Verb predicates table. Types of predicates in Russian with examples

Predicate along with the subject is an element grammatical basis offers. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? Who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.

The predicate of the Russian language is represented by three types - simple verbal predicate, compound verb and compound nominal. In order to quickly and correctly determine the type of predicate in a particular case, it is necessary, firstly, to present a diagram of the composition of the predicate, and secondly, to be able to apply the theoretical scheme to specific linguistic material. Let's look at the types of predicates, briefly describe each of them and follow the implementation with an example.

1. Simple verb predicate.

This is the simplest type of predicate - it is expressed by a verb in some mood. For example, he plays; would have come earlier etc. Most often, this type is remembered using the formula: one word in the predicate, which means the predicate is a simple verb. It is not difficult to guess that this formula is erroneous: this type includes predicates that contain 2, 3 and even more words. For example:

He will for a long time recall about the past(future complex).

Let stars forever illuminate your long, long winter journey(imperative).

He lost his temper (phraseologism).

They waited, waited And didn't wait (repetition of one verb in different forms).

Spring waited, waited nature(repetition of the same verb forms).

Don't be offended, but it will still be in my opinion(repetition of one verb with the particle not).

I'll go for a walk (a combination of different verbs in the same form).

2. Compound verb predicate.

This predicate is constructed according to the following scheme: auxiliary verb+ infinitive All these elements must be present in the predicate so that we can call it a compound verb! Again, you should not think that this predicate consists of 2 components - there may be more of them.

He wants to enroll to the institute.

I'm long couldn't with them meet.

You must study.

He was looking to have fun.

I was unable to think about this.

Note that phase verbs (those that denote the phase of action) most often act as auxiliary elements - start, continue, become, quit) or modal words ( must, must, wants).

3. Compound nominal predicate.

Such a predicate consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. The most common linking verb be, but you can also find other connections. The nominal part is expressed as an adjective. Noun, adverb, participle, pronoun, etc.

Weather was good.

The book is true Friend.

He has character harder steel.

Grass beveled.

Evening quiet.

Error was obvious.

Twice two - four.

This notebook my.

As you can see, determining the type of predicate is not a difficult task; you just need to confidently and completely know the material and, most importantly, be able to navigate it.

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The predicate is a very important part of the sentence. It is thanks to him that the meaning of what they are trying to convey becomes clear. Of course, there are sentences without this member, but they do not carry the dynamics that is an attribute of the predicate. There are quite a lot of varieties of this part of the sentence in the Russian language, and each is used to convey certain shades of meaning. Let's look at his ways of expression.

The grammatical basis of a sentence

Before talking about the predicate as such, attention should be paid to the predicate, or into which it is included. It is no coincidence that these members of the sentence are called the main ones. After all, the subject and predicate are the main guidelines for the fact that this is not a phrase, but a more complex syntactic unit.

Here's an example:

1. Variegated fish.

2. Nimble and colorful fish scurry between the stones here and there in the shallow water.

In the first case, we have a phrase in which we can highlight the main and dependent word. However, we do not see any meaning about what kind of fish these are, where they live, what happens to them. Thus, we have a phrase before us. In the second case, we have a proposal. Let's prove it. The basis of the sentence is easily identified: the fish are scurrying around. Here the main idea is already formed, the statement has a finished appearance, and intonation completeness is felt.

Even if you remove all the minor members, the core of the sentence will remain. The fish are scurrying around. This will no longer be a phrase for the reasons listed above.

In addition to the predicate, which will be discussed later, the predicative basis includes a subject. This member of the sentence indicates the subject of speech; it is reported in this syntactic unit.

Predicate: definition of concept

What is a predicate? Its main task is to convey the meaning of what is said about the subject of speech, expressed by the subject.

Types of predicates

Taking into account the meaning in which the predicate is used and its methods of expression, different types of this member of the sentence are distinguished.

Let's look at an example. Cheeks turn red. - The cheeks continue to turn red. - Cheeks become red. All three of these sentences convey, in principle, the same idea, however grammatical meaning and their shades of meaning are different. So, in the first sentence the grammatical meaning and semantic load lie on the predicate blush. The second and third sentences are a different matter. Here the grammatical and lexical meaning is conveyed different words. Predicates consist of two words (continue to blush, become red), one of which (the first) carries a grammatical load, the second (an infinitive in the first case and an adjective in the second) - a semantic one.

Also, all predicates of the Russian language are divided into simple and compound. The first consists of one verb, which carries semantic and grammatical aspects. My sister plays with dolls all evening. Predicate plays- simple.

Another thing - compound predicate and its ways of expression. At least two words are involved here, one of which describes the grammatical component, and the second - the semantic one (see examples at the beginning of the section).

According to their type, nominal and verbal predicates are distinguished, examples of which will be given in subsequent sections. It is quite simple to distinguish between them: if one of its parts is expressed by any name: a noun, an adjective, a numeral, it will be called a nominal.

The verb predicate and its connection with the subject

Before listing the ways of expressing a nominal and verbal predicate with examples, let’s look at how it is connected to the subject in a sentence.

This can happen by number category: A student writes a dictation. - Students write a dictation.

Agreement can also be implemented in number and gender: The student wrote a dictation. - The student was writing a dictation. - The students wrote a dictation.

A special case is when the subject is expressed by a word with the meaning of any quantity. Here it is necessary to take into account the context and put the predicate either in the singular or in the plural. ABOUT clouds float across the bright blue sky. - Many students will remember school years with gratitude and light sadness. Teaching occupies a special place among specialists. The last sentence is very significant, because the subject in it has a collective meaning, so it is necessary to put the predicate only in singular. These are subjects like majority, society, people, minority and others.

Simple verb predicate

Let's look at ways to express a simple verbal predicate. In it, the semantic and grammatical components are contained in one verb form. Let's make a reservation right away that it is a mistake to say that a simple verbal predicate is just one word, since it can be expressed in a form that involves several words, significant or not.

So, ways to express the predicate with examples:

Verb in any of the moods. I will go on vacation to the sea (indicative) - I would go on vacation to the sea (conditional) - Go on vacation to the sea (imperative).
Complex future tense of the verb. I will bake a cake for my birthday (I will bake).
Verb be, if the presence of something or simply existence matters. Yesterday it rained all day. I have this quality.
A phraseological unit, if it contains a conjugated form. Olesya finally came to her senses. I find it with almost every child and parent.

Compound verb predicate

Let's look at the compound verbal predicate and its methods of expression. It includes a main part and an auxiliary part. The first contains semantic load and is an infinitive, while the second contains grammatical meaning. Also, the auxiliary part can be endowed with additional shades of meaning. Let's look at what a compound verb predicate means. Examples will help you understand this better.

Stages of action: beginning, end, duration. I'm going to re-read Pushkin. I'm finishing whitewashing the walls.
The desire or necessity of action, its possibility. Olga wanted to cut her hair very short. I must warn you about the danger of getting burned.
Any emotional context. I love walking along the embankment at any time of the year.

As mentioned above, the main part is always an infinitive verb. The auxiliary can be with the meaning of action: must, glad and others, it can also include the words necessary, possible, fun, bitter, loved, good.

Predicate nominal

A compound nominal predicate contains, in addition to the auxiliary part, a nominal predicate. It contains the semantic component. The auxiliary part is responsible for grammatical content and connection with the subject.

Let's look at what such a predicate is and how to express it. If we talk about the auxiliary part, it could be:

Linking verb to be. Her difference is that in the present tense she becomes zero: She was smart and beautiful. She will be smart and beautiful. She is smart and beautiful.
Other linking verbs, which, in contrast to be, are endowed with additional meanings: to appear, to be considered, to appear, to become and others.

Verbs of motion such as sit, come, stand and others. Lisa sat proud and unapproachable.

As for the nominal part, it can be a noun, an adjective, a word of a state category, a participle or an adjective, complete, short in comparative degree. Andrey was taller than Igor by a whole head. The sky was blue and very clear. A table is a piece of furniture that is so necessary for the household.

Pronouns may also be included in the nominal part. The girl was exactly as he had seen in his dreams. There are also numerals. Ten times ten equals one hundred.

Phraseologisms are often used as a nominal part. Shorokhov was a jack of all trades in construction.

Predicate- main member a two-part sentence denoting an action or a sign of what is expressed by the subject.

Predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the reality named in the subject) and grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or unreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the mood forms of the verb, and in indicative mood- and time).

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb And compound nominal .

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

Simple verb predicate(PGS) can be expressed in one word And ambiguous .

PGS- one word :

1) verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases, the predicate agrees with the subject: He read / is reading / will read / would read / let him read / this book.

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; There is no agreement between the predicate and the subject: And bang the hat right on the floor. As soon as the music starts, the boy immediately starts dancing.

PGS- phrase :

1. PGS - phraseologically free , But syntactically related phrase - may have the following structure and typical value:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:
I walk and walk, but it’s still a long way to the forest.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle like this to indicate an intense or fully accomplished action:
That's what he said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or verbs of the same root to enhance the meaning of the predicate:
He doesn’t sleep himself and doesn’t let others sleep.
I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:
And he just say / know he’s singing to himself.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:
I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with the particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:
I was getting ready to go to the cinema, but didn’t go.

7) design with an action intensity value:
All he does is sleep.

2. PGS- phraseological unit denotes a single action, indivisible in meaning into an action and its material object; in most cases, this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: to take part, to come to one's senses, to become enraged, to sound the alarm, to have the opportunity, to have the intention, to have the habit, to have the honor, to have the right; express a desire, burn with desire, acquire a habit, consider oneself entitled, consider it necessary etc.:

He took part in the conference(=participated).

Compound verb predicate(GHS) has the following structure:
preinfinitive part + infinitive.

Infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - names the action.

Pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phasic meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

Phase value expressed by verbs become, begin (start), accept (accept), continue (continue), cease (cease), stop (cease) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the given words, characteristic of a colloquial style of speech):

I started/continued/finished reading this book.

Modal meaning can be expressed

1) verbs be able, able, want, desire, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.

2) a linking verb to be (in the present time in the zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intend, capable, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was willing/willing/able to wait.

The phraseological unit can be used both in the pre-infinitive part and in the infinitive position:

He is looking forward to participating in the conference(= wants to participate)
He wants to take part in the conference(= wants to participate).
He eager to take part at the conference(= wants to participate).

The complication of the GHS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to feel hungry.
I felt that I might soon begin to want to eat.

A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in indefinite form: If you are afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is atypical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which is found in compound nominal predicates. In addition, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:

Not coming means offending.

The following predicates are not compound verbal predicates:

1) compound form of the future tense of the verb imperfect form in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;
2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, occupying the position of complement in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her.underline ( border-bottom: 1px dashed blue; ) to sing (everyone asked her, but she should sing);
3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to notice that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb, standing before the infinitive, has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

Compound nominal predicate(SIS) has the following structure:
nominal part (ligament) + nominal part.

Nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Administrative part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.

Administrative part It happens:

1) abstract: the verb to be (in the meaning of “to appear” and not “to be” or “to have”), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form: He is a student / was a student.

2) semi-nominal (semi-abstract): verbs appear (appear), happen, appear (seem), introduce yourself (introduce yourself), become (become), become (become), stay (remain), count, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; these verbs are usually not used without a nominal part.

For example: He turned out to be a student. She seemed tired.

3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie, work, live, etc.

For example: We returned home tired. He worked as a janitor. He lived as a hermit.

Significant And semi-significantbunch when determining the type of predicate, it can be replaced by an abstract one.

The nominal part can be expressed mono-wordly or non-wordly.

One-word noun phrase :

1) a noun in case form, often in the nominative case. / instrumental case.

For example: He is/was a teacher. The skirt was checkered.

2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any degree of comparison.

For example: His words were smart. He became taller than his father. He is the tallest in the class.

3) full or short participle: Letter was not printed .

4) pronoun: This pencil is mine!

5) numeral: He was eighth in line.

6) adverb: The conversation will be frank. I felt sorry for the old man.

Non-word expression of the nominal part:

1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase can have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in genitive case.

For example: The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is uninformative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be dropped from the sentence with almost no loss of meaning).

For example: He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit: He was the talk of the town.

The connective part can also be expressed by phraseological units:

He looked gloomy and distracted - phraseological unit in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phase auxiliary verb into it.

For example: She wanted to appear tired. He gradually began to become an expert in this field.

Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part - bunch(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

SIS = copula + nominal part

Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.

Types of linking verbs

Type of connective by meaning	Typical verbs	Examples
1. Grammatical connective - expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning.	Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the copula be is usually in the zero form (“zero copula”): the absence of the copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.	He was a doctor. He will be a doctor. He is a doctor. He was sick. He will be sick. He is sick. He is sick. Lyrics are the highest manifestation of art.
2. The semi-nominal copula not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning).	a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the characteristic: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to happen, to happen; d) assessment of the characteristic from the point of view of reality: to seem, to seem, to introduce oneself, to be considered, to be reputed; e) name of the feature: to be called, to be called, to be revered.	He became sick. He remained ill. He was sick every autumn. He turned out to be sick. He was considered sick. He seemed sick. He is sick. He was reputed to be sick. Their called sick.
3. The nominative connective is a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).	a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, wander; c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.	She sat tired. He left angry. He came back upset. He lived as a hermit. He born happy. He died a hero.

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possessing:

He had three sons; He had a lot of money.

Verbs become, becomes, turn out to be etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

He found himself in the city center; He stood against the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a denominator, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If a verb becomes a connective, its meaning becomes less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what He sat and not stood or lying).

For the combination “nominal verb + name” to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

the nominative verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

He sat tired- He was tired; He born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was the first;

the link can be made null:

He sat tired- He tired; He born happy- He happy; He came first- He first.

If a verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question Which?), then this is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). Comma parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated!

Ways to Express the Nominal Part

Form	Examples
1. Noun
1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case	He's my brother. He was my brother.
1.2. Noun in oblique case with or without preposition	The navigator was unconscious. I'm penniless. This house is Meshkova.
1.3. Whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)	Son-in-law was a silent breed. This girl is tall.
2. Adjective
2.1. Short adjective	He's cheerful. He became cheerful.
2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case	He's funny. He became cheerful.
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective
3. Communion
3.1. Short Communion	He's wounded. The glass was broken.
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case	The glass was broken. The glass was broken.
4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun	All the fish are yours. This something new.
5. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case	Their hut is the third from the edge. Their hut was the third from the edge.
6. Adverb	I was on my guard. His daughter is married to my brother.

Pay attention!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero connective), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

The most common mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate:

1. Short form adjectives and especially participles are mistaken for a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. To avoid mistakes, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -l appears in the verb, and a short adjective or participle will have the connective was ( was, was, were).

For example:
He is sick(PGS). - He was sick;
He's sick(SIS). - He was sick ;
The city is taken(SIS). - City was taken .

2. A short neuter adjective (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with an adverb ending in -o. To avoid mistakes, pay attention to the form of the subject:

if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

Wed: The sea is calm;

if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine noun, masculine, noun in plural, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

Living is good; Life is good; Children are good;

if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; You can also replace a short adjective with a full one.

Wed: The sea is calm(SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm A; The sea is calm s; The sea is calm oh ).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a secondary member - a definition. In order not to make a mistake, pay attention to which word starts the question which? to this name.

4. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.

To distinguish between the subject and the predicate, expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:

The subject usually precedes the predicate:

Moscow is the capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.

However, in Russian the predicate can also precede the subject.

Wed: Ivan Ivanovich is a good man;

the demonstrative particle this stands or can be placed before the predicate:

Please note that in sentences like: This is good ; This is my brother - This is the subject expressed by the demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;

the subject can only be expressed in the nominative case form; the predicate has two main case forms - nominative and instrumental cases. If you put the connective be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or the copula appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the instrumental form, and for the subject it will remain the same.

Wed: Moscow was the capital Russia; Moscow is the capital Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good person; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate

Indicate the type of predicate.
Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.

Sample parsing

Life is good.

Fine Fine expressed by an adverb; grammatical connective be

I came first.

Came first- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed by an ordinal number in the nominative case; significant copula came expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

This guy is of average height.

Average height- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part average height expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical connective be- in zero form; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

Predicate along with the subject, it is an element of the grammatical basis of the sentence. The predicate denotes the action that the subject performs, as well as its state or attribute, therefore, the predicate answers questions what to do? what to do? what happens to the item? what is the subject? what is he? Who is he? As a rule, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but there are other ways of expressing it - noun, adjective, pronoun, participle, etc.