In the functions of subject, object and determiner.

Both(the) girls came late. Both girls were late.
Both(the) sisters are married. Both sisters are married.

b) without a subsequent noun or pronoun and act as a subject, a nominal part of a predicate or an object.

Did you see our new students? -Have you seen our new students?
Yes, I saw both. Yes, I saw them both (both).

They are both good students. They are both good students.
It was both cold and wet. It was both cold and damp.

c) in negative sentences instead both pronoun is used neither.

Neither of them recognized me. They both didn't recognize me.

• All(everything, everything) - acts as a subject, object, attribute or noun-application.

With countable nouns plural used with the meaning "all".

All the students have passed their examinations. All students passed the exams.

With uncountable nouns it is used with the meaning “all”, “everything”, “everything”. Article the, possessive and demonstrative pronouns are placed after all.

Not spent all his money. He spent all his money.
Doesn't want to know all the information about it. He wants to know all the information about it.

Note. Before countable nouns in singular instead of all usually used the whole.

The wholesale city ​​was destroyed. The entire city was destroyed.

• Whole(whole, whole) - used before a singular noun as an adjective - a definition.

They skated the wholesale day yesterday. They skated all day yesterday.
The wholesale world knows the first cosmonaut - Yuri Gagarin. The whole world knows the first cosmonaut - Yuri Gagarin.

• Each(each) - acts as subject, object and determiner.

Each of them was given a task. Everyone received a task.
Each actor was given flowers. Each actor was given flowers.

• Every(each, everyone) has a more general meaning, approaching the meaning of all (everything, everything).

Every students must attend the lectures. Every student must attend lectures.
Every man carried a torch. Each (person) carried a torch.

Pronoun every is a component of indefinite pronouns everybody, everyone- everything, everyone, everything- All.

Everybody knows this athlete. Everyone knows this athlete.
Everyone turned to him. Everyone (immediately) turned to him.

He didn't everything to help her.
He did everything to help her.

• Either- one of two, one or the other, either.

There are two tickets. You may take either of them.
There are two tickets here. You can take any of them.

BUT: Either as an adverb it is used in negative sentences in the meaning “also” (so is used in the same meaning in affirmative sentences).

She didn’t go there and she didn’t go either. (= Didn’t go and neither she did).
He didn't go there, and she didn't go there either. (He didn't go, and she didn't go either.)

I went out and she went out too. (= I went out and so did she).
I went out and she also came out.

• Neither(neither one nor the other, no one) is the negative form of the pronoun either.

Neither of the pupils answered this question. None of the students answered this question.
Which did you buy? Neither. - What (which.,.) did you buy? Nothing (neither one nor the other...).

• Other, another- another.

Doesn’t like to read science fiction and doesn’t read other books.
He likes to read science fiction and does not read other books.

Greetings my dears.

Indefinite pronouns in English play not the least role in our speech. Without them, we would sound boring, monotonous and not at all interesting. But the English language is beautiful because of its beauty. Therefore, today we will enrich your speech with new words

Believe me, there are so many pronouns in English that you could spend hours sorting through them. Today let's cover the rule for everyone as much as possible and look at examples.

Some any no

There has already been a very long and detailed discussion about these friendly brothers. But so that you don’t have to look for it for a long time, I have a table with the pronouns “some, any, no”, where you will find out everything in detail.

Much Many Little Few

It’s the same with these “beauties.” You can get to know them in as much detail as possible. But for the big picture, let's remember:

• Much - a lot - used with uncountable objects.
• Many- many - with countable ones.
• Little - few - also used with uncountable items.
• Few-few- with countable ones.

I have got little time. I have many contracts to sign. —U me few time. I need to sign a lot of contracts.

There are few free tables today. It will take too much time to wait.- Today free few tables. The wait will take too long.

All - Everything

This pronoun refers to a group of people or things and gives positive coloring. It is important to remember that after it the noun always comes in the plural.

All the book s were sold out. -All books were sold out.

All the students got good test results. - All students received good test results.

Here's the combination all + that gives the value " the only thing».

All that he did was to call me. - The only thing he did was call me.

None - Not at all

This pronoun also refers to a group of people or things, but gives negative coloring. That is, if there is more than two of something, we can use none. It can also be used as the exact opposite of "all".

-Are there any guests left? - No, none.

-Are there any other guests? - No, not a single one.

We can also use the phrase " none of ».

None of the skirts fits me. - Not a single skirt suited me.

Both - Both, both

Often two objects that are similar in some characteristics can be combined with a simple pronoun both. After it we always use the plural.

Both my parents are doctors.- Both my parent - doctors.

It is also important to remember the stable structure « both … and… » . It is very often used in various international tests and exams.

Both Jane and Kate graduated from college this year.- AND Jane, And Kate V this year are finishing college.

Each Every - Everyone

Both of these pronouns mean " every" But the only difference is this: each used when we individualize each one a person or thing (we mean a limited range of objects and persons), and every- if we it is more important to summarize them and present them as a whole(here we mean an unlimited number of objects or persons presented).

He pays rent every month . – She pays rent every month. (i.e. an unlimited number of months - all months of the year and possibly for more than one year).

He will spend there 6 months – and each month he will report to the Chief Manager about results.

Every teacher was given a task to prepare the graduate class for the contest. -. Every teacher(that is, all from an unlimited quantity) received the task of preparing the graduating class for the competition.

Each teacher was given a task to prepare the graduate class for the contest. - Each teacher (i.e., each from a certain list of schools) was tasked with preparing the graduating class for the competition.

Either - any. Neither - no one (of two)

AND either, and neither are used to refer to two people, places or things. And after them a singular noun is usually used.

Either child is funny. - Any child is funny.

Neither man is rich. - No one is rich (of the two of them!).

You can often find the forms " either … or…» or " neither… nor … » in the meanings " or this... or that..." And " neither this... nor that..." respectively.

Neither Kelly nor Mona is coming to the literature club this evening. -Neither Kelly nor Mona will come to the literary club meeting tonight.

Either Peter or Mary will come to the dinner tonight.- Or Peter, or Mary will come Today on dinner.

Another - different. Other\s - others

Pronoun another used when something else is needed one similar. And it is followed only by a singular noun.

My pencil doesn't’ t work. Can you give me another one, please? -My pencil broke. Can you give me another one?

Other is used with nouns plural.

Some people like to sleep with closed curtains. Other people (or simply "Others») are indifferent. - Some people like to sleep with the curtains closed. Others remain indifferent.

One. Ones

These pronouns are used to avoid repeating words. The first option is used with the singular, but the second with the plural.

-Which skirt do you like? - The red one.(that is,Red skirt)

-Which skirt do you like? - Red.

-What shoes do you like? - The white ones.

-What shoes do you like? - White.

Of course, leaving you without practice would be a crime. Therefore, I already have where I collected the most interesting exercises. Of course, with answers. Let's practice quickly!

Well, for now I will say goodbye to you.

Indefinite pronouns and adverbs derived from some, any, no, every in English are presented with examples.

Previous topics have covered some indefinite pronouns, but this topic will mainly look at their derivatives.

By adding the words thing, body, where and one, derivatives are formed from the pronouns some, any, no, every. These derivatives will be shown below with examples, and then various rules that need to be considered when using these derivatives will be discussed.

Study the derivatives of these pronouns.

1) Something - anything, something, something, anything.
I have to do something - I have to do something.

2) Somebody - someone, someone, anyone, anyone.
The word someone has a similar meaning.
Somebody opened the window - Someone opened the window.
Someone wrote this letter - Someone wrote this letter.

3) Somewhere - somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere, somewhere.
John and Mary go somewhere to the North for the holidays every year - Every year John and Maria go somewhere north for the holidays.

4) Anything - anything, anything, anywhere.
It’s impossible to hear anything here - It’s impossible to hear anything here.

5) Anybody - anyone, anyone, anyone, anyone, anyone.
The word anyone has a similar meaning.

She knows this rule better than anybody else - She knows this rule better than anyone else.
Anyone who wants to go to the cinema must call me - Anyone who wants to go to the cinema must call me.

6) Anywhere - anywhere, anywhere, somewhere, anywhere.
Have you seen him anywhere? -Have you seen him somewhere?
I will go anywhere - I will go anywhere.

7) Nothing - nothing, nothing.
Nothing was sent today - Nothing was sent today.

8) Nobody - no one, no one.
The word no one has a similar meaning.

Nobody can prove it - Nobody can prove this.
No one will listen to you - No one will listen to you.

9) Nowhere - nowhere, nowhere.
Where are they going? -Where are they going?
Nowhere - nowhere.

10) Everybody - everything.
The derivative everyone has a similar meaning.

Everybody tried to find his key - Everyone tried to find his key.
Everyone was in our office - Everyone was in our office.

11) Everything - everything.
He did everything himself - He did everything himself.

12) Everywhere - everywhere, everywhere.
You can see his works everywhere - You can see his works everywhere.

Some rules for using derivatives of some, any, no, every.

The following must be remembered:

- if the second component of the word is thing, then it is talking about things;
- if the second component of the word is where, then it means a place;
- if the second component of the word is body or one, then it means people.

We use derivatives of some, any, no, every according to the same rules as these pronouns themselves are used.

It should be remembered that all of the above pronouns are used as independent members of a sentence (as objects and subjects), while some, any, no, every usually act as modifiers of a noun. To make this difference clearer, study the following examples.

Bring me some water, please (definition) - Bring me some water, please.
I want something to eat (addition) - I want something to eat.

Have you seen any workers there? (definition) - Did you see any workers there?
Was anybody in the office last week? (addition) - Was anyone in the office last week?

Did he buy any interesting films yesterday? (definition) - Did he buy any interesting films yesterday?
Did you see anything interesting yesterday? (addition) - Did you watch anything interesting yesterday?

There are no tables in that classroom (definition) - There are no tables in that classroom.
There is nothing in the bag - There is nothing in the bag.

We use the word nowhere, as a rule, as a short answer to a question. A similar example is shown at the beginning of the topic (in paragraph 9).

It is necessary to remember that the word no one is written separately.

It must be taken into account that if we use pronouns someone, somebody, anybody, something, anything, anyone, no one, nothing, nobody, everything, everybody as the subject, the predicate verb is always singular. Study some examples.

Somebody was invited to a party - Someone was invited to a party.
Everybody has your invitation - Everyone has your invitation.
Someone has answered the question - Someone answered the question.

Remember that you cannot use anyone, anything, anybody as the subject in negative sentences. In such sentences you should use nothing, none, nobody, no one. Study some examples.

She didn’t invite anybody - She didn’t invite anyone (addition).
She invited nobody - She didn’t invite anyone (addition).
Nobody could complete a task - Nobody could complete the task (subject).

After the conjunction if in conditional subordinate clauses it is necessary to put the indefinite pronouns anything, anybody, anyone.

If anyone comes, don’t open the door - If anyone comes, don’t open the door.

With words someone, somebody, nobody, no one, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, that is, with derivatives whose second component is one or body, the preposition of is not used. Of is used with indefinite pronouns none, some, each, any, one. Study some examples.

One of us took the book - One of us took the book.
Some of them brought the water - Some of them brought water.
None of us will tell him this news - None of us will tell him this news.
Will any of you be there next week? —
Will any of you be there next week?
Each of us answered him - Each of us answered him.

After the words anyone, anybody, anything, something, someone, somebody, nobody, nothing, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere a definition expressed by an adjective or the word else can be used. Study some examples.

Have you seen anybody else in the office? — Did you see anyone else in the office?
Give them something delicious to eat - Give them something tasty to eat.

It should be remembered that the definition used with adverbs and indefinite pronouns is placed after them.
I saw something strange in the street - I saw something strange on the street.

Words anybody, everybody, someone, nobody, somebody can be used in the possessive case. Study the example.

I saw somebody's dog - I saw someone's dog.

Indefinite pronouns are divided into simple and complex. Simple ones are: all, any, both, each, every, either, (a) few, many, much, (a) little, one, other (another), some, several. Complex pronouns are formed from simple pronouns any, some, every by adding to them the words body, thing, one. These pronouns are anybody, anything, everybody, everything, somebody, something, anyone, someone.

Simple indefinite pronouns all, any, both, each, every, some, several, as well as complex indefinite pronouns with the second part - thing are unchangeable.

Complex pronouns with the second part -body or - one, as well as simple one, other (another) have forms of the general and possessive case.

Much and little are used with uncountable nouns and agree with a singular verb. I have a lot of time. Little was said about it.

Many and few are used with countable nouns and agree with the plural verb. Many people speak English. Few people know him.

IN spoken language Instead of many and much, the expressions a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great deal of are often used. Few and little - express a negative idea and mean “little”. A few and a little express a positive idea and mean “a little”, “several”. Not is very dull and has few friends.

Negative Pronouns

Negative pronouns no, none, one, nobody, nothing, neither indicate the absence of something and are one of the ways to express negation in a sentence. In English, two negations are not used in one sentence, and therefore, unlike the Russian language, the use of a negative pronoun in a sentence excludes the use of another negation and requires a verb in the affirmative form.

There was nobody in the room. - There was no one in the room.

Nothing was interesting for him. - Nothing was interesting to him.

The adjective pronoun no is used as a modifier before countable and uncountable nouns. The article is not used when there is a definition no.

I found no flowers in the garden. There is no milk in the bottle.

No can be a modifier of a subject noun.

No medicine could help him.

Negative pronouns-nouns, nobody, no one refer to persons, nothing - to inanimate objects. In the complement function, these pronouns can be replaced by the combinations not anybody; not anything:

I found nobody there. (I didn't find anybody there.)

I know nothing about it. (I don't know anything about it.)

Such a replacement is impossible if the pronouns nobody, nothing perform the functions of the subject in the sentence.

Nothing could be more pleasing to me.

Nobody could answer the question.

The word neither (neither one nor the other) is the negative form of the pronoun either. Neither is used as a noun pronoun and an adjective pronoun.

Neither answer was correct.

Do you prefer tea or coffee? I like neither.

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are What? Which? Who - whom? Whose? They are unchangeable, with the exception of the pronoun who, which has the form of the nominative case who and the objective case - whom.

Interrogative pronouns are used to form specific questions.

What did you say?

Which way shall we go?

Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns

The same group of pronouns in English performs two functions - reflexive and intensifying pronouns. These pronouns vary in person and number, like the personal and possessive pronouns from which they are derived.

CHECK WORK 1

Option 1

1. Insert the correct article instead of dots, where necessary:

1) This is… address book.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

2) Open your… exercise-book.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

3) Can you play... guitar?

a) a b) an c) the d) -

4) ... Kremlin is the heart of ... Moscow.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

5) Who is... President of the USA?

a) a b) an c) the d) -

6) He is... the most intelligent student is the college.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

7) Dickens father was sent to … prison for debts.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

8) Last year … Smiths went on holiday to London.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

9) …Hyde Park is the please you should visit in London.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

10)Mr. Green visited…Tower of London.

a) a b) an c) the d) -

2. Form sets of numbers of nouns:

3. Insert an adjective or adverb instead of dots:

1) Our landlady greeted us ... in French

a) bright; b) brightly

2) The moon was shining so..., we decided to go out

a) bright; b) brightly

3) Industrial goods are often produced … in developing countries.

a) cheap; b) cheaply

4) You can buy fresh vegetables… at the market.

a) cheap; b) cheaply

5) They broke the window stole everything and got ... away.

a) clean; b) cleanly

6) With one stroke, he out the log... down the middle.

a) clean; b) cleanly

7) He’s in a bad mood and I’m going to stay … of him for/a/ while.

a) clear; b) clearly

8) White your name and address… at the bottom of the form.

a) clear; b) clearly

4. Insert the correct form of the pronoun instead of the dots:

1) We are going to the cinema. Do you want to come with…?

2) He wants the key please give … to … .

3) Oxford is famous for… university.

4) It’s their/theirs problem, not our/ours.

5) I gave her … address and she gave me … .

6) I went on holiday by … .

7) Be careful! That plate is very hot. Don't burn...

5. Insert the required indefinite pronoun instead of dots:

1) I’ll buy … paper when I go to the shops.

a) some ; b) any; c) no.

2) I don’t have … time today. Sorry!

a) some ; b) any; c) no.

3) Would you like ... tea? Yes, please.

a) some ; b) any; c) no.

4) Have you got... brothers or sisters?

a) some ; b) any; c) no.

5) Don’t buy… rice. We don’t need… .

a) some ; b) any; c) no.

6. Insert the required derivative from indefinite pronouns instead of dots:

1) He has got ... money.

2) How much money has he got? … .

3) Jack has a bad memory. He can’t remember… .

4) It's dark. I can’t see… .

5) … needs friends.

7. Read and translate the text orally:

Cambridge

Cambridge is one of the best known towns in the world and it can be found on most tourists’ lists of places to visit. Cambridge is famous for its university, which started during the13th century and grew steadily, until today there are more than twenty colleges. The oldest one is Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284. And the most recent is Robinson College, which was opened in 1977. But the most famous is King’s College, because of its magnificent chapel. Its choir of boys and undergraduates is well known all over the world. The Universities were only for men until the 19th century when the first women’s college was opened. Later the doors of colleges were opened to both men and women. Nowadays almost all the colleges are mixed.

To the north of Cambridge is the Cambridge Science Park, the modern face of the University. This park has developed in response to the need of universities to increase their contact with high technology industry. It is now home to more than sixty companies and research institutes. The whole area is in fact very attractively designed, with a lot of space between each building. The planners thought that it was important for people to have a pleasant, park like environment in which to work.

Every year thousands of students come to Cambridge from overseas to study English.