Subject Tests By organic chemistry. Hydrocarbons. 10th grade. Borovskikh T.A.

M.: 20 1 3. - 1 60 s.

The book is intended to test students' knowledge of the 10th grade chemistry course. The publication is focused on working with any chemistry textbook from the Federal List of Textbooks and contains 64 versions of current and final tests on 8 topics of organic chemistry under the code name “Hydrocarbons”. Each test is presented in four versions. Test tasks differ in different levels of complexity and form: with a choice of answers, with a short answer. Also given calculation problems. The manual can be used for frontal, individual questioning, for homework, and for preparing for the Unified State Exam. The answers are provided at the end of the book. The book is addressed to students and teachers.

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Content
How to use manual 4
Theory of structure organic matter. Nature chemical bond 6
Classification and nomenclature organic compounds 14
Homology and isomerism of organic substances 22
Alkanes. Composition, structure. Getting 30
Alkanes. Chemical properties 37
Cycloalkanes. Composition, nomenclature, isomerism. Receiving 44
Cycloalkanes. Physical and chemical properties 52
Alkenes. Compound. Homology. Isomerism. Ways to get 59
Alkenes. Chemical and physical properties 66
Alkadienes. Compound. Structure, nomenclature. Isomerism 74
Alkadienes. Physical and chemical properties 82
Alkynes. Composition, structure, isomerism, nomenclature, preparation 90
Alkynes. Chemical and physical properties 98
Arenas. Composition, structure, isomerism, nomenclature. Receiving 105
Arenas. Chemical and physical properties 113
Natural sources of hydrocarbons and their processing 121
Generalization of knowledge about hydrocarbons: 130
Replies 153

M.: 2017. - 432 p.

Tutorial contains material for preparing for the Unified State Exam in chemistry. The guide for preparing for the Unified State Exam includes systematic theoretical material on four sections of chemistry, as well as tasks for independent work(with answers). All types of tasks and approaches to their assessment are presented. Comments on the solution to the tasks will help you once again repeat the basic concepts necessary to prepare for the exam. The manual contains training options for the Unified State Exam. Addressed to students in grades 10-11 planning to take the Unified State Exam in chemistry, as well as to chemistry teachers.

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CONTENT
Preface 6
BASICS OF CHEMISTRY
1.1. Theoretical material 10
Modern ideas about the structure of the atom 11
Periodic Law and Periodic Table chemical elements DI. Mendeleev. Patterns of changes in the chemical properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups 16
Chemical bonding and structure of matter 20
Electronegativity. Oxidation state and valence of chemical elements 28
Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Dependence of the properties of substances on the features of their crystal lattice 37
Classification of chemical reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry. Reversible and irreversible chemical reactions.
Equilibrium offset 40
Electrolytic dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Strong and weak electrolytes.
Ion exchange reactions 43
Hydrolysis of salts. Wednesday aqueous solutions 46
Redox reactions 47
Electrolysis of melts and solutions (salts, alkalis, acids) 52
Speed chemical reaction 53
1.2. Tasks with comments and solutions 55
1.3. Tasks for independent work 70
2. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
2.1. Theoretical material 87
Classification and nomenclature inorganic compounds 87
Characteristics of elements by position in the Periodic Table 97
Chemical properties of simple inorganic substances 104
Chemical properties of complex inorganic substances 122
2.2. Tasks with comments and solutions 137
2.3. Tasks for independent work 149
3. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
3.1. Theoretical material 168
Theory chemical structure organic compounds: homology and isomerism 168
Types of bonds in molecules of organic substances. Hybridization of carbon atomic orbitals.
Radical. Functional group 169
Classification and nomenclature of organic substances 170
Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons 175
Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes) 187
Characteristic chemical properties of saturated monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, phenol 192
Characteristic chemical properties of aldehydes, saturated carboxylic acids, esters 198
Biologically important substances (fats, carbohydrates) 204
Characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds 210
Biologically important substances 216
Main methods of producing hydrocarbons 217
The main methods for producing oxygen-containing substances 222
The main methods of obtaining nitrogen-containing substances 226
Relationship between organic compounds 228
3.2. Tasks with comments and solutions 229
3.3. Tasks for independent work 240
4. METHODS OF KNOWLEDGE IN CHEMISTRY. CHEMISTRY AND LIFE
4.1. Theoretical material 264
Experimental Fundamentals of Chemistry 264
General ideas about industrial methods for obtaining essential substances 269
Natural sources of hydrocarbons, their processing 2 76
High molecular weight compounds.
Polymerization and polycondensation reactions.
Polymers. Plastics, fibers, rubbers 281
Calculations according to chemical formulas and reaction equations 286
4.2. Tasks with comments and solutions 297
4.3. Tasks for independent work 309
SAMPLE USE OPTIONS
Option 1 318
Option 2 330
Option 3 341
Option 4 352
Option 5 363
ANSWERS TO TASKS FOR INDEPENDENT WORK
Basic Chemistry 374
Inorganic Chemistry 379
Organic Chemistry 387
Knowledge and application of substances and chemical reactions 394
Answers to sample tasks
training Unified State Exam options 409
Answers to the tasks of part 1 409
Answers to the tasks of part 2 411

The manual brought to your attention is intended for the study, generalization and systematization of chemistry material studied at the senior level of school. Working with the manual will also allow you to successfully prepare for the Unified State Exam (USE) in chemistry, which is carried out using control measuring materials (CMM) - standardized tasks, the content of which fully corresponds to the current regulatory framework school chemical education - Federal State educational standard secondary (complete) general education.
The benefit includes:
- educational and training materials on the main sections of the chemistry course (theory and training tasks);
- approximate options for the Unified State Examination;
- answers to tasks for independent work and assignments of approximate options.
Educational and training materials for the main sections of the chemistry course represent a systematic presentation of material about substances, their composition, structure and properties; about chemical reactions, the essence and patterns of reactions of various types; about the use of substances and chemical transformations, methods of cognition of chemical objects. The material included in the manual is a mandatory component (invariant core) of the content of all existing programs high school in chemistry for classes studying chemistry at a specialized level.

Training test A3. I.A. - IIIA IVA - VIIA

1 . The most pronounced metallic properties are:

1) Na 2) K 3) Mg 4) Al

2 . The least pronounced metallic properties are:

1) Rb 2) Sr 3) Ca 4) K

3 . UKAndRbthe same...

1) atomic radii 3) nuclear charges

2) relative electronegativity values ​​4) higher degrees oxidation

4 . USrAndRbthe same...

1) atomic radii 3) oxidation states

2) relative electronegativity values ​​4) number of electronic layers

5 . Chromium C oxidesrO 3 – Cr 2 O 3 – CrOarranged in increasing order

1) oxidation state of chromium 2) oxidizing properties

3) basic properties 4) solubility in water

6 . Iron oxidesFeO – Fe 2 O 3

1) basic properties 2) oxidation state of iron

3) oxidizing properties 4) solubility in water

7 . Chromium hydroxidesCr( OH) 2 -- Cr( OH) 3 arranged in decreasing order

1) basic properties 2) oxidation state of chromium

3) oxidizing properties 4) solubility in water

8 . Iron does not have a specific oxidation state

1) +6 2) +2 3) +3 4) +5

9.

1) magnesium 2) calcium 3) strontium 4) barium

10.

1) nitrogen and magnesium chloride 3) hydrogen and sodium hydroxide

2) carbon and hydrochloric acid 4)

11 . Copper reacts with each of a set of substances

1) nitrogen and copper chloride 3) hydrogen and sodium hydroxide

2) oxygen and nitric acid 4) argon and diluted sulfuric acid

12 . Are the following statements true about chromium oxide (VI)?

A. Chromium oxide (VI

B. Chromium oxide (VI) is the main oxide.

13 . The amphoteric and basic oxides, respectively, are

1) BaO, K 2 O2) Al 2 O 3 , CaO 3) SO 2 ,Na 2 O 4) Cr 2 O 3 , ZnO

14 . When chromium interacts with hydrochloric acid is formed

1) CrCl 2 AndH 2 2) CrCl 3 AndH 2 O3) CrCl 2 AndH 2 O4) CrCl 3 AndH 2

15 . When iron reacts with hydrochloric acid, the following is formed:

1) FeCl 2 AndH 2 2) FeCl 3 AndH 2 O 3) FeCl 2 AndH 2 O 4) FeCl 3 AndH 2

16 . Are the claims about zinc hydroxide true?

A. Zinc hydroxide exhibits only acidic properties.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

17 . In an excited state, boron has electronic configuration

1) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 3 2) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 1 3) 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p 3 4) 1 s 2 2 s 1 2 p 2

18 . Iron exhibits the oxidation state +3 due to the electrons located on

1) 4 sand 3d-sublevels 2) 4sand 4p-sublevels

3) 4 sand 3p-sublevels 4) 4sand 3s-sublevels

19 . The most stable oxidation states of chromium are

1) +1, +6 2) +2, +6 3) +3, +6 4) +4, +6

20. The most stable oxidation state of copper is

1) +1 2) +2 3) +3 4) +11

21. IIand what about the groups?

A. They exhibit an oxidation state of +2

B. They form with nonmetals ionic compounds

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

22. In order of increasing reducing properties, the metals are located in the series

1) Li, Zn, Mg 2) Na, Li, Al 3) Al, Mg, Na 4) Cr, Li, Al

23 .

1) tellurium 2) sulfur 3) selenium 4) oxygen

24. .

A. They exhibit both restorative and oxidizing properties

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

25. Nitrogen is not an oxidizing agent in reaction with

1) H 2 2) Li 3) O 2 4) Ca

26.

27.

1) O 2 2) Li 3) KClO 3 4) H 2 SO 4

28 . Sulfur is a reducing agent in the reaction with

1) Fe, H 2 , O 2 2) Zn, H 2 , C 3) F 2 ,Ca,H 2 4) H 2 SO 4( conc. ) ,HNO 3 , O 2

29

A. All nonmetals, except fluorine, have redox duality.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

30 . Doesn't show

31. As the oxidation state of an element increases, the strength of oxygen-containing acids

1) decreases 2) increases 3) does not change 4) does not appear

32.

1) acids 2) bases

3) amphoteric compound 4)

33.

1) decreases 2) increases 3) does not change 4) does not appear

34 .

1) B, C, N 2) N, O, P 3) F, O, P 4) Cl, S, F

35. Are the following statements about nonmetals true?

B. Their hydrogen compounds are acids

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

36 . Fluorine exhibits oxidation states

1) -1, 0, +1, +3, + 5, +7 2) -1, 0, +1 3) -1, 0 4) -1, + 5, +7

37. Hydrogen compound of composition H 2 E 2 forms

1) carbon 2) silicon 3) boron 4) nitrogen

38 . In a rowSi – P – S – Clelectronegativity of elements

1) increases 2) decreases

3) does not change 4) first decreases, then increases

39 . Are the following statements about the properties of oxygen and sulfur correct?

A. The maximum valence of these elements in compounds is equal to the group number.

B. When interacting with hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur exhibit oxidizing properties.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

40. Formula higher oxide chlorine

1) Cl 2 O 2) ClO 2 3) Cl 2 O 5 4) Cl 2 O 7

41 . In a rowHF – HBrthere is a decrease

1) acid strength 2) bond polarity

3) reducing properties 4) bond length

42 .

1) nitrogen, fluorine 2) fluorine, chlorine 3) nitrogen, phosphorus 4) chlorine, bromine

43.

1) nitrogen and sodium chloride 2)

3) hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide 4)argon and ammonia

44 .

1) only A is correct2) only B is correct

3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

45 .

1) aluminum 2) iron3) copper4) chrome

Control test A3. General characteristics metals of the main subgroups I.A. - IIIA groups due to their position in periodic table chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev and the structural features of their atoms. Characteristics of transition elements - copper, zinc, chromium, iron according to their position in the periodic table of chemical elements and the structural features of their atoms. General characteristics of non-metalsIVA - VIIA groups in connection with their position in the periodic table of chemical elements of D.I. Mendeleev and the structural features of their atoms.

1. Atoms give up electrons most easily

magnesium 2) strontium 3) calcium 4) barium

2 . When chromium reacts with hydrochloric acid, it formsyes

1) CrS1 2 and N 2 2) CrCland N 2 0 3) CrS1 3 and N 2 0 4) CrC1 3 and N 2

3 . talls are located in a row

l) Al, Zn, Ni2) A1,Na, K 3) Ni, Zn, Mg 4) Ni, Zn, Al

4 .
A. Alkali metals exhibit an oxidation state of +1.
B.Cnonmetals form nonmolecular compounds.

only A is correct2) only B is correct

5 . In an excited state, boron has an electronic configuration

1) ls 2 2 s 1 2 p 3 2) ls 2 2 s 2 2 p 1 3) ls 1 2 s 2 2 p 2 4) ls 2 2 s 1 2 p 2

6. Iron reacts with each of a set of substances

1) nitrogen and magnesium chloride 2)carbon and hydrochloric acid

3) hydrogen and sodium hydroxide4) argon and dilute sulfuric acid

7 . When iron reacts with hydrochloric acidzuzyatsya

1) FeCl 3 AndH 2 2) FeCl 3 and N 2 0 3) FeCl 2 AndH 2 0 4) FeCl 2 and N 2

8 . In order of decreasing reducing propertiestalls are located in a row

l)Li, Zn, Mg 2) Al, Na, Li 3)Na, Al, Cr4) Cr, Li, Al

9 . Are the following statements about alkali metals true?
A. Alkali metals exhibit only reducing propertiesny properties.

B. Their hydroxides are strong bases.

only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

10 . Iron exhibits oxidation state +3 due to electrificationrons located on

4 sfromd-sublevels 2 ) 4 siZr-sublevels 3)4 sand 4p-sublevels 4) 4 sfroms-sublevels

11 . Atoms give up electrons most easily

1) rubidium 2) calcium 3) strontium 4) cesium

12 . Are the following statements true about zinc hydroxide?
A. Zinc hydroxide exhibits only acidic properties.
B. Zinc hydroxide exhibits only basic properties.

only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

13 . In order of decreasing reducing propertiestalls are located in a row

Zn, Cr, Al2) Al, Cr, Zn3) Na, Zn, Co 4) Cr, Zn, Al

14 . Are the following statements about alkali metals true?
A. When interacting with oxygen, predominantlyform peroxides.

B. Their hydroxides are alkalis.

only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

15 . The most stable oxidation states of chromium arelie

1)+1,+2 2)+2,+6 3)+3, +6 4)+4,+6

16 . Copper reacts with each of a set of substances

1) nitrogen and copper chloride 2)oxygen and nitric acid

hydrogen and sodium hydroxide 4)argon and dilute sulfuric acid

17 . Aluminum reacts with each of a set of substances

nitrogen and sodium chloride 2)oxygen and concentrated nitric acid

hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide 4) argon and ammonia

18 . Copper does not interact with

dilute sulfuric acid 2)concentrated nitric acid

concentrated sulfuric acid 4)dilute nitric acid

19 . Zinc reacts with each of a set of substances

1) sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid2)oxygen and sodium chloride solution

argon and potassium hydroxide 4)neon and water

20 . When nickel reacts with hydrochloric acidzuzyatsya

NiCl 3 and N 2 2) NiCl 2 and N 2 0 3) NiCl 3 and N 2 0 4) NiCl 2 and N 2

21 . Atoms give up electrons most easily

1) tin 2) India 3) aluminum 4) antimony

22 . Are the following statements true about chromium oxide (VI)?
A. Chromium oxide (VI) is an acidic oxide.

B. Chromium oxide (VI) is the main oxide.

only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

23 . In order of decreasing reducing propertiestalls are located in a row

l)Mg, Zn,Au 2) A1, Fe, Zn 3)Na, Zn, Mg 4)Ni,Al,Zn

24. Are the following statements about alkali metals true?
A. They exhibit reducing and oxidative propertiesstva.

B. Their salts do not undergo cationic hydrolysis.

only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

25 . The most stable oxidation state of copper isyes

1)+1 2)+2 3)+3 4)+11

26. Silver reacts with each of a set of substances

nitrogen and sodium chloride 2)oxygen and concentrated nitric acid

hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide 4)argon and ammonia

27 . Are the following statements true about zinc oxide?
A. Zinc oxide is a non-salt-forming oxide.
B Zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide.

only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

28 . talls are located in a row

l)Al,Zn,Ni 2)Al,Na,TO3)Ni,Mg,Zn 4) Zn, Ni, Al

29 . Amphoteric hydroxide does not form

1) aluminum2) iron 3) copper 4) chrome

30 . Are the following statements about metals true?IIAgroups?
A. They exhibit an oxidation state of +2.

B. They form ionic compounds with nonmetals.

only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

31. Atoms give up electrons most easily

1) magnesium 2) calcium 3) sodium4)lithium

32 . Are the following statements true about magnesium hydroxide?
A. Magnesium hydroxide exhibits acidic properties.

B. Magnesium hydroxide exhibits basic properties.

only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

33 . In order of increasing reducing propertiestalls are located in a row

l)Li,Zn,Mg 2) Na, Li, Al 3)Al,Mg,Na4) Cr, Li, Al

34 . Amphoteric hydroxide forms

1) sodium 2) magnesium3) potassium 4) beryllium

35 . Are the following statements about metals true?IIAgroups?

A. They exhibit only restorative properties.

B. The strength of the bases increases from top to bottom of the group.

only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

36 . Are the following statements true about nonmetals?

A. They exhibit only oxidizing properties

B. Their hydrogen compounds are acids.

1) only A is correct2) only B is correct3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

Chlorine is both an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent when reacting with

1) N 2 O 2)Fe 3) C 2 H 4 4) C 4 H 6

38. Doesn't show oxidation state equal to group number

1) oxygen 2) sulfur 3) selenium 4) tellurium

39. The oxidizing properties of elements increase in the series

1) nitrogen, carbon 2) carbon, silicon 3) oxygen, nitrogen4) chlorine, fluorine

40. The ability of hydrogen compounds of nonmetals to form intermolecular hydrogen bond by period from left to right

1) decreases 2) increases 2) does not change 3) does not appear

41. Are the following statements true about nonmetals?

A. They exhibit both reducing and oxidizing properties.

B. The strength of oxygen-free acids increases in the group from top to bottom

42. Nitrogenis not oxidizing agent in reaction with

H 2 2) Li 3) O 2 4) Ca

Doesn't show oxidation state equal to group number

1) chlorine 2) fluorine 3) bromine 4) iodine

44.

a number of

nitrogen, fluorine 2) fluorine, chlorine 3) nitrogen, phosphorus4) chlorine, bromine

45.

1) B, O,N2) Se,ABOUT,P 3) C,ABOUT,S 4) Cl, S, Se

46. Are the following statements about nonmetals true?

A. All nonmetals, except fluorine, have oxidative propertiesrestorative duality.

B. All nonmetals react with oxygen.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

47. Phosphorus is an oxidizing agent in reaction with

1) 0 2 2) Li 3) KS10 3 4) H 2 S0 4

48. Does not exhibit a higher valency equal to the group number
1) tellurium2) sulfur3) selenium 4) oxygen

49. The oxidizing properties of elements increase in

a number of

silicon, carbon2) carbon, germanium3) phosphorus, arsenic 4) sulfur, carbon

50. The ability of hydrogen compounds of non-metals to formcall intermolecular hydrogen bond by grouptop down

does not appear2) increases3) does not change 4) decreases

51. Phosphorus is a reducing agent in the reaction with

1) O 2 2) Li3) Mg4)Sa

52. Does not exhibit a higher valency equal to the group number

1) silicon 2) phosphorus 3) sulfur 4) fluorine

53. The oxidizing properties of elements increase in the series

1) phosphorus, silicon 2) sulfur, selenium 3) nitrogen, fluorine 4) nitrogen, arsenic

54. The reducing properties of elements increase in the series

1) F, Cl, I2) P ; C1,I3)Se,S,04) P, S, Cl

55. Acid properties of oxygen-containing acids by period from left to right

1) do not appear 2) increase3) do not change 4) decrease

56. Phosphorus is an oxidizing agent in reaction with

1) O 2 2) Li3) KSJ 3 4) H 2 SO 4

57. Does not exhibit a higher valency equal to the group number

1) phosphorus 2) arsenic 3) antimony 4) nitrogen

58. Oxidantny properties of elements increase in

bromine, tellurium2) bromine, chlorine3) chlorine, iodine 4) oxygen, nitrogen

59. The reducing properties of elements increase in the series

1) Te, Se, S 2) Cl, Br, I 3) Se,INr, I4) Cl, S, O

60. Acid properties of oxygen-containing acids by group from top to bottom|

decrease 2) increase 3) do not change 4) do not appear

Sulfur is an oxidizing agent in reaction with

1) Fe,N 2 , 0 2 2) Zn, H 2 , C 3) F 2 , Sa, N 2 4)H 2 S0 4(KOH C ) , HN0 3 , Ni.

C,0, N 2) F, 0, N 3) 0,R, CI4) CI, P, F

Chlorine exhibits oxidation states

1) -1, 0 2)-1,0,+73)-1,0, + 1,+3,+5, +7 4)-1,+5,+7

The hydrogen compound of iodine exhibits the properties

acids 2)grounds 3)amphoteric compound 4)does not exhibit acid-base properties

With increasing oxidation state of the element, strength oxygencontaining acids

decreases 2) increases 3) does not change 4) does not appear

66. . Sulfur is a reducing agent in the reaction with

Fe, N 2 , 0 2 2) Zn, N 2 , WITH3) F 2 , Ca, N 2 4) H 2 S0 4( KOH C) at HN0 3 , 0 2

67. The oxidative properties of elements decrease in the series

I,0, N 2) F, C1, I3) I,Those, S 4) Br, Cl, N

Fluorine exhibits oxidation states

1)-1,0,+1,+3,+5,+7 2)-1,0,+73) - 1, 0 4)-1,+5,+7

69. The reducing properties of elements increasein a row

1) IN,C, N 2) N,0, Р 3)F,0, R4) C1,S, F

70 . The hydrogen compound of selenium exhibits the properties

acids 2) bases 3)amphoteric compound4)does not exhibit acid-base properties