mica, diamonds, gold, ferrous metal ores, coal; in the state of Gujarat and on the continental shelf - oil.
The climate of the country is subtropical and tropical, in the south - equatorial. The average annual temperature is about 25°С, only in winter in the mountains it falls below 0°. The distribution of precipitation over the seasons and across the territory is uneven - 80% of them fall in the summer, the eastern and mountainous regions receive the largest amount, and the northwest receives the smallest amount.
Land resources are the natural wealth of the country, since a significant part of the soils has high fertility.
Forests occupy 22% of India's area, but there is not enough forest for economic needs.
The rivers of India have a great energy potential and are also the main source of artificial irrigation.
Population
India is the second country in the world in terms of population (after China). The country has a very high rate of population reproduction. And, although the peak of the "demographic explosion" has already been generally passed, the demographic problem still exists.
India is the most multiethnic country in the world. It is inhabited by representatives of several hundred nations, nationalities and tribal groups located on different steps socio-economic development and speakers different languages. They belong to the Caucasoid, Negroid, Australoid races.
The peoples of the Indo-European family predominate. official languages in the country - Hindi and English.
More than 80% of the inhabitants of India are Hindus, 11% are Muslims. The complex ethnic and religious composition of the population often leads to conflicts and increased tension.
The distribution of the population of India is very uneven, since from ancient times the fertile lowlands and plains in the valleys and deltas of the rivers, on the sea coasts were first settled. Average density population - 260 people. per 1 km2. Despite this high rate, and now there are sparsely populated and even deserted territories.
The level of urbanization is quite low - 27%, but the number big cities and cities "millionaires" is constantly increasing. But most of the population of India lives in crowded villages.
Industry, energy
India is a developing agro-industrial country with huge resources and human potential. Along with traditional industries for India (agriculture, light industry), extractive and manufacturing industries are developing.
At present, 29% of GDP falls on industry, 32% - on agriculture, 30% - on the service sector.
Energy. The creation of an energy base in the country began with the creation of hydroelectric power stations, but among the newly built in last years power plants are dominated by thermal power plants. The main source of energy is coal. India is also developing nuclear power- There are three nuclear power plants.
Electricity generation per capita is still very low.
Ferrous metallurgy. This is a growing industry. Modern level- 16 million tons of steel per year (1993). The industry is represented by enterprises located mainly in the east of the country.
Non-ferrous metallurgy is also developed in the east. The aluminum industry, based on local bauxites, stands out.
Engineering. India produces a variety of machine tool and transport engineering products (ships, cars, tractors, airplanes and helicopters). The industry is developing rapidly. The leading centers of mechanical engineering are Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, etc.
In terms of production of the radio-electronic industry, India came in second place in Asia. The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color televisions, tape recorders, and communications equipment.
Chemical industry. In a country with such a role of agriculture, the production of mineral fertilizers is of exceptional importance. The importance of petrochemistry is also growing.
Light industry is a traditional sector of the economy, the main areas are cotton and jute, as well as clothing. There are textile factories in all major cities of the country. In India's exports, 25% are products of the textile and clothing industry.
The food industry is also a traditional industry, producing products for the domestic and foreign markets. The most widely known in the world is Indian tea.
Agriculture
India is a country of ancient agricultural culture, one of the most important agricultural regions in the world.
Three-fifths of the population of India is employed in agriculture, but the use of mechanization is still insufficient.
4/5 of the value of agricultural products comes from crop production, agriculture needs irrigation (40% of the sown area is irrigated).
The main part of the fertile land is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, barley, millet, legumes, potatoes.
India's main industrial crops are cotton, jute, sugar cane, tobacco, and oilseeds.
There are two main agricultural seasons in India - summer and winter. Sowing of the most important crops (rice, cotton, jute) is carried out in the summer, during the summer rains; in winter, wheat, barley, etc. are sown.
India is completely self-sufficient in grain.
Animal husbandry is much inferior to crop production, although India ranks first in the world in terms of livestock. Only milk and animal skins are used, meat is practically not consumed, since Hindus are mostly vegetarians.
Fishing is of considerable importance in the coastal regions.
Transport
Among other developing countries, India's transport is quite developed. In the first place in terms of importance is rail transport in domestic transportation and maritime transport in external ones.
Foreign economic relations
India is still weakly involved in the MGRT, although foreign trade is of no small importance for its economy. The main export items are light industry products, jewelry, agricultural products, medicines, fuel resources; the share of machinery and equipment is growing.
India's largest trading partners
1. EGP (economic and geographical position), territory, general information about the country .
· India belongs to South Asia, to a triangle fenced off by the Himalayas from the rest of Asia. This is one of ancient states peace. Until 1950, India was colony of England, and now is part of the Commonwealth led by the UK. By state system India - federal Republic(the territory is divided into 25 states) with a strong central government. The territory of the country stretched from North to South for 3200 km, from West to East - for 2900 km. Area - 3 million 288 thousand km 2.
PRG of India, in general, favorable. The country is located on trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean (this is the busiest trade route in the oceans). India also has a long land border, but it does not play a role in trade.
2. Population: number, natural movements, nat. composition, placement .
· The population of India in 2009 was 1 billion 137 million people This is 2nd in the world! Characteristic fast reproduction rates population (29-9=20), as a result of which the state tries to limit natural growth through family planning and population policy. The main slogan of demogr. politicians: "Each family - two children!"
India - the most multinational country in the world: about 300 ethnic groups, 22 main languages. The most common language is Hindustani, it is spoken in Hindi. The main language of international communication - English(this is a legacy of the colonial period). 80% of Indians profess Hinduism, 10% - Islam. Hinduism means the division of society into castes. Not uncommon separatist sentiments in India (the state of Punjab wants to secede and form an independent state).
· Population of the country placed unevenly. Level urbanization - 28%(this is a very low figure). 250 million people live in cities. (this is the 2nd place in the world after China). Most of the population lives in villages (there are about 600,000 villages in the country).
3. Economy: general features.
Characteristic for the country multiformity(pre-capitalist remnants along with the capitalist way of life). The country passed the stage industrialization, there is a space program. Recently, through the efforts of Indian scientists, the country "acquired" its own nuclear weapons.
In India, as once in Russia, there are still 5 year plans and state order. Big in the country domestic market.
· Great contrasts: 11th in world production, but 102nd in per capita income; The country annually produces 750 feature films, but 50% of the population is illiterate, and 40% generally live below the poverty line; abundance and low cost of labor but high work culture; 1st place in Asia in terms of the length of railways, but half of them are narrow-gauge railways, on which steam locomotives run!
The country occupies 3rd place in the world in terms of the number of scientists(after Russia and the USA), but the problem of "brain drain" is very acute.
4. Industry of India.
・Everything is occupied here 20% economically active population.
· Developed heavy industry: production of machine tools, automobiles, railway locomotives, agricultural equipment. The latest industries are also developed: production of TV, computers, equipment for nuclear power plants, space equipment, nuclear equipment. Light industry consists of three parts: cotton industry, clothing, jute production.
· Deccan Plateau- big combination natural resources(hard coal, iron ore, manganese ores), this area heavy industry, ferrous metallurgy (Bhilai city). On the eastern outskirts Deccan Plateau is the main coal and metallurgical base countries, the "Indian Ruhr" (the city of Bokaro).
5. Agriculture in India.
· Busy here 60% economically active population countries.
The country actively uses the achievements "green revolution". Arable land is half all agricultural lands. India is self-sufficient in grain.
In India stand out 2 main and 1 secondary agricultural zone: 1) southeastern states - rice growing(the rain of the Harif season is used, and in the Rabi season artificial irrigation is carried out, due to which 2-3 crops are harvested per year); 2) northwestern states and Punjab state - home wheat zone, main commercial farming area(mainly wheat is harvested during the Rabi season with artificial irrigation); 3) secondary foci cultivation of fibrous, oil-bearing, sugar-bearing and tonic crops.
6. India Development Centers.
· In the country there is no single dominant center, although there is 4 major cities affecting the whole country.
The quadrangle of these cities looks like this: in the North - Delhi (capital, large transport, industrial, cultural, political and administrative center); in the East - Calcutta (the second industrial city and port after Bombay, the administrative center, the processing and export of jute is developed, the largest area of the poor and slums); on South - Madras (large industrial center, port, economic capital of the Indian south); in the West - Bombay (The largest city, industrial, commercial, financial center, port, developed engineering, petrochemistry, nuclear power, cotton industry). These 4 cities are interconnected by highways.
