Black and ulus Tatars and those who poked the land of Crimea with a homemade plow and harrow (a despicable occupation, fit only for slaves) - all were waiting for the day when the horn of the envoys of the seraskir would finally blow and it would be possible to collect herds, emaciated in the dry steppes, and saddle horses military equipment. All winter, summer and autumn, they only lived with tales of the rich yasyr of past wars, when the whole family, including women, ate meat every day, and the captives, bound in pairs or chained in stocks, cultivated the field and molded new pens for sheep from adobe. There was a time! And now children with bloated bellies from all sorts of rubbish play with rusty blocks and straps that they once tied. captives. People are starving. They got to the point that even the head of the family is baked cakes only by Friday, and even then from barley milling. Everyone else slurps on skinny millet gruel and gnaws on garlic.

Alla, alla, alla, - the muezzin proclaims, as if he wants to say: "take courage, brothers!". Mullah, who is well acquainted with the Karasubazar Mufti Seid-Ahmed-Efendi himself, says from his words that the whole thing is in the lack of prayers and that when the people were more devout, everything went well: there were wars blessed by the prophet against the infidels, the land was cultivated by prisoners and everyone enough of what was brought from the war and what the fields gave. But throughout the country there were more than two hundred thousand wagons and one hundred and fifty thousand houses. Mufti undoubtedly speaks the truth, because he is a most learned person and, in addition to the Holy Quran, he always reads a huge book about the lands of the Crimean Khanate, handwritten in the Tatar language by Sheikh Mahamed 200 years ago.

Many of the experienced people blame the Sultan's Kapujis for everything, who control all the Tatars of the Crimea, forbidding them, under pain of death, to go to Russian villages for yasyr and other booty. The Tatars must patiently wait until the Sultan sends the khan "a saber and a caftan" (which means: "get ready for a campaign!").

No, the Tatar people, and especially the Nogais, are dissatisfied with such orders. The murmur is heard everywhere, and in the deaf beams the headless corpses of khan and sultan officials are already being found.

Finally, the wind that portends a storm blew across the steppes.

A rumor spread that the days of the khan were numbered and that the Budzhak murzas were raising an uprising for the new khan, the seraskir of the Budzhak hordes, Krym-Girey. This Girey, according to the messengers from the Budzhak horde, is powerful and terrible, like a mountain stream in the spring. He strives with all his strength to fall upon the infidels, who have not yet been avenged for the campaign of 1737.

The Budzhak murzas spread a rumor among the people that Krym-Girey did not intend to sit at the Threshold of Happiness and wait for the gracious permission that under him the Turkish soldiers would cease to be bosses in the country. The main thing that the Budjak Murzas promised was war. After all, Crimea-Girey knows: the Tatar people live in war. This is what Khan Sahyb-Giray said in ancient times.

In the spring of 1758, the Nogais left their homes and mounted horses to help such a khan as Krym-Girey. Turkish soldiers and guards, and, finally, Khan Mukhamed-Girey himself had no choice but to flee, and Crimea-Girey was proclaimed the Khan of all Tatar peoples: "Crimean, Budzhak, Kuban, Edisan, Zhambuyluk and Yedichkul without exception ..."

The new khan was greeted with cannon fire. Hundreds of sheep blushed on skewers in his honor. So much grape juice was added to the sherbets that everyone was drunk, not excluding the ulema and sheikhs, who, as you know, adhered more to the letter of the Mohammedan law than to its essence.

Sultan Mustafa had no choice but to send the caliph's letter teshrifat, in which "the khan's dignity" of Crimea-Giray "graciously confirmed and guaranteed.

Krym-Giray was one of those people who, once setting a goal, get to it by any means.

The goal of this Girey was a war with Russia, a crushing, annihilating war. While still a seraskir of the Nogai hordes, he wandered into the Russian borders, destroyed the Azov fortresses, and even threatened to “hang his whip on the Russian capital, in St. Petersburg,” forcing the Russians to pay tribute again, as was the case with his fathers and grandfathers. These were the intentions of Krym-Giray. New wars were to follow the victory, for this Girey imagined himself to be a new Batu or Genghis Khan.

The entire male population of the Crimean Khanate was looking forward to the war, because the war was a sure way to get enough to satiety.

War was a way to get rich. And the Tatar people welcomed the new Batu or Genghis Khan as such a ruler who cares about the people's welfare.

Therefore, speaking about the policy of Crimea-Girey, there is no need to divide it into internal and external. It will suffice to briefly describe the intentions of this last of the strong Gireys.

Crimea-Giray was going to take under his hand the Caucasian tribes. The Russians had to forget the way to the Black Sea.

A holy war (jihat) against Russia, a country that Crimea-Girey hated with a fierce hatred, could make the khan free and independent. How long will the Crimean khans, the noble offspring of real Ilkhans from the Genghisides clan, grovel in the Istanbul seraglio? Couldn't Crimea-Girey return the power of the Golden Horde to the Crimean yurt, and can't the Gireys be the defenders of Mecca and Medina, like the rulers of Porta?

Just think that it’s not him, the universally recognized “storehouse of wisdom”, the “valiant” Krym-Girey, but the most miserable saint of the harem Mustafa has the power of the padishah! .. To seem majestic, this Mustafa has to greatly whiten his purple face and blacken his red beard, and still it seems miserable next to the Krym-Giray.

Krym-Giray said about himself that he was only a warrior. Indeed, he could be content with a piece of dried meat and sleep with a saddle under his head. But what Crimea-Girey was content with on the campaign did not suit him at all in Bakhchisarai.

Turkish historians pay tribute to Krym-Girey as "the last Tatar hero" (Resmi-efendi), but they blame him for his overly "heroic" manners - revelry and drunkenness.

thunderous laughter and deafening sounds dasula and dariye (two instruments, from which the unaccustomed can go deaf) announced that the khan was coming.

Jesters, conjurers, comedians always crowded around him, and he himself liked to stun an important visitor with some funny chronogram or intricate joke. Khan was not content with either Tatar cuisine or his harem. He needed a licked sea of ​​wine, the most varied foods and such amusements, about which humble people they spoke only in whispers and behind closed doors.

For all these tricks, Khan Krym-Girey bore the well-deserved nickname of Deli Khan, which remained behind him in history.

The more extensive were the ambitious plans of the khan, the more money he spent on his palace, mosques, luxurious baths, fountains and monuments.

Never before has Bakhchisarai been adorned with so much azure and gilding. The Khan's palace was rebuilt anew, and its brilliance dazzled the eyes.

During large receptions, the khan sat on orange cloth (the color of khan's dignity, similar to the sun), and the golden crescent moon burned above his throne among blue azure and gold traced stars.

Khan was dressed in a sultan's robe trimmed with sables, the very one that "brings happiness." On his head was a sable hat with "peace-winning sorgujs" fastened with a diamond. Around the khan were his bodyguards - kapychei and seimen, armed with bows and arrows.

Although Crimea-Girey was elevated to the Khan's throne by a wave of rebellion and the Nogai horsemen cleared the road to Bakhchisarai, in Bakhchisarai he was surrounded by dignitaries, beys of four noble families and ulema of the highest dignity. They could not be called courtiers. All of them considered themselves no lower than the khan and tormented him with advice, denunciations, intrigues, conspiracies. Krym-Giray was cautious and concealed to himself the most secret of his plans. They were opened only in relations with foreign diplomats.

Krym-Girey had delusions of grandeur. But one should not think that he was naive and counted only on his own strength. No, he needed support and he was looking for it not at all in Mohammedan countries. He was popular with diplomats Western Europe and he succeeded.

Ambassadors and consuls who came to Bakhchisaray found here wild and fantastic spectacles, the luxury of the East, which tickled their satiated imagination. Khan Krym-Girey himself was especially curious. Suffice it to say that he, who wore a long beard and ate with his hands, could suddenly talk about the philosophy of Montesquieu or the comedies of Molière. It was funnier than hearing a parrot talking or seeing a monkey in a crinoline and a powdered wig. "Education" did not require much effort from the khan. He did not know languages ​​and did not know how to read the books he talked about, but he had an excellent memory, sharpness and natural intelligence. With him were two or three learned Mohammedans who knew well that London, Paris and St. different countries and they should not be confused if you want to do politics.

But if Crimea-Girey was not an educated person and, perhaps, did not always know the geography of the country with which he negotiated well, he had a sharp scent of a hunter: he could smell the war at a great distance. He had his idols in Western Europe.

In 1750, he sent an ambassador from the Budjak Horde to the Prussian King Frederick II, called the Great. The embassy had no other purpose than enthusiastic surprise, which Krym-Girey expressed in a flowery style.

In 1751, when the “great” conqueror Friedrich was in the most miserable position after the Russians took Berlin and approached Pomerania, Krym-Girey again raised his voice, already as a khan and, so to speak, a fellow professional. This time the Crimean embassy came to offer the Prussians help in the form of 16,000 Tatar horsemen. For this, of course, it was necessary to pay in hard currency, but the Khan hoped for another payment: the Union with Prussia seemed to him not a bad start. Thus, the path to power was opened, and the future empire seemed already quite real.

For Friedrich, the help of the khan was very timely: there was a hope to divert the Russians from Courland. In addition: “Ancient Chersonese Tauride, surrounded by luxurious flowers ancient mythology and poetry, instantly turned out to be a new starting point for the most daring plans among the continuous chain of military considerations and calculations of the king. In other words, Frederick was not averse to becoming a guardian Crimean Tatars and free Turkey from unnecessary worries. The Prussian king already mentally launched ships into the Black Sea and imagined himself the owner of beautiful harbors. Then England...

But let's not go into these worlds of militant phantasmagoria inaccessible to us. In vain did the Prussian ambassadors languish in Bakhchisarai, waiting for an agreement with the khan. In vain Ambassador Goltz showed so much dexterity, touching the most sensitive strings. The union of Prussia with the Crimean Khanate did not take place because the wind changed, and the king found support in the new Russian emperor Peter III, a longtime admirer of the Prussian military.

Not only did the plan of the great union turn out to be illusory, the goal pursued by the khan unexpectedly moved away.

In 1764 Crimea-Giray was deprived of the khan's dignity. This meant that not only Istanbul was dissatisfied with the policy of the khan, but also in Bakhchisarai, the enemies of Crimea-Girey, who had been hiding for a time, were discovered. The faithful Nogais were ready for a rebellion, but the khan did not want to lead the rebellion and submitted to the High Port. Krym-Giray was too sure of his strength to consider the departure from the Crimea final.

Khan was overthrown from the throne because, as Turkish historians argued, “he lost his prestige and authority by taking on himself inappropriate claims.” In other words, he showed excessive independence, when he should have remained obedient.

The war returned Crimea-Girey to the Khan's throne, and he owed it to France. The fact is that Louis XV was inspired by the same illusions that captivated the Prussian king, with the difference that the French plan was more deliberate and expressed itself in the serious work of diplomats in Constantinople and Bakhchisarai. A plausible pretext was chosen for the supposed war with Russia: Polish affairs. Porta was to act chivalrously in defense of the Confederates. France wanted to lead this noble cause. But the background of the war was different: Louis XV, like Frederick II, already saw himself as the master of the southern seas.

One way or another, everything went to war. A rather clever consul was sent to the Crimea to replace the indecisive Signor Fornetti. It was Baron de Tott, who later wrote memoirs about his activities in the Crimea.

Events helped the Baron. In July 1768, a detachment of Cossacks battered the Tatars in Balta (the city belonged to the khan). A certain Yakub-aga, who was not difficult to take with flattery or gold, succumbed to the persuasion of the baron and sent a report to the Threshold of Happiness, in which he portrayed the Cossack raid as an invasion of Russian troops.

The report made the lazy Mustafa III, who spent his days in the harem, startle.

The torch of war has been lit! (So ​​the historian Resmi-efendi put it).

On the day of Rikeab, when ministers stand at the stirrup of the ruler of the Porte, the powerful Muhsinzadeh was reduced to nothing, and the former confectioner was showered with favors and elevated to the post of supreme vizier.

On August 4, 1768, according to the Turkish historian Resmi-efendi, "the supreme vizier Emin Pasha, with a sacred banner in his hands, solemnly stepped out of the outer gates of the Seraglio", in other words: war was declared.

It was then that in Istanbul they remembered the disgraced Crimea-Girey. No one could replace him in terms of hatred for Russia. He was appointed commander-in-chief and immediately, despite the cold, went on a campaign. The consul of Louis XV accompanied the khan with his office.

Khan set out from Istanbul at the head of an army of almost a hundred thousand and headed for the borders of Novorossia, assuming that the same army would move simultaneously to the Don and the left bank of the Dnieper.

The plan for the next operations was to take the Elizabethan fortress (Elizabethgrad) and from there go to Poland, where the meeting of the khan with the confederates, the triumph of the savior, the disgrace of Russia and, perhaps, further campaigns and triumphs were to take place.

Giray's 100,000-strong army consisted of twenty columns of Turkish spags and Tatar cavalry. The nineteenth was headed by the seraskir sultans, the twentieth was led by the commander-in-chief khan. The variegation of clothes, the brilliance of armor, quivers and sabers, decorated with gilding and stones, were combined with the strict gloominess of European ammunition. A retinue moved behind the columns of warriors. The sacred banner of the prophet and brand new French cannons closed the solemn procession of Giray's army.

That was the performance. The war began in that order, or in the opinion of a European, disorder, which always accompanied the movement of the Tatar-Turkish troops.

But soon everything got mixed up. The Tatar cavalry, with the usual howl, swiftly rushed across the virgin land, not sorting out the roads, sweeping away everything in its path and taking away everything that could be carried away. Where the khan's detachments flew, fires broke out; cities and villages burned to the ground. The army, like a whirlwind, passed through the steppes of Ukraine and, having reached the Polish borders, continued to burn everything, rob and carry away. Saved Poland was drenched in blood no less than punished Ukraine.

The deeper the army climbed to the northwest, the more cumbersome its convoy became: thousands of prisoners and all kinds of belongings. Each mounted Tatar drove a herd and several captives behind him.

The army grew heavy and, fed up with robbery, was already thinking about returning. What more? Yasyr was great, and the war could be called happy, although thousands of soldiers remained buried in the icy desert of the steppes.

But Krym-Girey could not consider the war over, it was just beginning. It was necessary not only to move forward, but also to gain a foothold in the passed lands. And the Khan executed those who showed cowardice, and those who retired in search of food. Executed simple spags and important emirs. Khan showed miracles of endurance and courage with his beloved Nogais, but nothing could inspire his army. The ardor of money-grubbing went out, and with it that which urged the troops forward. The ardor was extinguished before the real battle was given. The fortress of Elizabeth, it seemed, was already in the hands of Krym-Girey. Intelligence showed that the fortification was surmountable. But the siege did not even begin. No force could force the Turkish spaghs to storm. They preferred suicide if it was impossible to escape. Even the Nogai did not want to go forward, they were quite satisfied with what they had already received in this war.

As always happens in such cases, when the meaning of further movement is lost for the soldiers, the army began to weaken. There were many reasons that led to the retreat. The cowardice of the Turkish cavalry, late supplies, severe frosts, and now the future "Batu" was forced to retreat.

The consul of Louis XV was told that the army needed rest and reinforcements, and that it would soon march with new strength to the Danube. But for the Khan, this campaign was the last.

At the same time, this was the last invasion of the Crimeans into Rus'.

While Krym-Girey, “who unfolded his banner to the extreme limits of valor,” was dying in Causeni from bouts of hemorrhoids (this is one of the versions) or from poison sprinkled on him by the command of Istanbul (another version), events were being prepared that showed all the illusory designs of Louis XV.

It would be unfair to keep silent about the fact that Krym-Giray died as a man who loved the joys of life and, nevertheless, a stoic. He ordered the musicians to perform the most cheerful dance and laughed a minute before his death.

Notes

Sultan Mustafa III ruled Turkey from 1757 to 1774.

Mad Khan (Turkish)

Words from a firman sent to Khan by Istanbul.

A family of feather sultans. They are mentioned in the same firman.

old son of the first Crimean Khan, grandfather of the Sultan Ottoman Empire.

Born in Lida, Belarus. Little is known about the youth of Mengli Giray, but there are suggestions that he was brought up in the Genoese city-colony of Kaffa. It is known that he knew the Genoese dialect, was interested in poetry and history.

In August 1466, the first Crimean Khan died. In autumn, the Crimean beys elected his eldest son Nur-Devlet as the new khan. His younger brother Mengli Giray, the sixth son, began the struggle for the Crimean Khan's throne. Nur-Devlet relied on the support of the khans of the Great Horde, and Mengli Giray enjoyed the support of the Crimean nobility.

In 1467, he overthrew his elder brother Nur-Devlet and occupied the khan's capital of Kirk-Er, but the first attempt to seize the throne was unsuccessful. Soon Nur-Devlet returned and expelled his rival younger brother. Mengli Giray fled to Kafa, where he turned to the Genoese for military assistance. In addition, large Crimean beys led by Mamak-bey Shirin, dissatisfied with Nur-Devlet's policy, also came out in support of Mengli Giray. Mengli Giray was able to establish himself on the throne two years later, having enticed the Crimean nobility to his side.

In June 1468, Mengli Giray arrived in Kafa with a large delegation of Crimean beys. The Genoese consul Gentile Camilla received the guests with great honors. In the Cafe, the Crimean beys solemnly elected Mengli Girey Khan. Soon Mengli Giray with a Genoese detachment and Bey squads set off on a campaign against Kyrk-Er, the capital of the Crimean Khanate. Nur-Devlet was on the defensive, and the struggle between the brothers continued from mid-summer until the end of the year. At the beginning of 1469, Mengli Giray occupied the khan's capital and expelled Nur-Devlet from there. Nur-Devlet fled from Kyrk-Era to the North Caucasus, from where he turned to Ottoman sultan in the struggle against Mengli Giray and his Genoese allies. The Kaffa consul organized a military campaign against his North Caucasian possessions, during which Nur-Devlet himself was taken prisoner along with three younger brothers. Nur-Devlet was taken to Kafa and taken into custody. Soon Nur-Devlet and his brothers were moved from Kafa to the fortress of Soldaya.

The Crimean Khan Mengli Giray concluded an alliance treaty with Kafa and the Principality of Theodoro (Gothia), directed against the Ottoman Empire. In the summer of 1469, a Turkish fleet appeared in the vicinity of Kafa under the leadership of Yakub Bey. The Ottoman Turks landed under the fortress, burned several villages and captured prisoners. In response, the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray sent a letter to the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed Fatih, in which he stated: "The damage caused to Kaffa is the damage caused to me."

In the autumn of 1473, the great Crimean Murza Mamak-bey, the head of the Shirin clan, died. His younger brothers Kara-Mirza and Eminek began to apply for the vacant post. Kara-Mirza was related to the Khan's brother Ayder and enjoyed influence at the court of Mengli Giray. Eminek turned to the Genoese for help, who persuaded Khan Mengli Giray to appoint Eminek as the new Bey of Shirin, and not Kara-Mirza. Soon the relations between the khan and the Shirin Bey escalated. Eminek unsuccessfully asked that Khan Mengli Giray give him his mother, the widow of Haji Giray, as his wife.

Soon, Sheydak, the son of Mamak, began to claim the title of Shirin Bey. At first, Sheydak turned to the Genoese for help, but they could not help him. Then Sheidak went to the Great Horde, where he won support from Ahmad Khan, who sought to return the Crimean yurt under his supreme power. Mengli Giray dismissed Eminek, who fled from the Crimea to the North Caucasus, from the post of bey. At the invitation of Mengli Giray, Sheydak returned to the Crimea from the Horde, to whom the khan promised the post of bey. In fact, Mengli Giray, who feared the invasion of the Golden Horde Khan, simply lured Sheidak out of the Don steppes to the Crimea.

In February 1475, the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, with his brother Ayder and the Shirin murzas, arrived in Kafa, where he planned to approve Kara-mirza as a bey. However, under pressure from the Genoese, he was forced to appoint Sheydak as the head of the Shirins.

In March 1475, large Crimean beys at a meeting in the capital deposed Khan Mengli Giray, who had taken refuge with the Genoese in Cafe. Ayder, the elder brother of Mengli Giray, was elected the new Crimean Khan. Meanwhile, Eminek, dissatisfied with his exile, sent a letter to Istanbul, asking Sultan Mehmed Fatih to undertake a campaign against Kafa and promising the Turks his help in conquering the Genoese colonies in the Crimea. After the overthrow of Mengli Giray, Eminek returned to the Crimea, received back the title of Shirin Bey and took a prominent position at the court of Ayder. They made a joint raid on the border Lithuanian possessions. Sheidak-Murza was removed from his post and fled to Kafa. In the spring, the Shirinsky Murzas with the Tatar army laid siege to Kafa, demanding that the Genoese extradite the fugitive.

Mengli I built in Salachik (now the outskirts of Bakhchisaray) the palace complex Devlet-Saray (not preserved to this day). Near the palace, a madrasah and a mausoleum, which have come down to us in almost original form, were built, in which, after his death, Mengli I Giray himself was buried.

To the descendants of Genghis Khan, we include those surnames whose ancestors appear in Russian sources as princes or ulans (oglans)

1. Chirikovs.

The Chirikovs became the first Genghisid family in Rus'. Its founder was Peter Ordynsky, nephew of Batu and Berke. Bishop Kirill of Rostov, whom his contemporaries called blessed and instructive, came to the Horde to Khan Batu. Among the listeners of the conversation between the bishop and the khan was Batu's young nephew, the son of his brother Dair. He was impressed by Cyril's sermons. During the second stay of the bishop in the Horde, Dair decided to retire with him to Rostov to be baptized there, and called himself Peter. Dair-Peter bought land near the lake for the foundation of the monastery, and Prince Boris issued letters of commendation for the land granted to the temple and the prince.

Peter lived in marriage for many years, had children. In extreme old age, having become a widow, he took monastic vows in the monastery he founded and died peacefully around 1290. He was buried in the church he built. Officially, he was canonized at the Council of 1547 under Metropolitan Macarius. When Peter Ordynsky bought land from Prince Boris, he, knowing the customs of his compatriots well, not only sold it, but also issued letters of acknowledgment for the land. Peter did not understand why and what letters are required for the land, this manifested his mentality as a nomad. These letters were subsequently the subject of a dispute between the descendants of Peter (Lazar Petrovich, Yuri Lazarevich) and the princes of Rostov.

Ignatius Yurievich, thanks to his origin, was able to protect Rostov from the invasion of Akhmyl. The son of Ignatius Peter served Dmitry Donskoy and participated in the Battle of Kulikovo. He was the founder of the Chirikov family. His descendant Dionysius (1440-1502) was a famous icon painter. Dionysius decorated the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow with frescoes and icons. The artist was especially appreciated Grand Duke Ivan III, who generously paid for his work.

2. Anichkovs.

Descendants of the prince of the Golden Horde, Berke, who went to Ivan Kalita in 1301. Berke was baptized by Metropolitan Peter and named Anikey. He married the daughter of Vikula Vorontsov, son Yuri.

3. Serkizovs and their branches Starkovs and Chebyshevs.

The ancestor is Serkiz, the son of Akhmet. Tsarevich Serkis moved to Moscow during the reign of Dmitry Donskoy in 1371. At baptism, he took the name Ivan. Since 1378, the village of Cherkizovo, owned by Serkiz-Ivan, has been known. His son Andrei (? -1380) was a hero of the Battle of Kulikovo (he commanded one of the six regiments), where he died.

4. Dead.

They descended from Blagoden (Bilgitdin), the prince of the Golden Horde, who came out at the beginning of the 15th century to Oleg Ryazansky (1342 - 1402). His descendants allegedly retained the title of princes, and under Grozny, the orphans of one of them were called the children of the Dead prince (the name of the prince simply could not be remembered for a long time). After that, the surname Mertvago stuck to them.

5. Bulgakovs.

These include three surnames of Bulgakov of different origin. The genealogy of one is known, nothing can be said about the other two.

Shai, "an honest and brave man" (in holy baptism John), of the Khan's tribe, went with many people to the Grand Duke Oleg of Ryazan (1342-1402). His descendant, Matvey Denisovich Bulgak, was a governor in the army sent to ruin the uluses of the children of Akhmet Khan in 1501, then he was a governor in Belev in 1507 and Ryazan in 1520 and the following years. From him came the Ryazan Bulgakovs.

6. Talychevs.

Descendants of Talych, the prince of the Horde, who in 1410 transferred to the service of the Nizhny Novgorod prince Daniil Borisovich and made a trip to Vladimir with him.

7. Chalymovs.

From the Astrakhan prince Chalym-ulan and his son, who entered the Russian service in 1557. Chaly was an opponent of Ishmael, the ruler of the Nogai Horde (not to be confused with Jalim, the Kazakh sultan, who lived at the same time and fought with the Nogais). The Chalymovs most likely belonged to the Astrakhan branch of the Jochids. The Russian tsar belonged to the same dynasty
Sain-bulat (Simeon Bekbulatovich) (?-January 1616),
son of Bek-Bolat,
son of Bahadur
Ahmad Khan's son
son of Kichi Mohammed Khan,
son of Timur Khan
son of Timur Kutluk Khan,
son of Timur Khan
son of Kutluk-Timur,
son of Numkan,
son of Abai
son of Uranus-Timur,
son of Tuka-Timur,
son of Juchi
son of Genghis Khan.

Tsar Ivan the Terrible “deigned to put Simeon Bekbulatovich on the throne of Moscow as Tsar; he himself took the name Ivan from Moscow, left the city and settled in a suburb of Moscow called Petrovka. Ivan handed over his entire “honest” court to Simeon and, like a simple boyar, used a carriage-carriage with a harness. Every time he came to see the new Tsar Simeon, he refused to sit on the throne and sat at a distance from the boyars.

“Simeon Bekbulatovich remained the Grand Duke of Russia for less than a year; after that, Tsar Ivan appointed him the Grand Duke of Tver and himself again became the Tsar of Moscow. Tsar Boris Godunov closely watched Simeon and his sons. Moreover, he apparently blinded him. Simeon Bekbulatovich went blind on his birthday after drinking Spanish wine sent by Tsar Boris with his cover letter. Simeon's servant who tasted that wine also lost his sight.

Godunov did not allow direct contact with Simeon, but he was always afraid of him, because after the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich (Fyodor I), a group of influential boyars led by Fyodor Romanov and Bogdan Belsky openly declared their desire to see as the Tsar of Russia or Simeon Bekbulatovich, who had already occupied the throne during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, or his eldest son Prince Fyodor, who was a descendant of both Ivan III and Gediminas.

In March 1606, False Dmitry I sent a letter to the mentor of the St. Cyril monastery in Belozerskoye, containing an order to imprison Simeon Bekbulatovich as a monk in the same way as his father-in-law, Prince Mstislavsky. In pursuance of this order, the former Tsar Simeon became "Monk Stepan". At the same time, his wife Tsarina Anastasia was forced to become a nun. She died in 1607 and was buried under the name "Sister Alexandra". False Dmitry I was inclined to remove Simeon Bekbulatovich for several reasons. The main one was that Simeon continued to be considered as a candidate for the throne of Russia.

After the assassination of Dmitry and the victory of the Shuisky princes, the new Tsar Vasily Shuisky (Vasily IV) ordered the mentor of the monastery of St. Cyril in Belozersky to bring the monk Stepan, who "was the former Tsar Simeon Bekbulatovich", to his ambassador Fyodor Sukonev. The latter was transferred to the Solovetsky Monastery in the Far North, where he lived for six years in extreme poverty. After the accession to the throne of Mikhail Romanov in 1613, Tsar Simeon apparently received permission to leave the monastery of St. Cyril, since he died already in Moscow in January 1616 and was buried near his wife in the monastery of St. Simeon. He had three sons, Fedor, Dmitry and Ivan, and three daughters, Evdokia, Maria and Anastasia. They apparently died a violent death, since it is known that Simeon Bekbulatovich outlived all his children.

8. Siberian.

The descendants of the sons of the Siberian Khan Kuchum - Ali, Abulkhair, Kumysh and Altanay - until 1718 bore the title of Siberian princes (except for one branch - the offspring of Khansyuf Aleevich - already in the first half of the 17th century had only a princely title) and enjoyed some honors at court.

The last representatives of this family were Alexander Vasilievich Sibirsky (1779-1836), a participant in the war of 1812, later a lieutenant general who had many awards for military prowess. His son - Alexander Alexandrovich Sibirsky (1824-1879), a famous archaeologist and numismatist.

For clarity, here is the genealogy of Kuchum:

Kuchum,
son of Murtaza,
son of Kuluk,
son of Ibak Khan,
son of Mahmudek Khan,
son of Haji Mohammed Khan,
Ali's son
son of Bek-Kunda,
son of Mengu Timur Khan,
son of Badakul,
son of Jochi-Buki,
son of Bahadur
son of Shiban
son of Juchi
son of Genghis Khan.

9. Kasimov tsars.

They descended as Siberian princes from Kuchum. The last Kasimov tsar was Vasily (? -1715),
Ivan's son
son of Michael
son of Seyid-Burkhan,
son of Alp-Arslan,
Ali's son
son of Kuchum.

Vasily ruled in 1691-1715. He was a king in name, with no real power.

The following genera are descended from Ulug Muhammad, and therefore we will indicate the genealogy of Ulug Muhammad:

Ulug Muhammad,
son of Hassan
son of Jansa
son of Tulek-Timur,
son of Kunchek
son of Sarichi,
son of Uranus-Timur,
son of Tuka-Timur,
son of Juchi
son of Genghis Khan.

10. Abashevs.

Descendants of Abash Ulan - governor of the Kazan Khan Mohammed Emin, who in 1499 transferred to the Russian service. Most likely, Abash-Ulan was from the descendants of Ulug Muhammad, since at that time most of the Chingizids from Kazan were descendants of Ulug Muhammad.

11. Mustafinas.

The ancestor is Murtaza Mustafin, the son of Mustafa, the son of Ulug Muhammad. Kazan prince. His father Mustafa invaded Ryazan in 1444, but was killed by the Russians during the retreat. Murtaza went to the service of the Russian prince. Ivan III, setting out on a campaign against Novgorod, left the Tatar prince Murtaza to manage the land and guard Moscow. In 1469, Murtaza was mentioned on the side of the Russians. In 1474, Ivan gave Tsarevich Murtaza a new town on the Oka with many volosts.

12. Bakhmetevs (Bakhmetovs).

They come from Aslam Bakhmet (baptized Jeremiah), who left in the first half of the 15th century to serve the Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich the Dark together with the brothers Kasim and Yakub. All three were the sons of Ulug-Mukhammed.

13. Dolgolyadsky.

Ancestor - Fyodor Dolgolyadsky (1484-1538),
son of Melik-Tagir,
son of Ibrahim
son of Mahmutek,
son of Ulug-Muhammed.

Fedor was baptized as a child. He was killed by Vasily Shuisky for preventing him from marrying Fyodor's niece Anastasia, daughter of Peter of Kazan and sister of Grand Duke Elena Ioannovna. Russian Orthodox Church canonized Theodore and recognized him as a martyr.

14. Maksudovs.

The clan comes from Prince Maksud-oglan, from the descendants of Kasim-khan, the son of Ulug-Muhammed. Maksud died in 1554, his son Aidar Maksudov died in 1594. These are the only descendants of Ulug-Mohammed who did not become Russians, but remained Tatars.

15. Descendants of Peter of Kazan:

Kudai-kul (Peter Kazansky) (? -1523),
son of Ibrahim
son of Mahmutek,
son of Ulug-Muhammed.

Tsarevich Kudai-kul was captured in 1487 by the Russians who took Kazan. He grew up in Russian captivity, was subsequently taken from exile to Moscow and released from arrest. On December 21, 1505, he was solemnly baptized on the Moscow River with the name of Tsarevich Peter Ibragimovich. A week later, on December 28, Tsarevich Peter gave a record to Grand Duke Vasily III that he would serve him faithfully, and two weeks later, on January 15, 1506, the young tsar gave Peter his 14-year-old sister Evdokia (the youngest daughter of the great Prince Ivan III from his second wife Sophia Paleolog). Evdokia and Peter were married in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin by Archimandrite Athanasius of the Spassky Monastery.

For Vasily III, Tsarevich Peter was not just a relative. He became his closest associate, faithful and reliable friend. Moreover, the Grand Duke of Moscow saw him as his successor. The childless Vasily III, before going to Pskov in 1509, wrote a will, according to which, in the event of his death, the throne should pass to Tsarevich Peter. Leaving Moscow for a while, the Grand Duke increasingly entrusted the management and protection of the capital to his son-in-law.

Peter-Khudai-Kul had two daughters, both named Anastasia. The eldest of them was married to Prince. Fedor Mikhailovich Mstislavsky, the youngest - for the book. Vasily Vasilievich Shuisky. A.P. Mstislavskaya had a son, Ivan Fedorovich, whose daughter Anastasia Ivanovna married the former Kasimov Khan Sain-Bulat, who was baptized with the name of Simeon Bekbulatovich. A.P. Shuiskaya had a daughter, Marfa Vasilievna, who was married to Prince. Dmitry Ivanovich Belsky.

Tatar descendants of Genghis Khan

1. Chanyshevs.

Presenting in 1828 to the Heraldry of the Governing Senate a petition for approval in princely dignity, Prince Vladimir Alexandrovich (before
baptism - Suleiman Ibragimovich) Chanyshev claimed that the family of princes
Chanyshev comes from Genghis Khan. He called their direct ancestor Altun-
Khan and Khansha Gurlyavich. According to our version, the ancestor of the Chanyshevs was Altun-bik, whom Suleiman Chanyshev could mistake for Altun Khan, the mythical ancestor of Genghis Khan himself. As we know, Altun-bik was the ruler of Kazan, after him his brother Alim-bik ruled, and only then the Ulug Muhammad dynasty seized power. According to the Tatar shezhere, the Bulgar Khan Abdullah, who is not known from the chronicles, is named as the father of the brothers. We identify this Abdullah with Mamaev's Abdullah, the puppet khan on whose behalf Mamai ruled. Abdullah was either the son of Uzbek Khan (“from the youths of Uzbek Khan”), or his grandson (the son of Khidyrbek, the son of Uzbek - Safargaliev's version). As is known, Abdulla Khan died in 1370 in the Mamayev Horde, and Mohammed Bulyuk sat in his place. In the same year, with the help of Russian troops, he captured Bulgar. It is quite possible that he allocated Kazan to the sons of the late Khan Abdullah.

Representatives of the Chanyshev family are widely known in Tatarstan. One of this family agreed in principle to undergo a DNA test, but because of the mail, our wait was somewhat delayed. It is also known that Alim-bik also had children, and one of his descendants was Tazhetdin Yalchigol, who recorded his family's shezhere.

2. Descendants of Yurmata-bey.

According to our point of view, in the article "Nogai Khans and Bashkiria" Yurmaty-biy is a descendant of the Shibanids, and the ancestor of the Yurmaty-biy clan is a descendant of the Shibanids Aera Kalbak,
his son Abuzhai Khan,
his son Ismail Khan,
his son Almaly,
his son Yurmati-bi,
his son Yurmi-bi,
his son Gali-bi,
his son Aleyem Akkuchkar, etc.

A more complete genealogy of the genus can be found in the book "Tatars Shezhires" by Marcel Akhmetzhanov.

We identify Abugay with Abak, he is the Nogai Khan Abogai, whose daughter married the Crimean Khan Saadat Giray. His genealogy is as follows:

Abacus,
son of Yadiger
son of Timur Sheikh,
son of Timur-Khoja,
son of Arab Shah
son of Pulad,
son of Mengu-Timur,
son of Badakul,
son of Jochi-Buki,
son of Bahadur
son of Shiban
son of Juchi
son of Genghis Khan.

3. Descendants of Kara-bik.

Shezhere Kara Bika looks like this:
Kara-bik,
son of Kanbar-bik,
son of Kaldar-bik,
son of Balym-bik,
son of Bachman Khan.

There were attempts to compare the ancestor of Kara-bik Bachman with the Kipchak Basman, who fought with the future ruler of the Mongol Empire Munke. But four generations do not fit into the shezher. According to my point of view, we can identify Bachman, the ancestor of Kara-bik, and Bajman from the descendants of Chimpai, the son of Jochi (he appears in Nusrat-name)

Karakalpaks

1. Kuchumovichi.

Among the Karakalpaks, the descendants of the Siberian Khan Kuchum, who ruled there, could remain. The founder of the dynasty was

Kuchuk,
son of Abulai
son of Ishim
son of Kuchum.

Kuchuk had a son, Sultan-Murat, and a nephew, Ishim, who ruled among the Karakalpaks. Later, this dynasty was removed from power by the Kazakh Genghisides.

2. Karakalpak tore.

According to oral information received from the descendants of the Kazakh Tore in Karakalpakstan, there are two lines of the Tore, the descendants of the brothers Kaip-Khan and Bori-Tore. They were sons

Batyr Khan,
son of Kaip Khan the elder,
son of Xrau,
son of Syrdak,
son of Kudaymende,
son of Ishim Khan Kazakh,
son of Shigai Khan,
son of Jadik,
the son of Dzhanibek-Khan Kazakh (we will consider his genealogy and haplotype below in the chapter on Kazakh tore).

The descendants of Kaip Khan included the last Khan of the Karakalpaks, Muhammad Zarlyk-Tore,
son of Abulgazy,
son of Kaip Khan.

Crimean Gireys.

In the 15th century, the cousin of Ulug-Muhammed, Hadji Giray, founded the dynasty of Crimean khans, which still exists today. His genealogy:

Hadji Giray,
son of Giyasaddin,
son of Tash-Timur,
son of Jansa
son of Tulek-Timur,
son of Kunchek
son of Sarichi,
son of Uranus-Timur,
son of Tuka-Timur,
son of Juchi
son of Genghis Khan.

All lines of the Crimean khans go back to Hadji-Selim I Giray. His genealogy:

Hadji-Selim I Girey,
son of Bahadur I Giray,
son of Selyamet I Giray,
son of Devlet I Giray,
son of Mubarak Giray,
son of Mengli I Giray,
son of Hadji Giray (see above).

After the conquest of the Crimean Khanate by Russia, Girey broke up into several branches:

1. Russian Weights.

These are the descendants of the last Crimean Khan Shahin Giray, they live in Russia, in Rostov-on-Don. Another branch of his descendants live in Bursa and Istanbul.

Descendants also remained in Russia

Alexander Ivanovich Krym-Girey,
son of Selim III Giray,
son of Fetikh II Giray,
son of Devlet II Giray,
son of Haji Selim I Giray,
son of Bahadur I Giray,
son of Selyamet I Giray,
son of Devlet I Giray,
son of Mubarak Giray,
son of Mengli I Giray,
son of Hadji Giray (see above).

Sultan A.I. Krym-Girey, under the influence of Scottish missionaries, accepted the Christian faith, then went to study in St. Petersburg, and continued his studies at the University of Edinburgh, where he lived for several years. There he married the daughter of a wealthy Briton. The girl's father was against this marriage, but could not do anything except how to disinherit her. Together with her husband, she left her native Edinburgh to settle with him in the Crimea. Her name was Anna Yakovlevna Krym-Girey (née Neilson). Their descendants live in the Crimea.

Another descendant of the Crimean khans was Vasily Dmitrievich Simov-Girey, son of Dmitry Simovkhan Selim-Girey. Vasily studied at Norfolk, Bern, Zurich universities, worked on the construction of the Panama Canal, then - in Egypt, Germany, Central America, Japan. He is a holder of the orders of Stanislav, Anna, Vladimir. As a well-known engineer, V.D. Simov-Girey was seconded to the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the First World War. For participation and speech at a rally in Mogilev after February Revolution he was expelled from the army and sent to work on the Kola Peninsula. He took part in the construction of the Kashirskaya power plant and the Belomor Canal. Arrived in Stepnyak (Kazakhstan) urgent business on a business trip, and lived here for 25 years until his death. Unfortunately, he has no descendants.

Tamarin-Meretsky Alexander Alexandrovich (1882 - 09/16/1938) Rod. in the village of Bakhche-Eli, Feodosia district, Tauride Gubernia, Crimean Tatar. Until 1918, the name and surname was Khan Giray. Graduated from the Forest Institute.

He worked as a journalist and war correspondent for the popular all-Russian newspapers Den and Morning of Russia.

lieutenant tsarist army. Member of the 1st World War. He served in staff positions in the "Wild" mountain cavalry division.

In 1917 - a participant in the speech of General L. Kornilov.
From the end of 1917 - in the Red Guard, Red Army. Participant civil war.
In 1920-23 - division commander, army commander on the Turkestan front.
In 1925, he was transferred to the reserve due to illness. He lived in Moscow, received a pension, occasionally published essays in various newspapers, including Komsomolskaya Pravda.
On April 8, 1927, the OGPU was arrested on suspicion of involvement in a military conspiracy of former officers of the tsarist army. Sentenced to 3 years in camps. I sat in the Vishera branch of the SLON (Solovki Special Purpose Camp). He was in charge of the camp greenhouse, grew roses.
On September 3, 1929, the case was reviewed and the meeting of the Special Conference (OSO) at the NKVD SSSO (that is, without trial) reduced the period to 2.5 years.
However, in the same 1929, the case was again reviewed by the OSO and the term was increased to 7 years in labor camp.
On October 3, 1932, he was released, remained to work in the trust "Dalstoy" of the NKVD of the USSR on a contract basis as the head of the agrobase of the station "Okeanskaya" (near Vladivostok). He was engaged in breeding fruit and vegetable crops in greenhouses.
On March 22, 1935, by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the criminal record was removed for exemplary work.
Since November 1935 - an employee (actually - scientific director) of the agrobase in Nagaevo Bay (near Magadan).
Since June 1936 - the first manager of the Kolyma experimental agricultural station.
In November 1937 he went on vacation to the "mainland".
In April 1938, he was dismissed as not returning from leave to work.
Before the introduction of official military ranks Red Army (1935) - had three rhombuses in buttonholes, i.e. corps commander.
He brought out a frost-resistant variety of cabbage "Hybrid Tamarina", hybrid varieties of potatoes and roses.
Arrested 05/10/1938. Sentenced by the VKVS of the USSR on September 16, 1938, according to obv. in espionage and participation in k.-r. terrorist organization. Shot on September 16, 1938. Rehabilitated 03/04/1958.
Place of burial: Kommunarka.

Anna Ivanovna Giray (? -1827) Genealogy unknown. Goddaughter of General Raevsky. Was a friend of A.S. Pushkin, became the prototype of the Circassian woman from the “Prisoner of the Caucasus”. As for the poem Bakhchisarai fountain”, which was written in Chisinau, it should be agreed that the prototypes of the main characters of Maria Potocka and Zarema were the sisters Raevsky and Anna Giray. Elena is Maria Pototskaya, tender and sad, with whom Khan Giray is passionately in love. This hypothesis was put forward as early as 1923 by D.S. Darsky.

2. Many Gireys emigrated to Turkey. The position of the Gireys in Turkey was well described by Smirnov: “The generation of Genghisides, who had long settled in Turkish possessions, was so numerous there that, it seems, they have not died out to this day. But only with the loss of political significance, the Girey family took on a completely different character in its private life as ordinary inhabitants and subjects of the Ottoman Empire. The Tatar princes, having bred in Rumelia, became a pure burden for the Porte.

If the descendants of the Crimean khans survived among the Turks, then they should be looked for in Rumelia: among the Turks in Bulgaria and the European part of Turkey.

The most famous descendant of the Gireys in Turkey was Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (1845-1936). This descendant of the dynasty of the Crimean khans Girey, the last Ottoman sadrazam (head of the Sultan's government), enjoying great authority among his contemporaries, headed the cabinet of ministers four times since 1908, and three times - in the most critical moments of the existence of the state - between 1918 and 1922.

3. Caucasian (mainly Adyghe Girays)

The founder of one line of the Adyghe Gireys was Islam-Girey, the son of Azamat-Girey, the son of Hadji-Selim I Giray. He "left the Crimea because of a quarrel with the ruler of the Crimea", the founder of the Adyghe family of Khan-Girei. According to family tradition, moved to the Caucasus from Rumelia, a Turkish province in the Balkans. He was a brave man and a wonderful mind. Anticipating the decline of the Crimea, he concluded an agreement favorable for himself and his descendants with the Bzhedug princes who accepted him.

The brightest representative of this clan was

Khan Giray (1808-1842),
son of Magmet Giray,
son of Aslan Giray,
son of Sagat Giray,
son of Islam Giray.

Khan Giray lived a difficult, but bright and eventful life, leaving his works. He was the first among the Adyghes and among the Russians who compiled a detailed, reliable and fascinatingly written description of the life, beliefs, customary law and epic of his native Adyghe people. The discoverer and researcher of Khan Giray in the Soviet era, M.O. Kosven wrote in 1961 that the works of Khan-Girey still remain the most valuable historical and ethnographic sources of everything that has been written about the Adygs in all pre-revolutionary times. It should be noted here that the works of Khan Giray aroused a certain interest of well-known Russian and foreign Caucasian scholars, the foreign press. They were used in his works by the Russian Caucasian specialist Vs. Miller and the English scientist J. Bell, and "Circassian Traditions" were published in German.

Khan-Girey's brother, Adil Giray (1819-12/30/1876), is known as a writer and officer.

Other famous representative this clan was

Dovlet Giray (1876-1918),
son of Selet Giray,
son of Kaplan Giray,
son of Aslan Giray,
son of Sagat Giray,
son of Islam Giray.

At the age of five, Dovlet was taken to Egypt to be raised by his father's foster brother. He returned to Russia at the age of fourteen. Less than a year later, he was accepted to study at the Istanbul Cavalry School, was released as a cornet. With the permission of Nicholas I, he served twice in Turkey, remaining a Russian subject. Dovlet Giray is considered the founder of the Adyghe theater and the first screenwriter.

Also, the Caucasian Girays included:

Sultan Krym-Girey Inatov (15.08.1843-?), son of Sultan Inat-Girey, famous Adyghe educator.

Kazy-Girey Bakhtygireevich (1807-13.04.1863), nephew of Lieutenant General Sultan Mengli-Girey and Major General Sultan Azamat-Girey, who lived in Transkuban. In 1836, in the first and second issues of the Sovremennik magazine published in St. Petersburg, the essays “Azhitugay Valley” and “Persian Anecdote” by a previously unknown author, Kazy-Girey, were published. Immediately in the note of the publisher, who was A.S. Pushkin, said: “This is an unexpected phenomenon in our literature! The son of the semi-wild Caucasus joins the ranks of our writers...”. V. G. Belinsky, after reading the essays, enthusiastically spoke about the author that he "... speaks Russian better than many of our honorary writers."

Kylych Girey Shakhanovich (1880-17.1.1947), prince, one of the leaders of the mountain nationalist movement, Major General of the White Army (1918), collaborated with Germany in World War II, for which he was sentenced to death in the USSR. His descendants live in Adygea. His brother Bayzet-Girey was full Knight of St. George and died in 1918.

Also, the following Shan Gireys apparently belonged to the Adyghe Gireys:

Pavel Petrovich Shan-Girey (1795-1864), head of the family, staff captain, prototype of the hero of Lermontov's essay "Caucasian". His stories about the Caucasian war served as material for early works poet.

Akim Pavlovich Shan-Girey (1818-1883), son of Pavel Shan-Girey and Maria Akimovna, great-aunt of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov.

Sultan Kadyr Giray,
son of Azamat Giray,
son of Selim Giray (according to another version of Sagat Giray),
son of Selim Giray,
son of Devlet IV Giray,
son of Arslan Giray,
son of Devlet II Giray,
son of Hadji-Selim I Giray.

A well-known figure of that time, Prince Kadyr Giray (1891-1953) was a colonel in the tsarist army, wounded during the civil war on 01/05/1920. He emigrated from the Caucasus in 1921 to Turkey, and from there to the USA, founded the "Circassian-Georgian Society" in the USA.
His son Chingiz Giray (1921-) became even more famous than his father.
Genghis attended the prestigious Yale University on the same course as future President George W. Bush.
During the Second World War, Genghis served in American intelligence. Chingiz Giray was also a writer and poet, author of the book "The Shadow of Power", which became a bestseller in its time.
As a very young officer in the American Army during the Second World War, he had to play a responsible role - the chief of the Russian section of the Department of Communications between the American and Soviet commands in Austria. After the war, he participated in the American delegation to the Peace Conference in Moscow in 1947.

Azamat Giray (08/14/1924-08/08/2001), the youngest son of Sultan Kadyr Giray. Declared himself the head of the house of Girey. He was married twice: the first wife was Sylvia Obolenskaya (1931-1997). From this marriage (1957-1963) were born daughter Selima (born January 15, 1960), son Kadyr Devlet Giray (born March 29, 1961) and son Adil Sagat Giray (born March 6, 1964). The second wife is Federica Anna Sigrist. From this marriage was born Caspian Giray (born 03/09/1972).

Selima married Derek Godard in 1996 and had a daughter, Alice Leila Godard, in 1998.

Kadir Devlet Giray married in 1990 to Sarah Wentworth-Stanley. He has a son Chingiz Karim Sultan Giray (born 1992) and a daughter Tazha Sofia (born 1994).

Adil Sagat Giray married in 2001 Maria Sara Peto. In 2002, his son Temujin Serge Giray was born.

Kadyr Devlet Giray and Adil Sagat Giray are professional musicians who played in the Funkapolitan band. Adil Sagat Giray is a composer, writes soundtracks and melodies in various genres. (www.sagatguirey.com)

After the death of Azamat Giray in the Bahamas, Jezzar Raji Pamir Giray became the head of the Girey house. He graduated from Oxford. On July 28, 1993, he came to the kurultai of the Crimean Tatars in Simferopol and spoke to them as the prince of the Girey family. Jezzar Giray is the owner of the Giray Design Company. My requests to provide my genealogy and take (anonymously) a DNA test were not answered.

Nogai Genghisides

1. Dzhanibekovs.

Many people knew that the family tree of Lilia Munirovna Dzhanibekova, the first wife of cosmonaut Vladimir Alexandrovich Dzhanibekov, comes from the Khan of the Golden Horde Dzhanibek, the son of Khan Uzbek. Subsequently, in the 19th century, the descendants of the khans became enlightened, the founders of Nogai writing and literature. Munir Dzhanibekov (father of Lilia Munirovna), being the father of two daughters, turned out to be the last man in this dynasty. On the advice of the parents of the newlyweds, the parties came to an agreement that Vladimir Alexandrovich, whom Munir-aga considered his son, would take his wife's surname and thereby continue the Dzhanibekov family.

We are inclined to the version that this surname did not come from Janibek, Khan of the Golden Horde, but from the Kazakh Khan Janibek. In the oral literature of nomads, they are often confused. The basis for such a position is the news of the migration of Akhmed Giray to the Kuban.

Ahmed Giray,
son of Hak-nazar-khan,
son of Kasym Khan,
son of Janibek Khan.

Akhmed-Girey, Kazakh Chingizid, who ruled among the Bashkirs, and who migrated from Bashkiria together with the Nogais shortly after the fall of Kazan and the split of the Nogai Horde.

Among the Nogai Horde lived Chingizids of three lines ascending to Jochi: Astrakhan, Kazakh Chingizids (descendants of the 13th son of Jochi) and Shibanids (descendants of the fifth son of Jochi). Their descendants can hypothetically exist among modern Nogais.

Tarkov shauhals

There is no unequivocal answer in the literature whether the Kumyk shauhals originate from Chingizids. Khanmurzaev I.I. and Idrisov Yu.M. believe that the Shauhals have common ancestors with the Crimean Gireys, Aliev K.M. has a different point of view. Perhaps a comparison of the haplotypes of Kumyk Shauhals and Kazakh Tore will help to solve this problem. It should also be taken into account that the descendants of the Tarkov shauhals are very numerous in the Caucasus.

The descendants of the Shauhals in the Caucasus include the Avar khans, the Arguani and Andean beks, the Gonadin, Gotsatli, Teletlin princes, the Turlov princes and the Chechen princely families of Aydemirov and Khasbulatov, the Shamkhalovs (Andeans), the Karachai princes of the Crimean Shaukhals, the Gidatlin Shauhals, and the Abkhazian princes. Achba, some Ingush teips, Kumyk surnames Tarkovsky, Buynaksky, Shamkhalov, Mekhti-Shamkhalov, Bek-Murzaev, various chanks (descendants of Shauhals from concubines), princes Buynaksky, Gillinsky and Torkalinsky beks, princes Alypkachev, Kapchugay beks (Kazanalipovs), Gubdensky and Kadar beks, Bekmurzaev-Kuban (Russified branch), Bammatulin beks, Kumyk princely families: Aydemirovs, Temirovs, Kazanalipovs, Murtuzali-Adzhievs (Murat Adzhi comes from this family name), Utsmiyevs, Kaplanovs, Alibekovs, Eldarovs, Arslanbekovs, Khamzins (Khamzaevs, Alishevs), Mehtulin khans, Kazi-Kumuk princes and the Polish branch of Tarkovsky, where Arseniy and Andrey Ta came from rkovskie.

Kyrgyz Genghisides

Let us quote a letter from one Kyrgyz, whose grandfather hypothetically belonged to the Genghisides: “I still carefully studied the old books about the sanzhyr. And I came across the fact that there are two versions about the origin of kolpoch. One version says that Er Eshim (Kazakh Khan Ishim, son of Shigai, son of Jadik, son of Janibek Khan) married the concubine of Tursunkhan (shibanid, descendant of the fifth son of Juchi), and the children born from this marriage belong to the Kolpoch tribe. Another version says, in confirmation of which I once heard from the lips of knowledgeable aksakals of Talas, that during a raid on Tursunkhan, one of the batyrs of the Saruu Tontert clan got a pregnant concubine of Tursunkhan. She gave birth to a son named Zhanchakty, and today his descendants make up the Kolpoch tribe. My tayata (mother's father) is a representative of the Kolpoch tribe, his pedigree is presented as follows. Next came the pedigree.

According to the haplogroup, he belongs to C3 (ID HGZPP), to the same subgroup as the Kazakh Genghisides with RecLOH in DYS 448, but, apparently, a representative of the Kolpoch clan has an ancestor with Kazakh Genghisides before Genghis Khan.

Kazakh Genghisides

Today, the Kazakh Genghisides are quite equal in number to the Mongolian Genghisides and outnumber the Genghisides in other ethnic groups. Due to the fact that Russian-speaking readers can get acquainted with the biographies of the Kazakh tore based on the books of Erofeeva I.V. and other sources, we will not paint this clan much.

Most of the Kazakh Genghisides are descended from
khan Janibek,
son of Barak Khan
son of Kuyurchuk,
son of Urus Khan,
son of Badik,
son of Timur-Khoja,
Bakubuka's son
son of Achik,
son of Uranus-Timur,
son of Tuka-Timur,
son of Juchi
son of Genghis Khan.

1. Uruskhanids

Janibek had 9 children, of which the descendants of three children live in Kazakhstan.

1.1. Descendants of Jadik. This is the largest group. This includes the descendants of Tauke Khan, Barak Khan, Kushik Khan, Kaip Khan, Abylai Khan, Sultanbet, Babak Sultan, Karabai, etc. Most of the Kazakh Genghisides come from this dynastic group.
This clan (except Kazakh khans) includes Shokan Valikhanov, Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Tezek-tore, Rustem Tentek-tore, Syzdyk Kenesarin, Maki, Shotaman, Sultangazi, Edige Valikhanov, Ermukhan Bekmakhanov, Nurlan Amrekulov, Elizaveta Sadvakasova, Srym Bukeikhanov, Mazhit Burakhanov , Bakhytzhan, Erulan, Serzhan Kanapyanov, Akhmet and Salimgirey Zhantorina, Akhmedkazy Chutaev, Mukhtar Dzhakishev, etc.

The registered descendant of this clan in the ysearch.org database has User ID 9245Z. His close relative is registered under User ID CQYS8.
They are both descendants of Sultan Barak.

1.2. The descendants of Usek represent the main line from Abulkhair Khan, although there are many related, but few lines. From here came the only family of Kazakhs, awarded the princely dignity in Russia - these are the children of Khan Dzhangir, who called themselves Genghis. 3 sons of Khan Dzhangir were granted princes of the Russian Empire: All of them had the surname Chingis and the family coat of arms. The first prince of Genghis was Sahib Giray, who was granted this title on 06/25/1847. The second prince of Genghis was Ibrahim-Giray, who was granted this title on 02/23/1853. The third prince of Genghis was Ahmed Giray, who was granted this title on 04/30/1870. Total in Russian Empire for the entire time of its existence there were only 33 princes.
Of the sons of Khan Zhangir, the most famous is Gubaidulla, also a graduate of the capital's privileged Corps of Pages. He became the first Kazakh - full general of the armed forces.
The registered descendant of this clan in the ysearch.org database has User ID BK4A3. He is a direct descendant of Khan Abulkhair. The descendants of this clan are such people as Dauletkerey, Maya Shigaeva, Dias, Gabdolkhakim, Khazikhan, Nausha Bukeikhanovs, Marat, Rustem, Zhihanshah, Almukhammed and Tuleu Seidalins, Kambar Medetov, Sanjar Asfandeyarov, Bakhytzhan Karataev, Amantai Almukambet

1.3. Descendants of Kasym. They are mentioned only by Shotaman Valikhanov, although this group is not recorded anywhere in other historical sources. Previously, I had serious questions about this group, until I saw the shezhere of the Shekty clan (http://www.elim.tustyle.com/files_kishi ... shekti.rar), where this branch is registered as part of the Shekty clan. At the same time, Madeli, one of the ancestors of the branch, is named jien of Kunbibi-Kuba (maternal grandfather). Probably, this version is based on the genealogical traditions of the Shekty clan. Therefore, we will now attribute this branch to the hypothetical Genghisides. To check the version, representatives of this type should undergo a DNA analysis, which can be compared with DNA analyzes of the tore. We paid for the results of the analysis of a representative of this clan.

2. Shibanids.

The second group of Kazakh Genghisids came from the Khorezm Sheibanids, who fled to the Kazakh steppes. These are the descendants of Hadji-Mohammed, the Khan of Khiva.

His genealogy:

Hadji Mohammed,
son of Akatay Khan,
son of Aminek Khan,
son of Yadiger Khan,
son of Timur Sheikh,
son of Timur-Khoja,
son of Arab Shah
son of Pulad,
son of Mengu-Timur,
son of Badakul,
son of Jochi-Buki,
son of Bahadur
son of Shiban
son of Juchi
son of Genghis Khan.

A descendant of Hadji Muhammad was Jochi, who had two sons - Shah Niyaz (father of Ilbars Khan) and Musa Khan (father of Shah Timur). The children of the cousins ​​moved separately to Kazakhstan. After the death of Shah Timur Khan in 1737, his widow and children moved to their father Bulkhair Sultan, Abulkhair Khan's brother. Now these descendants of the Shibanids live in Kazakhstan.

3. Zhadiger tore:

The registered descendant of this clan in the ysearch.org database has User ID WJKAQ. If the history of the previous clans is clear, then one can only speculate about the jadiger tore. The origin of the clan is not known for certain. Basically, this clan lives in the Kzyl-Orda region.

We have put forward two full versions of the origin of the clan:

1. Zhadiger-Tore - descendants of the Khorezm Shibanids (descendants of Yadiger)

2. Zhadiger-Tore - the descendants of the Kazakh Tore, ascending to the general Kazakh Khan Dzhanibek. Most likely, they come from a group of descendants of Jadik.

The shezhere of the clan ends at Zhadiger-tor. According to the oral information of one of the descendants of the clan, Zhadiger's father was either Janibek or Abulkhair. In this regard, we put forward a version that the ancestor of the clan was Janibek, the son-in-law of Khan Abulkhair. The genealogy of this Janibek is unknown. He can equally well be a descendant of Janibek Khan, and a descendant of the Khorezm Shibanids.
I think that the data of DNA analysis, with a certain representativeness and mass character, will be able to help us determine the place of the jadiger tore among the Genghisides. There are two options for genealogical layouts:
1. Common ancestor Jochi (1182-1227) or
2. Common ancestor Khan Janibek (born before 1428 - died after 1470).

4. Among the Kazakh Naimans, one of the clans has a legend that their male ancestor was Shibanid. Karakerey had a son, Baitore, who had a son, Bayys.
Bayys' daughter Makta Apay married Toktar-kozha, the son of Saibek Khan, and gave birth to two sons from him - Yerjigit and Baijigit. Epjigit goes with his father to Turkestan, Baijigit stays here and becomes the ancestor of this clan. This clan belonged to Kabanbai batyr (Yerasyl, son of Khodjagul, son of Mambet, son of Baijigit). At the moment we are going to take samples from one of the representatives of this clan.

Haplogroup C3

Three branches of the Kazakh Chingizids belong to the C3 haplogroup and have a characteristic mutation: RecLOH in DYS 448. The nulling of the allele most likely occurred even before Genghis Khan, since several Poles, Kyrgyz, and Kazakhs from the Ysty clan have the same mark.

Barak descendant haplotype (in FTDNA format):

Haplotype of a descendant of Abulkhair:

14 24 15 11 12 14 11 13 12 13 11 29 16 8 8 11 12 30 14 0 28 11 12 12 17

The difference between two Genghisides on two markers out of 25 (highlighted).

Formally, this difference is approximately 600 years from a common ancestor, but the error of such a calculation for two haplotypes is at least plus or minus 300-400 years. According to genealogical data, their common ancestor Khan Dzhanibek (born before 1428 - died after 1470), which does not contradict the data of DNA analysis.

The descendants of Barak and Abulkhair made an analysis of 67 markers, in contrast to Zhadiger-Tore, who so far limited himself to 25 markers.

Jadiger tore haplotype:

14 24 15 10 12 14 11 13 12 13 11 29 15 8 8 11 12 29 14 0 29 11 12 12 18

Difference from the descendant of Barak on three markers out of 25 (marked), difference from the descendant of Abulkhair on 5 markers out of 25.

5 mutations on three 25-marker haplotypes show that the common ancestor of all three lived 925 years ago, that is, at the end of the 1000s, with an error of about 100-200 years. This does not contradict the fact that their common ancestor is indeed Genghis Khan or Jochi. But so far, due to the small amount of data, we cannot speak about this with 100% certainty, it is required to increase the number of analyzes, at least up to 10 people from different lines.

From this point of view, it is very interesting to compare the DNA of modern Genghisides with the Xiongnu burials in Mongolia (the third sector of the burial). On 12 markers, the haplotype from burials looks like this:

13 24 15 10 12 15 x x x x 11 29

X means that the value of this marker is unknown.

Differences of this haplotype from Genghisides on two markers out of eight ( average speed mutation 0.00194 per marker per generation) points to their common ancestor living approximately 1850 years ago, i.e. the second half of the 2nd century AD, plus or minus at least a century. The date of the burial is the 3rd century AD (the time of the burial of people from the 3rd sector) indicates that, most likely, the Xianbei were buried there, possibly Tangshihai himself and his family.

Based on the foregoing, we can assert that we have become aware of the haplotype of the Kazakh Khan Dzhanibek:

14 24 15 10 12 14 11 13 12 13 11 29 16 8 8 11 12 30 14 0 28 11 12 12 18

Some variations are possible, but in general the haplotype was like this.

In general, we have outlined the genealogical picture of the Genghisides. Now our task is to collect the genetic picture of Genghisides and, by superimposing each other, answer some questions that are traditionally historical methods(critical source study, etc.) it was almost impossible to answer, for example, the question of whether Jochi was the genetic son of Genghis Khan, or checking the versions of the origin of any kind from Jochi and Genghis Khan. But consideration of this issue will be possible only by collecting DNA samples from most of the Chingizids known to us and the descendants of his brothers.

Crimean Khan Mengli I Giray

The future winner of the Great Horde was born in 1445. He was the sixth son of the founder of the Girey dynasty and the first Khan of Crimea, Khadzhi I Girey. Hadji Giray played a special role in the history of the Crimean Khanate, it was under him that it became independent, having got rid of vassal dependence on the Golden Horde in 1441. The people loved him so much that they called him "melek" (angel). Already after 1441, the “melek” continued to fight with the Golden Horde, which stubbornly did not recognize the independence of the Crimean Khanate (which significantly weakened the pressure of the Horde on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which included a significant part of the lands of the former Kievan Rus).

The path of the "melek" to the khan's power was very difficult - suffice it to say that for a long time he was a refugee in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Mengli-Girey fully inherited from his father the strategic direction of the policy, which ultimately resulted in the collapse of the Great Horde, and implemented it with great energy.

O early years Very little is known about the future Crimean Khan, but the most likely version is that he was brought up and educated in the Genoese Kaffa. It is quite understandable why his youth was spent away from his father. Mengli Giray was the youngest son and could not inherit the khan's power. Therefore, his presence in the capital was not necessary and he could well have expressed a desire to get an education from the Genoese (although there is a version that he was a prisoner in Kaffa, but it seems unlikely).

At that time, Kaffa was flourishing, being a true center of high European culture in the region. It not only exceeded Constantinople in terms of population, but was not inferior in all respects to the vast majority major cities Europe. It is especially important to emphasize that the Genoese were recognized masters of the military art, and their heavily armed infantry was considered one of the best on the continent. The son of a “melek”, if he really lived in Kaffa for a long time, with his love for military affairs, could not help but be interested in the military knowledge of the Genoese and study their achievements in tactical construction and conduct of battle.

But Mengli-Giray, who had a great thirst for power and will, was not at all going to reconcile with the fact that he would not lead the Crimean Khanate. When Hadji-Girey died in 1466, a confrontation immediately began between his sons in the struggle for power, and Mengli-Girey actively participated in it.

The eldest son of Hadji-Girey Nur Devlet becomes Khan, but Mengli-Girey opposes him with the support of a significant part of the Crimean nobility and the Genoese. In addition, announced his claims to the throne and another of their brother - Hyder. It should be especially noted that the result of this confrontation was to determine the further foreign policy orientation of the Crimean Khanate. Nur Devlet was supported by the Great Horde (in medieval sources, and then in historiography after the formation of the Kazan, Crimean and Astrakhan khanates in the middle of the 15th century, they were called so Golden Horde), and in fact he advocated the restoration of the subordinate position of the Crimea in relation to it. In turn, Mengli Giray was a firm supporter of maintaining the independence of the Crimean Khanate and believed that without the destruction of the constant Horde threat, the security of his state could not be ensured.

At first, Mengli-Girey was successful and in the same 1466 he took the throne from his brother, but could not hold him for a long time. Hyp Devlet managed with the help of the Horde to outbid most of the representatives of the Tatar nobility and restored his power.

It should be noted that already at that time Mengli-Girey relied on strengthening ties with the Grand Duchy of Moscow, as one of the main opponents of the Great Horde. The Crimean Khan sought to conclude a strategic alliance that would lead to the final liquidation of the Horde empire. He starts secret negotiations with Moscow and, as a guarantee of the desired alliance, writes to Grand Duke Ivan of Moscow III Vasilyevich such an important document as an oath letter: “By the will of the Most High God, I, King Mengli-Girey, granted with my brother Grand Duke Ivan, took love, brotherhood and eternal peace from children to grandchildren. To be us everywhere at the same time, to be a friend to a friend, and a foe to a foe. I, Mengli-Girey, the king of your land and those princes who look at you, do not fight, neither my ulans, nor princes, nor Cossacks; if, without our knowledge, our people of your people fight and come to us, then we will execute them, and give back what we have taken, and give people's heads without payback. If my ambassador goes from me to you, then I will send him to you without duties and without duty people, but when your ambassador comes to me, he will go straight to me. Darazhsky duties (“daraga” - tax collector. - Auth.) and there will be no other fees. On all this, as it is written in the label, I, Mengli-Girey king, with your ulans and princes to you, my brother Grand Duke Ivan, saying a strong word, shert (oath. - Auth.) gave; we live with you according to this label.

In turn, knowing that the Crimean Khan had numerous opponents, the Grand Duke of Moscow not only guarantees him asylum at home, but also promises to do everything possible to return the seized throne: Girey to the king, and if anything happens, what's the matter with your father's yurt, and you will come to me; then from me, from my son, brothers, from the great princes and from the good boyars to you, the king, your brothers and your children, the great princes and good servants, there will be no hardship: you will come voluntarily, you will voluntarily go away, we will not hold you. And as much as my strength becomes, I will try to get you a father's place.

As can be seen from the above documents, in fact, it was about concluding a full-scale military-political alliance, and there is no doubt that its goal was to fight against the main enemy of both the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Crimean Khanate - the Great Horde.

Mengli Giray was able to take revenge three years later, and his policy, as the ruler of the Crimea, was firmly aimed at strengthening the independence of the khanate. However, in 1475, Mengli Giray was again overthrown, but not due to internal strife, but by the Ottoman Turks. The Ottomans understood that the Crimean Khan would never agree to the vassal submission of their empire, and organized a coup, as a result of which he was deposed and imprisoned in the Mangup fortress. After that, the troops of the prominent Ottoman commander, the vizier Gedik Ahmed Pasha, occupy Kaffa (which deprives the deposed khan of the possible support of this practically independent city) and take possession of the coast of Crimea and Taman.

The overthrown khan did not stay in prison for long. Ahmed Pasha's plans were much more ambitious than just control over the Crimean Khanate - as far as one can tell, he cherished plans for the revival of the Golden Horde under his control. Therefore, it was quite enough for the Ottoman commander to put a strong ruler-vassal of the Ottoman Empire at the head of the Crimea, who could help in the implementation of his plans (which the former ruler of Crimea promised). Power was returned to Mengli-Girey, and he was forced to recognize vassal dependence on the Ottoman Empire. As Mengli-Giray wrote to Sultan Mehmed II: “We have concluded an agreement and conditions with Ahmed Pasha: to be a friend to the padishah, and an enemy to his enemy.”

It is significant that even under the conditions of subordination to the Ottomans, Mengli-Giray continued to maintain covert contacts with Moscow, informing Ivan Vasilyevich about the situation in the Crimea. For example, in one of his letters he gave the following important information: "The Sultan planted his son in Kaffa: he is now young and obeys my words, but when he grows up, he will cease to obey, I will not obey either, and will go famously between us: two ram's heads do not climb into one cauldron."

However, Mengli-Giray did not want to be a guide to the actual revival of the Golden Horde and constantly sabotaged the instructions of Ahmed Pasha. As a result, he was again deposed from the throne by a pro-Turkish group, imprisoned in Constantinople and replaced in 1476 by the completely obedient Ottoman puppet Janibek.

Deprived of power, Mengli Giray had no chance of regaining the throne, but at that time relations between the Sultan and Ahmed Pasha became complicated. The latter was rightfully suspected of the fact that behind the course of the revival of the Golden Horde were his own ambitious plans, which posed a real danger to the interests of the Ottoman Empire. Thanks to this, the Sultan contributed to the overthrow of Janibek as a protege of Ahmed Pasha and the restoration of the power of Mengli Giray in 1478.

It is significant that Dzhanibek fled with his close associates to the Grand Duchy of Moscow and was received there in order to avoid the possibility of his being used by the enemies of Mengli Giray. As the Grand Duke of Moscow wrote to the latter: “I keep them with me, I am tired of my land and my people for you.”

Although the vassal dependence of the Crimean Khanate on the Ottoman Empire was preserved, it no longer had such a rigid character as under Ahmed Pasha and, in principle, was of a rather formal nature. In any case, with regard to the foreign policy course, the khan's hands were largely untied (which primarily concerned relations with the Great Horde). And, as before, Mengli-Giray was sure that only an alliance with the Grand Duchy of Moscow would give him the opportunity to get rid of the constant danger of the Horde.

He immediately restores allied relations with the Grand Duke of Moscow and they become no less close and trusting than before.

However, this time the goals of the alliance between the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Crimean Khanate expanded - both sides wanted to unite their forces not only against the Great Horde, but also united by a personal union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland.

In turn, between the Great Horde and the Polish-Lithuanian state, in fact, allied relations were also established, directed against Moscow and Salachik (where the capital was transferred from Kyrk-Yer under Mengli Giray).

The alliance between Moscow and Salachik was eventually formalized, which gave it additional reliability. The parties were created in 1480 " New union about mutual assistance against common enemies of their Polish king Casimir (meaning the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Casimir IV Jagiellon. - Auth.) and the Horde king Akhmat”, which became the basis for further joint actions.

In 1476, the Grand Duchy of Moscow stopped paying tribute to the Great Horde, which was a direct challenge, to which the Horde inevitably had to respond with the start of hostilities. However, this did not happen for a long time - while the Horde Khan Akhmat was gathering an army for a campaign, Mengli-Girey returned to power in the Crimea. The Khan of the Great Horde, not being able to fight against two strong opponents at once, was forced to postpone the start of the war so as not to leave the Great Horde defenseless before the Crimean Khan. His troops constantly repelled the raids of the Crimeans and Khan Akhmat, despite the numerical superiority of his troops, for a long time did not dare to oppose Moscow.

It should be noted that although the troops of Mengli-Girey did not directly participate in the historical “standing on the Ugra”, which put an end to the Mongol-Tatar yoke, his merit in the fact that the Great Horde did not achieve its goal is undeniable.

Miniature "Sultan Bayazid II receives the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey" from the book "Hyuner-name". 16th century

The events that led to the collapse of the plans of the Great Horde to restore control over Russian lands developed as follows. The army of Khan Akhmat appeared on the Ugra River in early October 1480, having previously destroyed several Russian cities along the Oka. The ruler of the Great Horde planned to force this rather modest water obstacle and quickly march (his army consisted mainly of cavalry) to approach Moscow. However, on the opposite bank there were already troops under the joint command of the son of the Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan Vasilyevich Ivan Ivanovich the Lesser, which made it impossible for Khan Akhmat to carry out his plans.

The army of Khan Akhmat was much larger than the Russian, but at the same time he did not have firearms. Ivan Ivanovich the Lesser had not only a lot of the latter, but also different types - heavy squeaks, mattresses (guns), light hand-helds. All these various types of firearms were used in an organized and skillful manner, due to which, despite repeated attempts to cross, the army of the Great Horde failed to do so. In addition to firearms, they fired at those who managed to swim to the middle of the river, the Horde and specially grouped archers. For four days, Khan Akhmat made attempts to cross in different places, but the density of shelling from the Russian troops was so great that all attempts only led to large additional losses among his troops.

As a result, Khan Akhmat, in order to avoid further inconclusive losses, was forced to withdraw his army from the coast. The Vologda-Perm chronicle described these events in the following way: “... the great prince Ivan Ivanovich, the son of the grand duke, and prince Ondrey Vasilyevich Menshoi, the brother of the grand duke, stood firmly against the godless tsar and started shooting arrows and squeaking and mattresses and beating for 4 days. The king is not possible to take the shore and retreat from the river from the Ugra for two miles, and a hundred in Luz.

After the failure on the Ugra, Khan Akhmat made an unexpected turn to the nearby Russian lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and began to ravage them. His campaign continued from Opakovo settlement to Mtsensk, and as a result of brutal reprisals, a large number of civilians died. By such actions, he wanted to protect his rear from a possible performance of the Russian population ready to rise against the Tatars. He succeeded, but the main issue - the victory over the Moscow army, he, in no way, could solve.

But Khan Akhmat did not leave and, counting on the approach of the Polish-Lithuanian army, tried to drag out time with deliberately fruitless negotiations. The arrival of the allied troops would give him such a significant advantage that he could then take huge losses during the crossing. However, Casimir IV never came to the rescue - he could not do this due to the fact that he had a more pressing problem than helping his Horde allies. According to a preliminary agreement with the Grand Duke of Moscow (who clearly understood the importance of coordinating actions), Mengli Giray began a campaign against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and reached Podolia. Casimir IV was forced to send troops to defend his lands (his situation was even more complicated by the internal strife that had begun), which deprived him of the opportunity to help the Horde.

The coordination of the actions of Mengli Giray and Ivan Vasilyevich is also confirmed by chronicle sources. Here is evidence from the “Tale of Standing on the Ugra” of the 15th century, from which the role of the “king of Perekop” in the strategic defeat of the Great Horde is clear: “The news came to the Grand Duke that Tsar Akhmat was coming in full force, with his horde and princes, with uhlans and princes, and even in agreement with King Casimir - for the king directed him against the Grand Duke, wanting to crush Christianity. The Grand Duke went to Kolomna and stood at Kolomna, and put his son Grand Duke Ivan at Serpukhov, and Prince Andrei Vasilyevich the Lesser - in Tarusa, and other princes and governors in other places, and others - along the coast.

Tsar Akhmat, having heard that the great prince was standing on the banks of the Oka with all his might, went to the Lithuanian land, bypassing the Oka River and waiting for the king or his forces to help him, and experienced guides led him to the Ugra River fords. The prince, the great son, and his brother, and the governor sent to the Ugra with all his strength, and, having arrived, they stood on the Ugra and occupied the fords and ferries. And the great prince himself went from Kolomna to Moscow to the churches of the Savior and the Most Pure Mother of God and to the holy miracle workers, asking for help and protection for Orthodox Christianity, wanting to discuss and think it over with his father, Metropolitan Gerontius, and with his mother Grand Duchess and Marfa, and his uncle Mikhail Andreevich, and with his spiritual father, Archbishop Vassian of Rostov, and with his boyars - for all of them were then under siege in Moscow. And they begged him with a great prayer that he would firmly stand for Orthodox Christianity against the infidels.

The great prince obeyed their prayers: taking a blessing, he went to the Ugra and, having arrived, stood at Kremenets with a small number of people, and let all the rest of the people go to the Ugra. At the same time, in Moscow, his mother, the Grand Duchess, with Metropolitan Gerontius, and Archbishop Vassian, and Trinity Abbot Paisius asked the Grand Duke to welcome his brothers. The prince accepted their request and ordered his mother, the Grand Duchess, to send for them, promising to welcome them. The princess sent to them, ordering them to go straight to the Grand Duke as soon as possible to help.

The king, with all the Tatars, went across the Lithuanian land past Mtsensk, Lubutsk and Odoev, and, having arrived, stood at Vorotynsk, expecting the king to come to his aid. The king did not come to him and did not send his forces - he had his own civil strife, then Mengli-Girey, the king of Perekop, fought the royal Podolsk land, helping the Grand Duke. Akhmat, however, came to the Ugra with all his strength, although he could cross the river.

And the Tatars came, began to shoot, and ours - at them, some attacked the troops of Prince Andrei, many others attacked the Grand Duke, and still others suddenly attacked the governor. Ours hit many with arrows and squeakers, and their arrows fell between ours and did not hurt anyone. And pushed them off the shore. And for many days they advanced, fighting, and did not overcome, they waited for the river to become. There were big frosts then, the river began to freeze. And there was fear on both sides - one was afraid of the other. And then the brothers came to the Grand Duke in Kremenets - Prince Andrei and Prince Boris. The great prince received them with love.

When the river became, then the great prince ordered his son, the great prince, and his brother prince Andrey, and all the governors to go with all their might to Kremenets, fearing the advance of the Tatars, in order to unite and join the battle with the enemy. In the city of Moscow, at that time, everyone was in fear, remembered the inevitable fate of all people and did not expect help from anyone, they only constantly prayed with tears and sighs to the Almighty Savior and Lord our God Jesus Christ and His Most Pure Mother, the Most Glorious Mother of God. It was then that the most glorious miracle of the Most Pure Theotokos happened: when ours retreated from the coast, the Tatars, thinking that the Russians were giving up the coast to them in order to fight with them, possessed by fear, fled. And ours, thinking that the Tatars had crossed the river and were following them, came to Kremenets. The great prince, with his son and brethren, and with all the governors, went to Borovsk, saying that “we will fight them on these fields,” but in fact listening to evil people - rich and paunchy money-lovers, Christian traitors and infidel saints who say : "Run, you can't fight with them." The devil himself spoke through their mouths, the one who once entered the serpent and deceived Adam and Eve. It was then that the miracle of the Most Pure One happened: some fled from the others, and no one pursued anyone.

The king fled to the Horde, and the Nogai king Ivak came to him, and took the Horde and killed him. Only the prince wanted to seize the outlying lands beyond the Oka River, while the great prince sent his brothers, two Andreevs, the Tatars heard this and fled. And so God delivered the Most Pure Russian land from the infidels.

On October 26, Russian troops began to withdraw from the Ugra, where freezing had already begun. Khan Akhmat, of course, could now cross without hindrance, but that would mean going to certain death. It was suicidal to pursue the Moscow army in the conditions of the beginning frosts, not only without the support of the Lithuanian-Polish army, but also constantly expecting an attack by Mengli Giray from the rear.

Having left with nothing, Khan Akhmat admitted his powerlessness - the Horde yoke in Rus' was over.

Soloviev wrote the following words about the historical merit of Mengli-Girey: "Crimea delivered Moscow completely from the descendants of the Batyevs." And one cannot but agree with such an assessment - although it sounds somewhat unusual, but it was Mengli-Giray, defending the state interests of the Crimean Khanate and strengthening its geopolitical influence, that made a great contribution to the fact that the cause of Dmitry Donskoy and Bobrok-Volynsky ended victoriously.

The coordination of the actions of the allies continued even after standing on the Ugra. In 1482, Ivan Vasilyevich decided to strike at the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and sent his ambassador Mikhail Kutuzov to Crimea for this purpose, who received the following order: (oath of allegiance to contractual relations. – Auth.) folded, and would send his army to him; and as soon as the tsar begins to send his army to the Lithuanian land, then Mikhailo should tell the tsar that the tsar should grant, send his army to the Podolsk land or to Kyiv places.

Mengli Giray agreed to strike at the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and at the end of August set out on a campaign. The Kyiv governor Ivan Khodkevich learned about the approach of the Crimeans only four days before their approach to the city walls and during this short time he could not seriously prepare for the siege. On September 1, Mengli-Giray immediately took the city, subjected it to a terrible plunder and took many inhabitants into captivity (Khodkevich himself was also captured). As the chronicler testified: “And the king came under the hail on the day of the Seeds of the Pilot, in the first hour of the day, fill out the regiments and proceed to the hail, and enter the hail around. And with God's wrath, without being beaten in the least, the hail will be kindled, and all the people and the treasury will burn. And few are those who run out of the city, and those who are poimasha; and the settlement was burned and the Nearby villages.

Even more vivid evidence of the behavior of Mengli-Girey was left by a synodic compiled by the Lavra monks: then this Divine Church was devastated, and all the holy books and icons were burned. Well, we haven’t come out of their filth in a few days and we’ve begun to write names again, remembering them, which were first written earlier. ”

After the capture of Kyiv, Mengli-Giray continued his campaign through the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Zhytomyr, almost without hindrance, capturing most of the cities (he failed to take only Kanev and Cherkassy).

The Lithuanians reacted very late to the Crimean raid, and the 40,000-strong army assembled by Casimir IV failed to catch up with the Crimean Khan.

Perhaps it is worth adding to the story about this campaign that the behavior of the troops of Mengli Giray was no different from the behavior of the troops of other states of this era. At that merciless time, when the vast majority of issues were resolved, in the later words of Otto von Bismarck, "with iron and blood", the soldiers of all European countries acted in a similar way. However, if we recall the behavior of some modern "civilizers", we will see that the methods of achieving geopolitical dominance in the 21st century differ from the methods of the 15th century, except perhaps in the rhetoric that serves them.

In subsequent years, the interaction between the Crimean Khanate and the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the struggle against Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Great Horde became constant.

So, in 1485, the Moscow army opposed the Horde, who attacked the Crimea. This saved the Crimean Khanate, which would not have resisted the blow of the superior troops of the Great Horde.

Again Moscow saved Mengli Giray in 1491, when the army of the Great Horde under the command of Seid-Ahmed and Shig-Ahmed tried to invade the Crimean Khanate. Mengli Giray did not have the strength to hold back the onslaught of their troops for a long time, numbering several tens of thousands of horsemen. The situation changed when the Grand Duke of Moscow sent a 60,000-strong army to help Mengli Giray, consisting of three detachments led by Prince Peter Obolensky, Prince Ivan Repnin-Obolensky and Kasimov Tsarevich Satilgan Merdzhulatovich. According to the general plan of operation with Mengli-Girey, these detachments were supposed, simultaneously with the frontal counterattack of Mengli-Girey from the territory of the Crimea, to attack the rear of the Horde in converging directions. In order to guarantee the complete destruction of the troops of the Great Horde, in early June, Ivan Vasilyevich sent two more detachments (one under the command of the Kazan Khan Muhammad-Emin and his governor Abash-Ulan and Burash-Seid, the second under the command of the brothers of the Grand Duke of Moscow, Princes Andrei Vasilyevich and Boris Vasilyevich), who were tasked with attacking the Horde on the flanks.

The Horde retreated before the approaching Russian troops, and the planned grandiose "Cannes" in the Wild Field did not work out, but the very idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthis strategic offensive operation with the participation of two allies is a high work of military art.

In turn, from next year, Mengli Giray began to annually raid the possessions of Casimir IV. The raid of 1500 was especially successful, when the troops of the Crimean Khan reached Brest itself, smashing the Polish-Lithuanian garrisons along the way.

The help of Mengli-Giray in the fight against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Great Horde was extremely important for Moscow. great importance. It was during this period that the Russo-Lithuanian wars (1500–1503, 1507–1508, 1512–1522) almost did not stop, the outcome of which depended on the fate of the inheritance of Kievan Rus.

In the summer of 1500, the Horde under the command of Shikh-Ahmed again went on a campaign to the Crimea with a 20,000-strong cavalry army in order to deprive Mengli Giray of power and include the khanate in the Great Horde. The Crimean Khan decided to come forward and near the Don he fought with Shikh-Ahmed. In the five-day battle, no one gained a decisive advantage, but Mengli Giray was forced to retreat due to lack of strength.

The fact is that, at the request of Mengli Giray, the Grand Duke of Moscow sent a large army to help him, led by Tsar Magmedamin (who was the so-called “serving king”) and Prince Vasily Nozdrevaty. Later, the Ryazan regiments also joined Magmedamin and Prince Nozdrevaty. Shih-Ahmed chose not to wait for the connection of the allied forces and preferred to retreat.

Shih-Ahmed waited for the withdrawal of the Russian troops and made the next attempt to break into the Crimea in the autumn. But he could not overcome the defenses of Mengli Giray and was forced to retreat to Kyiv. The attempt of the Horde to seize the Crimean Khanate in 1501, which was repulsed by Mengli Giray with heavy losses for the attackers, was also unsuccessful.

And in the winter of 1502, Mengli-Girey himself dealt a strong blow to the army of Shikh-Ahmed, which made possible the subsequent complete defeat of the Horde. Let us first give a description of the events that took place in a valuable historical source of that time, the so-called “Chronicle of Bykhovets” (the third set of Lithuanian-Belarusian chronicles, dating from 1550–1570): “... the king of the Trans-Volga Shikh-Akhmet, the son of Akhmatov, left with the whole horde of the Trans-Volga, with many forces, and with him the ambassador of the Grand Duke Alexander (Grand Duke of Lithuania. - Auth.) Pan Mikhail Khaletsky, and he came to the land of Severskaya, and stood near Novgorod Seversky and under other cities, and filled the whole land, almost to Bryansk, with countless hosts. Novgorod Seversky and several other cities succumbed to the tsar. The tsar, having entrusted these cities to Pan Michael Khaletsky, went with all his might and stood between Chernigov and Kyiv along the Dnieper and along the Desna, while Pan Michael Khaletsky let go with his ambassadors to Lithuania, informing Grand Duke Alexander that he had come to help him against the king Perekop Mengli Giray and the Grand Duke of Moscow, and called on the Grand Duke to unite with him and start a war with his enemies. Pan Michael Khaletsky with the ambassadors of the Tsar of Zavolzhsky came to Lithuania, and at the same time the Poles sent ambassadors to the Grand Duke Alexander of Lithuania and took him as king to Poland, and he, leaving his affairs with the Tsar of Zavolzhsky, went to Krakow in the same winter and there was crowned. In the same winter, the king of Perekop Mengli-Girey, having gathered his forces, secretly went to Shikh-Akhmat, the king of the Trans-Volga, and defeated him utterly and the queens, and the children, and took his entire horde, the king of the Trans-Volga Shikh-Akhmat himself with his brother Khazak-sultan and with some princes and lancers rushed to Kyiv and, standing not far from Kyiv, sent to Prince Dmitry Putyatich, the Kyiv governor, telling him his bad news. The voivode, Prince Dmitry of Kyiv, did him a great honor there for a long time and bestowed him with many gifts. Then Tsar Shikh-Akhmat, without saying anything, left Kyiv for Belgorod, but, being in Belgorod, he did not receive any help or any property there and returned to Kyiv. Prince Dmitry of Kyiv, the governor, received him with joy and showed him great honors, as before, and then sent a message to the king and Grand Duke Alexander about the events that had taken place, while the king sent his ambassadors to the king and ordered Prince Dmitry to go with him to Vilna. Prince Dmitry, following the royal command, accompanied the king and his brother and their people to Vilna.

The “Chronicles of Bykhovets” (somewhat exaggerating the significance of the winter defeat of the Horde, considering them a complete defeat) especially emphasize the role played by the success of Mengli-Giray in the general coalition war - thanks to the defeat of Shikh-Akhmat, the Grand Duchy of Moscow managed for a while to achieve an exit from the war of Lithuanians and Poles : “In the same winter, King Alexander sent (son of Casimir IV Alexander Jagiellon. - Auth.) to his father-in-law, the Grand Duke of Moscow, his Polish ambassadors, the governor of the Lenchitsky Pan Peter Myshkovsky and Pan Jan Buchatsky, the Podolsk voivode, and from Lithuania the governor of Polotsk Pan Stanislav Glebovich and the marshal and clerk of the chancellor of her grace the queen, the governor of Braslav Pan Ivan Sapieha. And, being in Moscow, they concluded a truce for six years, and the cities and volosts that the Grand Duke of Moscow took, everything remained with him, and all Lithuanian prisoners remained in Moscow.

The temporary withdrawal from the war of Alexander Jagiellonchik allowed, in turn, Mengli-Giray to deliver the final blow to the Great Horde, after which it ceased to exist.

In May, Mengli-Giray left the Crimea and went on a campaign against the Horde. Before that, he asked for help with the army from the Grand Duke of Moscow, but in the end he decided that he had enough of his own forces and did not wait for the ally to approach. The fact that his army was well equipped and had a significant amount of firearms in service is evidenced by the report of the Moscow ambassador to the Crimea, Alexei Zabolotsky, that “Tsar Mengli-Girey is going to the Horde in a hurry, and cannons, sovereign, and squeaks are coming with him the same."

The battle between the troops of the Great Horde and the Crimean Khanate took place in June at the mouth of the Sula River (the sources of that time do not contain any details about it). The Horde were utterly defeated, the Great Horde ceased to exist, and Mengli-Girey proclaimed himself the sole heir to her inheritance. From the inheritance of the Great Horde, the lands between the Don and the Volga went to him, but in reality the Crimea was never able to establish control over them, and already in 1556 these territories came under the jurisdiction of Moscow.

After the destruction of the Great Horde, the allies continued joint actions against Alexander the Jagiellonian, and then his successor Sigismund I the Old. Of particular note is the campaign of the Crimeans in 1506 against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, during which the army of the Crimean Khanate was defeated for the first time.

Mengli-Giray decided to take advantage of the fact that, due to the ongoing transfer of power from the terminally ill Alexander Jagiellonchik (who died in August) to his brother Sigismund, the situation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was very difficult, and strike. However, the calculation of the factor of chaos in the camp of the enemy did not materialize. Towards the Crimean army (numbering more than 10 thousand horsemen), which Mengli-Girey put in command of his sons Fetikh-Girey and Burnash-Girey, a 7,000-strong army advanced from Lida.

The sons of Mengli Giray at that time arrogantly divided their forces into three parts, which was used by Prince Mikhail Glinsky, who commanded the Lithuanian forces. In the valley of the Lan River near Kletsk, he approached the Tatar kosh, in which, according to various sources, there were from 3 to 5 thousand horsemen. Although Glinsky's numerical advantage was not too great, the Tatars were overloaded with goods stolen during the campaign, which significantly reduced their maneuverability. The commander of Alexander Jagiellonchik did not immediately begin crossing the Lan, and the troops stationed on different banks of the river began a skirmish using bows and firearms. The Lithuanians and Poles had much more of it, and under the cover of dense fire, they were able to quickly build crossings from trees cut down nearby.

After establishing the crossings, the commander of the Lithuanian-Polish army divided his forces into three parts. Two shock groups were to cross and carry out a flank coverage, and a small reserve was tasked with protecting the rear from the possibility of an unexpected strike in the event of the approach of other Tatar koshas. The Lithuanians failed to realize flank coverage - when the first group crossed, it was quickly pushed back by the Tatars to the very shore. But the second group, under the command of Glinsky himself, managed to split the Tatar army in half with a swift attack, and it turned into a disorderly flight (during which many horsemen drowned).

This campaign was the last in the coalition wars of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Crimean Khanate. Gradually, relations between them became more and more tense. The formal reason for the final break was that Mengli-Giray reacted negatively to the imprisonment of the former Kazan Khan Abdul-Latif in Vologda. However, the real reasons were, of course, incomparably deeper. After the destruction of the main enemy, Mengli Giray felt like a full-fledged successor to the Golden Horde and he had his own geopolitical ambitions that came into conflict with the interests of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Therefore, he had already begun to make campaigns not on Lithuanian, but on Russian lands. Sigismund did not fail to take advantage of this, constantly inciting Mengli Giray to act against the Moscow principality.

In the spring of 1512, Mengli Giray sent his sons Geray Akhmat and Burnash on a campaign against southern lands of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, during which many civilians were taken into captivity. However, when the Russian troops approached, the Tatars preferred not to clash and retreated. In summer and autumn, the Tatars reached Ryazan itself, but they did not dare to storm the city.

Mengli-Girey died in 1515 and was buried in the turbe (mausoleum) of Hadji-Girey that has survived to this day.

According to three documents of the XIX - early XX century. the ancestor of the Khan Giray clan was Sultan Islam Giray. Khan-Girey in the manuscript “Seraskir Muhammed Giray” wrote that his distant ancestor Islam-Girey moved to the Caucasus and became the founder of their family of Sultans of Islam-Gireevs (emphasis added by the author, i.e. Khan-Girey). In the same place, Khan-Girey indicated that his father, Muhammed Giray, "was the fifth descendant of Islam-Girey."

On the tombstone of Khan-Girey's nephew Lieutenant Sultan Azamat-Girey, who was buried in the village of Khatukai in 1896, it is also indicated that Islam-Girey was their first ancestor who settled in the Caucasus. The cultural figure Sultan Dovlet-Girey wrote in 1915 that the first in the Khan-Girey family was Islam-Girey, who chose Tuapse as his place of residence. According to the record of Dovlet-Girey, the grandson of Islam-Girey - Aslan-Girey - was the first of their kind who moved from Tuapse to the Left Bank of the Kuban. So the descendants of Islam Giray settled on the territory of the modern large village of Tlyustenkhabl near the dam of the Krasnodar reservoir.

Both according to Dovlet-Girey, and according to the record on the above-mentioned gravestone, Khan-Girey's father was the fourth in the generation of their family. But Khan Giray indicated in the manuscript that his father was the fifth descendant of Islam Giray. The author of this article takes the Khan Giray manuscript as a more correct position.

This article is based on the work of the author “Tuapse-Tlyustenkhable branch Crimean Gireys”, which was included in the collection “From the history of the noble families of the Kuban”, (Krasnodar, 2000; tir. 300). Since it has not received distribution outside the Krasnodar Territory, the author will in some cases refer to archive materials and other works.

During its heyday, the Crimean Khanate had a great influence on the Western Caucasus. By the time the Russians appeared in the lower reaches of the Kuban River at the end of the 18th century, many people from the Crimean Girey dynasty lived among the Circassians. They completely assimilated with the local population, retaining the memory of their origin and the peculiarities of writing surnames and names. The Russians called them mountain sultans.

The reasons for the settlement of the Gireys among the Circassians are different. Khan-Girey wrote that the Crimean khans gave their children to the Circassians to be brought up in order to more strongly tie them “to Islamism and their dominion.” Enlightener M.K. Abaev in 1911 pointed out that the Crimean Khan sent governors from his relatives to the Adygs, whose children were “circumscribed”, began to bear the surname Sultan, and the Adygs called them Khan (Khanuko). This is supported by the article in encyclopedic dictionary”Brockhaus and Efron, v. 75. It states that the sultans, that is, the children of khans of different generations, often sent their children to be brought up by the Beslinei (one of the ethnic groups of the Western Circassians).

It is more likely that Giray fled to the Western Caucasus from the persecution of successful rivals in the struggle for the khan's throne. Thus, according to the inscription on the gravestone of Khan-Girey's nephew, lieutenant Azamat-Girey, their distant ancestor Islam-Girey left the Crimea because of a quarrel with his ruler (hereinafter, it is emphasized by the author). T. Khadzhimukov wrote in 1910 that several sultans, side relatives of the Crimean Khan, fleeing his wrath, found shelter with the Bzhedugs as early as the 16th century.

F. A. Shcherbina wrote about the position of the Gireys in the Adyghe society. He noted that in the Circassian society there were princes-sultans and simply princes. The descendants of the former ruling dynasty of the Crimean khans - Girey - were ranked among the sultans. The one, to whose name the epithets sultan and weight were added, was the representative of this class rank of princes. But the princes from the Circassians called them "hanuks" as people alien to the Circassian people, an alien element, although they merged with the Circassians inseparably. For this reason, the Circassian princes proper did not recognize them as equal in rights. About the Gireys, with an admixture of arrogance, they declared: “We have a lot of Hanukkahs.”

Khan-Girey and Dovlet-Girey indicated that they come from the Crimean khans. At the direction of General I.F. Paskevich, in March 1830, the chief ataman of the Black Sea army, General A.D. Beskrovny, clarified the circumstances of sending to the tsar through lieutenant Khan-Girey the petition of the Khamysheevsky owners to accept them as subjects of Russia and recognize Khan-Girey himself as the person in charge of them . Eight Khamysheev owners were invited to the conversation, whose signatures were listed in the document. However, A.D. Beskrovny talked only with the Khamysheev princes Alkas and Mugammed Khadzhimukov. The princes explained that they really wanted to be accepted into Russian citizenship, but did not agree to be under the command of Khan Giray. Caught in questions negative attitude to Khan-Girey, they stated that Khan-Girey comes from a minor branch of the Gireys, although they could not explain when and from where his ancestors arrived to them.

“Genealogy of the North Caucasus” (Materials of the I scientific-practical conference “Genealogy of the North Caucasian Enlighteners” issue 2/2002)