this is a ladder, steps that lead up (lat.); house of joy in the process of learning the world (Greek); an educational institution designed for the organized training, education and development of younger generations. School is an educational institution; training, experience achieved in something, as well as what gives such training, experience; direction of the field of science, art; system of compulsory institutions; educational institution where the basics are taught scientific knowledge about man, nature and fundamentals artistic culture. (1)

Excellent definition

Incomplete definition ↓

SCHOOL

lat. schola, from Greek. schole) educational institution (see Educational institutions). There have been different points of view on the definition of the concept “Sh.”. Some pedagogical theorists focus on the development of personality in school, and school itself is considered “preparation for adult life”; other specialists emphasize educational functions Sh., a number of teachers consider educational aspects to be the main ones in Sh. In reality, Sh. combines many functions, including those on which the above points of view focus their attention. There is also large number the most various classifications types and types of schools. Schools can be supported by the state or private individuals and organizations (see Non-state educational institutions, Private schools). Based on the nature of the knowledge imparted, schools are divided into general educational and professional (special); according to the level of education provided - primary, incomplete secondary, secondary, higher; by gender of students - male, female, coeducational; in relation to religion - into secular and religious (confessional). According to various principles of organizing education and training, the following are distinguished: a unified school, a labor school (its subtype is illustration school). For children who do not have the conditions for a normal upbringing, boarding schools are created, for children in need of treatment - sanatorium-forest schools, etc. The author's school has been developed, as well as its types: adaptive school, school of "dialogue of cultures", " school of self-determination", Waldorf schools (see Waldorf pedagogy), schools of developmental education, etc. In modern world Sh. plays a decisive role in the implementation of the individual’s right to education. Throughout the history of mankind, one of the main. The issues of pedagogy were the interaction between “school and life.” Already in primitive society, basic principles are visible in preparation for initiation. features of formal socialization, as it has been preserved to the present day: it complements spontaneous, natural, in particular family, socialization. IN everyday life For a growing person to acquire the qualities necessary for him and the community, only practical demonstration and imitation are not enough. To achieve these goals, the communication and assimilation of concentrated, specially selected knowledge is also necessary; Exercises are needed to master complex skills. The selection of the content of school education (see Content of Education) is determined by its more or less conscious goals and principles, i.e. involves a meaningful plan or program of education. Education is carried out in Switzerland as an institution that provides contact and communication between a relatively small number of more advanced and experienced people (teachers, educators) with many less advanced and experienced people (students, educated people). The content of education is communicated and learned through the special interaction between teachers and students - teaching and learning. School education is recognized as successful when it ends with a public demonstration of acquired knowledge and skills - exams. Since the time of the first civilizations, the education of society has been carried out within the framework of formal education - theoretical education with elements of internship, practice and examinations. Education system, training, acquired experience. A direction in science, literature, art, etc., connected by the unity of the basic. views, commonality or continuity of principles and methods. See also Non-state educational institutions, Basic school

From 2017-2018 academic year Everything will be removed from the names of schools distinctive features, which were previously. All schools will be called the same without words such as “special”, “correctional”, “gymnasium”, “lyceum”, “school with advanced study”, etc. From now on it will just be “School”.

From September 1, 2017, concepts such as “ gymnasium», « lyceum", "" of this or that object and even " correctional school “, and all educational organizations at this level, regardless of the quality of teaching and the degree of immersion in the subject, become “just” schools.

How can we now find out what are the features of a contrat school and how can we now choose a place for our child to study? Undoubtedly, each of the schools will remain the same as it was, i.e. "with depth" or "specialization". But why was everything so simplified in the name and why was it done?

Will changes in the name affect the quality of training?

History of the issue.

Why did the unification of educational institutions occur?

The renaming “was dictated by the desire to provide all Moscow schools with the same opportunities that lyceums and gymnasiums had.”

The decision to equalize opportunities educational organizations was adopted several years ago. Titles " gymnasium», « lyceum», « school with in-depth study "remained only as a tribute to tradition, but now they too have been brought into line with the principle of the right of every child to quality education, regardless of place of residence and school to which he is attached.

Quality education does not depend on the title

Some parents have a common feeling that the lyceum is a school of an advanced level.

However, in practice, we all saw that some lyceums did not provide quality education, and even took last places in ratings, actually misleading parents with their official status.

But a number of “simple” schools entered the top 20. And deservedly so. So quality education does not depend on the title.”

Unification of the capital's schools as confirmation of equal educational opportunities for every child

This step forms in the minds of Muscovites that each of our schools provides maximum opportunities for the development of each child.

At the same time, the unification of educational organizations does not contradict the emphasis on individual educational routes every metropolitan schoolchild.

It’s just that if earlier in Moscow you could find the school you need, now you can find what you need in every school, and for this you don’t have to go to the other end of the city.

All opportunities are equally available at any educational point in the city. This is exactly how it should be perceived unification of education in Moscow.

Unification of education- bringing curriculum and teaching methods to unified standards (FSES)

Federal State Educational Standard (FSES)- a set of mandatory requirements for education of a certain level and (or) for a profession, specialty and area of ​​training, approved by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education]. For educational standards adopted before 2009, the name “State Educational Standards” was applied. Before 2000, before adoption state standards at each stage general education and specialties (areas of training) vocational education, within the framework of the general state educational standard state requirements were applied to the minimum level of graduate training at each level of education and specialty.

The concept of “school” has existed in our lives almost since childhood and accompanies us in adolescence and youth. Educational system, classes, teachers and students. What is a school in the generally accepted sense of the word?

Below are the origins of the term, definition of the concept and types of schools.

Origin of the term

Originally in Ancient Greece school meant free leisure, passing time. Then - leisure activities, later - philosophical conversations, study. The word came into Russian speech from Polish, and into Polish from Latin - “schola”.

Modern definition of the concept

Today, the concept of school means an educational institution. It can accompany the name of any institution where they receive general and special education: music, art, sports school. And also - a dance school, a martial arts school, etc.

Types of schools

There are schools: primary education(grades 1 to 4), secondary, vocational and special education. In this context, institutes and universities are also figuratively called “higher school”. There are also private and public schools in many countries.

Time distribution

Schools usually introduce a clear distribution of study time for students, which helps to carry out classes as fruitfully as possible. Basically it is: lesson and change. A lesson usually lasts up to 45 minutes, and a break lasts 15 minutes. Schools also offer electives and extra classes.

Educational institution

Currently, in the Russian language, the concept of “educational institution” is more commonly used in relation to institutions of secondary and higher vocational education (college, university, university, etc.) and is included in the conceptual apparatus of legislation on vocational education (see, for example, Federal Law dated August 22, 1996 N 125-FZ “On higher and postgraduate education”)

School and education

17th century

Since 1621, the first handwritten newspaper “Chimes” was published for the Tsar, which consisted mainly of translated articles from foreign publications, which was written by translators of the Ambassadorial Prikaz. Printed products produced at the Moscow Printing Yard are in everyday use. Manuals on grammar and arithmetic are published in mass editions: a printed primer (“ABC”) by Vasily Burtsev was published in 1634, then reprinted several times, and when it was sold in Moscow in 1651, 2,400 copies were sold in one day; in 1648, “Grammar” of Meletius Smotritsky was published; in 1682, a multiplication table appeared on sale - “Counting convenient for those buying or selling”; at the end of the 17th century, an illustrated primer by Karion Istomin appeared, as well as handwritten manuals on arithmetic. “Psalters” and “Books of Hours” were also published.

Children were taught literacy either in the family or by clergy, sextons and clerks. The issue of organizing training became urgent.

In 1621, in the German settlement (now the area of ​​​​Baumanskaya street) in Moscow, a school was opened in which they studied foreign languages- Latin, German.

Boyarin F.M. Rtishchev set up a school for young nobles at the St. Andrew's Monastery, where they taught Greek, Latin, rhetoric and philosophy.

In 1632, monk Joseph came from the Patriarch of Alexandria. He was persuaded to stay in Moscow and was tasked with translating Greek polemical books against Latin heresies into Slavic, as well as “ in the teacher's yard to teach timid children Greek language and literacy" But soon Joseph died and things didn’t work out.

Near the patriarchal court (in the Chudov Monastery) a Greek-Latin school was established, which was run by the Greek Arseny, but he was soon exiled for “disbelief.”

In 1665, a school was opened at the Zaikonospassky Monastery in Moscow to train clerks for orders. The school was headed by Simeon Polotsk. Grammar and Latin were studied.

In 1680, a school was opened at the Printing Yard, where 232 students studied. The main subject was Greek.

Pharmacists and doctors were trained in the Pharmacy Prikaz.

XVIII century

The 18th century brought changes to the learning process: new approaches to education appeared.

Theology began to be taught only in diocesan schools, where children of the clergy were educated. There were 46 diocesan schools.

In 1701, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was founded in Moscow in the building of the former Sukharevskaya Tower. Also in 1701, the Artillery School was opened; in 1707 - Medical School; in 1712 - Engineering School. In 1715, the senior classes of the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences were transferred to St. Petersburg and transformed into the Naval Academy (now the Higher Naval Academy).

By the end of the first quarter of the 18th century. By decree of 1714, 42 digital schools with 2000 students were opened in the provinces. Children of soldiers studied in garrison schools.

At metallurgical plants in the Urals and in the Olonets region, the government organized the first mining schools that trained mining specialists.

The foundations were laid for the development of a system of closed class schools that had developed by the middle of the 18th century.

In 1732, the Corps of Cadets or Land gentry (noble) corps. After graduating from this educational institution, noble children received officer ranks.

Since the 30s. It was widely used to enroll young children in the regiment, incl. By the time they reached adulthood, these children received an officer rank based on their length of service.

Under Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1741), the Naval, Artillery and Page Corps were established.

Under Elizabeth (1741-1762), military educational institutions were reorganized. In 1744, a decree was issued to expand the network of primary schools. The first gymnasiums were opened: in Moscow (1755) and in Kazan (1758). In 1755, on the initiative of I.I. Shuvalov founded Moscow University, and in 1760 - the Academy of Arts.

In the second half of the 18th century. There are two trends in education: network expansion educational institutions and strengthening the principle of class.

1782 - 1786 - school reform.

In 1782, the Charter of public schools was approved. In each city, main schools with 4 classes were established, and in district cities - small public schools with 2 classes. Subject teaching, uniform start and end dates for classes, and a classroom lesson system have been introduced; teaching methods were developed, uniform curriculum. The Serbian teacher F.I. played a major role in carrying out this reform. Yankovic de Mirievo. By the end of the century, there were 550 educational institutions with 60-70 thousand students.

Schools, gentry gorpus, noble boarding schools and gymnasiums at Moscow University formed the structure of secondary education in Russia.

The system of closed educational institutions was developed by Catherine II together with the President of the Academy of Arts and the Director of the Land Noble Corps I.I. Betsky.

19th century

To the beginning XIX century secondary school was represented by 2- and 4-grade public schools located in cities. There were general education gymnasiums in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kazan. There were specialized educational institutions: soldiers' schools, cadet and gentry corps, various types of religious schools. Moscow University was a higher educational institution.

Under Alexander I (1801 - 1825)

In 1803, a new regulation was issued on the structure of educational institutions.

New principles in the education system:

1. lack of class of educational institutions,
2. free education at lower levels,
3. continuity of educational programs.

Structure of educational institutions:

• one-class parochial school,
• 3-grade district school,
• 7-year gymnasium in the provincial town,
• university.

The entire education system was in charge of the Main Directorate of Schools.

6 universities appeared: in 1802 - Dorpat, in 1803 - Vilna, in 1804 - Kharkov and Kazan; and the St. Petersburg Pedagogical Institute, opened in 1804, was transformed into a university in 1819. In 1832, Vilna University was closed, and in 1834 Kiev University was founded. The territory of Russia was divided into 6 educational districts, which were headed by trustees. Above the trustees were academic councils at universities.

In 1804, the University Charter was issued, which provided universities with significant autonomy: election of the rector and professors, their own court, non-interference of the higher administration in the affairs of universities, the right of universities to appoint teachers in the gymnasiums and schools of their district.

The first censorship charter was also issued in 1804. At universities, censorship committees were created from professors and masters, subordinate to the Ministry of Public Education.

The first privileged secondary university institutions - lyceums - appeared: in 1811 - Tsarskoye Selo, in 1817 - Richelieu in Odessa, in 1820 - Nezhinsky.

Under Nicholas I (1825 - 1855)

Under Nicholas I, education took on a closed class character: parish schools for peasants; district schools for children of merchants, artisans and other urban inhabitants; gymnasiums for children of nobles and officials.

In 1827, a decree and a special circular were issued prohibiting the admission of serfs to gymnasiums and universities. The basis of public education was the principle of class and bureaucratic centralization.

In 1828 - the school charter, according to which primary and secondary education was divided into 3 categories:

1. for children of the lower classes - one-class parish schools (the 4th rules of arithmetic, reading, writing and the “law of God” were studied).
2. for the middle classes, i.e. townspeople and merchants - three-year schools (geometry, geography, history).
3. for the children of nobles and officials - seven-year gymnasiums (where they prepared for entering the university).

In 1835, a new University Charter was published. It limited the autonomy of universities, prohibited university courts and effectively led to the establishment of police surveillance of students.

In the beginning XIX century there were 5 cadet corps. K ser. XIX century there were 20 of them.

If at the beginning XIX century There were 35 Orthodox seminaries and 76 bishops' schools (lower theological schools), then in 1854 there were 48 and 223, respectively.

In 1832 the Imperial military academy, which trained officers of the General Staff. In 1855, the Artillery and Engineering Academies arose.

The network of industrial technical educational institutions expanded: in 1828 the Institute of Technology was established, in 1830 - the School of Architecture, and in 1832 - the School of Civil Engineers (in 1842 both of these schools were merged into the Construction School), in 1842 In Belarus, the Gorygoretsk Agricultural School was opened, transformed in 1848 into the Agricultural Institute, and in 1835 the Land Survey Institute was founded in Moscow. In addition, the Institute of Railway Engineers, Forestry Institute, Practical Polytechnic Institute, Mining Institute, Practical Commercial Academy, Agricultural School, private Mining School, Technical school. Veterinary schools are springing up in the provinces.

Under Alexander II (1855-1881)

In 1863, a new University Charter was published. He returned the former autonomy to universities, in accordance with the Charter of 1803, which had been abolished by Nicholas I in 1835. The independence of universities was restored in resolving administrative, financial, scientific and pedagogical issues.

In 1864, the “Charter of Gymnasiums” and “Regulations on Public Schools” were published, regulating primary and secondary education. Accessible all-class education was introduced. Along with state ones, zemstvo, parochial, Sunday and private schools arose. Gymnasiums were divided into classical and real. They accepted children from all classes who could pay for education.

In 1869, the first women's educational institutions were created - “Higher women's courses» with university programs.

Educational institutions in Russia before 1917

• Military educational institutions- military academies, military schools, cadet schools, cadet corps, military gymnasiums, (military schools), etc. The first military educational institution in Russia was created under Peter I, who in 1700 founded the “School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences” in Moscow to prepare for service in artillery, engineers and the navy. First military school opened in 1795 in Gatchina.
• Parish schools- primary schools in Russia in the 19th century, which trained clerks for the chambers of state property and for rural administrations.
• Sunday schools- private or public educational, vocational or religious educational institutions, where training is carried out according to Sundays. In Russia, in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, similar general educational institutions were established by the intelligentsia for illiterate and semi-literate workers, peasants, artisans, office workers, as well as working children and adolescents.
• Higher primary schools- primary schools in Russia in small towns. To mid-19th centuries were called district schools, since 1872 - city schools, since 1912 they were renamed higher elementary schools.
• Higher women's courses- higher educational institutions for women. They arose with the permission of the government in 1869 (the first institutions of this type arose in Moscow and St. Petersburg).
• Gymnasiums- secondary general educational institution. The first secular secondary general education gymnasium in Russia was founded in St. Petersburg in 1726 at the Academy of Sciences under the name Academic Gymnasium (existed until 1805). In accordance with the charter approved in 1864, they opened classical gymnasiums And real gymnasiums.
• Theological Academy- higher religious (Orthodox) educational institution. The Moscow Theological Academy is the first higher educational institution in Russia, opened in 1685 (until 1814 it was called the “Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy”), closed in 1919, revived in 1943.
• Theological Seminary- an Orthodox educational institution that trained clergy in Russia
• Zemstvo schools- primary schools opened by zemstvos (and under their jurisdiction) in rural areas.
• - secular higher educational institutions that trained mainly specialists in the technical and natural sciences. There were polytechnic and technological institutes, institutes of railway transport engineers, commercial, agricultural, pedagogical, medical institutes. In 1802-1804 the first one in Russia was opened teacher's institute at St. Petersburg University.
• - closed secondary educational institutions with full board, mainly for daughters from noble families.
• Cadet Corps- primary military educational institution with full board.
• Commercial schools- secondary educational institutions that prepared students for commercial activities.
• Public schools are secondary educational institutions that trained teachers for primary schools. The first institution of this type was opened in St. Petersburg in 1783 and existed until 1804.
• Courses- fee-paying secular higher education institutions, synonymous with “institute.”
• Real gymnasiums- secondary general educational institution with a focus on subjects of the natural and mathematical cycle, some of which are late XIX centuries received the status of real schools.
• Real school- a secondary educational institution that paid more attention to the study of natural and mathematical subjects.
• Universities- secular higher educational institutions. The first secular university in Russia was called Academic University opened in 1724 and existed until 1766. By the beginning of the 20th century in Russia (with the exception of Finland) there were the following universities: Moscow (since 1755), Dorpat, or Yuryevsky (1802), Kazan (1804), Kharkov (1804), St. Petersburg (1819), Kiev St. Vladimir (1833), Novorossiysk (in Odessa, 1864), Warsaw (1869), Tomsk (1888).
• Teachers' seminaries and schools- educational institutions that trained teachers (teachers) for city, district and primary schools.
• Schools- class secondary educational institutions in Russia, mentioned since the 17th century. . In 1828, the Committee for the Organization of Educational Institutions decided to create two types of schools: district schools(for children of merchants, artisans and city dwellers), as well as parochial schools(for children of peasants). There were also public schools that trained teachers for primary schools.
• Parochial schools- primary schools run by the clergy. The first educational institutions of this type were opened in Russia in early XVIII century. In accordance with the “Spiritual Regulations” approved in 1721 under Peter I (1721), it was prescribed to establish all-class schools at bishops' houses (bishop's schools) and monasteries. Since 1864 they were transferred to the jurisdiction of the Synod and opened under church parishes with a training period of 3-5 years, mainly in rural areas.
• Schools- a collective name in Ancient Rus' and the Russian Empire for general education institutions. The first public school arose under Prince Vladimir in the 10th century, with more than 300 students studying there. Under his son Yaroslav the Wise, schools arose in Novgorod, Pereyaslav, Chernigov, and Suzdal.

By 1914 in Russian Empire there were about 700 in total educational institutions(more than 400 gymnasiums and 276 colleges), 9 universities.



School

School

noun, and., used very often

Morphology: (no) what? schools, what? school, (see) what? school, how? school, about what? about school; pl. What? schools, (no) what? schools, what? schools, (see) what? schools, how? schools, about what? about schools

1. School refers to an educational institution in which children aged 6–17 years receive general education, as well as the building of this educational institution itself.

City, rural school. | Enter, go to school. | Student, school graduate. | Finish school. | Physics and mathematics, English school.

2. Boarding school is called a secondary general education or specialized school where children live and study.

3. School is called the entire system of general education.

Traditions of the Russian school. | In its development, modern Russian school faced a number of serious difficulties that negatively affected the quality of science education.

4. Correspondence school students do not attend every day, but only during tests, exams, etc.

5. Night school is a comprehensive school for young people who are busy at work during the day, or for those who could not attend high school due to illness, etc.

7. Musical, artistic, sports etc. school is an educational institution where children are taught special knowledge, usually in the evening, after the end of the school day at a comprehensive school.

8. graduate School is a system of vocational education for those who have completed high school, and also a general name for universities, institutes, etc.

about exercises, knowledge, skills

9. School They call a system of techniques, mandatory exercises, types of work when mastering any skill or art.

Primary school playing the guitar. | Composition and still life are included in the school of graphics.

10. School refers to the knowledge and experience that a person independently acquires throughout life.

Go through hard labor school. | Have an excellent school behind you. | Military service is a harsh school.

11. School called a direction, movement in science, art, literature, socio-political thought, etc., which have significant differences from other directions, movements, etc.

Chess school. | Italian painting is divided into schools. | Literary schools XVIII century. | Create your own school in science.

Dictionary Russian language Dmitriev. D. V. Dmitriev. 2003.

Synonyms:

See what “school” is in other dictionaries:

school- school … Nanai-Russian dictionary

Schools, women [Greek school]. 1. Lower or secondary educational institution. Go to school. School building. Construction of schools. 2. Name of educational institutions (lower, secondary, higher, special). Rural school. Primary school. Folk school... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Founded: 1982 Director: Bagurina Svetlana Aleksandrovna Type: secondary school Address: Russia, 183053, Murmansk, st. Geroev Rybachy, 58 ... Wikipedia