We continue to analyze common mistakes in final practice essays. Today we will analyze the shortcomings in work that deserves “pass” according to all five criteria. The text is provided with minor edits. Please note the notes on the highlighted words: my brief explanation follows the essay.

“In his life, a person often experiences an internal conflict when the heart says one thing, but the mind says something completely different. Most often, such situations occur when a person needs to make a choice, for example, to save his or a friend’s life, or to help people. Sometimes we forget about reason and succumb to the influence of feelings, and then we regret the mistakes we have made. But situations also arise when it is strong feelings that push you to do good deeds. not only for the benefit of others, but also of yourself. 1

So, for example, in the story of Alexander Ivanovich Kuprin, Verochka, the wife of officer Almazov, not sparing her jewelry, immediately went to pawn them in a pawnshop. It was she who came up with a plan to help her loved one and supported her husband in difficult moment. In this story, a strong feeling - sincere love for her husband - helped Verochka not sit idly by, but do everything for Nikolai Evgrafovich and help him in any way.

Another example of the predominance of feelings over reason can be the plot of N.V. Gogol’s story “Taras Bulba”. Andriy, the second son of Taras Bulba, fell in love with a beautiful lady, and during the war with the Poles, he learned that polish princess 2 is in a city where there is a war going on. Andriy could not resist his feelings and went over to the side of the enemy. Strong love forced him to abandon his father, brother, and homeland - to make a big mistake, to betray his fatherland. In this case, feelings surpassed 3 mind, as a result got 4 tragic consequences.

So, each of us is influenced by emotions. But the main thing is to understand that no matter how strong the feelings are, you still need to be aware of the consequences they carry and what will come of it.”

Notes:

1. But situations also arise when it is strong feelings that push you to do good deeds. not only for the benefit of others, but also of yourself.

Error when using homogeneous members of a sentence, conjunction not only, but also must attach the same homogeneous members. In this case, the first part mistakenly attaches the construction “not only (for what?) for the good, but also for (whom?) oneself.” Right: Not only for the benefit of others, but also for the benefit of yourself.

2. Andriy, the second son of Taras Bulba, fell in love with a beautiful lady, and during the war with the Poles, he learned that Polish princess is in a city where there is a war going on.

Factual error. Panna's daughter is not a princess, but only a lady. Perhaps the author makes this factual error because he is familiar with the film adaptation. Gogol himself never calls his beloved Andria that way. The girl's father is a lord, just a rich Polish landowner or landowner, but not a king. Since the error is not gross, the literary argument is accepted.

3/4. In this case, feelings surpassed 3 mind, as a result got 4 tragic consequences.

Lexical inconsistency. Not quite appropriate use lexical item“exceeded” and “turned out.” You can correct it, for example, like this: “In this case, the feeling turned out to be stronger than the mind, which led to tragic consequences.

Prepared material

Shumikhina Ekaterina

What is a feeling? What is the mind? I think that feeling and reason are two opposing parts of human power. They are often in a state of conflict. When a person lives by feelings, without recognizing the laws of reason, he often makes a fatal mistake. But when does this conflict arise? To understand this, let's turn to the works of Russian writers.

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What is a feeling? What is the mind? I think that feeling and reason are two opposing parts of human power. They are often in a state of conflict. When a person lives by feelings, without recognizing the laws of reason, he often makes a fatal mistake. But when does this conflict arise? To understand this, let's turn to the works of Russian writers.

Let us recall the work of N.M. Karamzin “ Poor Lisa" Where the main character Lisa loves Erast very much. They are from different walks of life, but this does not stop them from being together. Over time, Erast's feelings fade away. Erast acts wisely and prudently when he tries to pay off his gambling debt by marrying a rich widow. Lisa, having learned about his lies and betrayal, rushes between feelings and reason. And under the influence of feelings he makes the worst mistake in his life. She commits suicide - this is unacceptable. Life must go on, no matter what.

Another example is the work of N.V. Gogol “Taras Bulba”. A terrible conflict occurs in the soul young son Taras Bulba - Andria. He fell in love with a beautiful Polish girl and betrayed his father, brother, and Fatherland. His feelings and reason came into strong conflict with each other. And feelings won. Andriy paid severely for his betrayal and died at the hands of his father. Andriy's terrible mistake was that he was guided only by feelings. This conflict occurred due to the fact that Andriy had a small life experience. He failed to analyze his actions, did not consult with more experienced people, and did not ask anyone for advice. Feelings took precedence over all reasonable actions and led to a terrible tragedy.

Feelings and mind should live in peace and harmony. It's difficult, but possible. If a person works on himself, he will be able to come to a solution to any issues. Not only with the sensory element, but also with the help of the mind. All this leads to harmony in relation to other people. Works fiction give us invaluable lessons about how we should build our relationships with other people. What laws should they live by? These lessons are invaluable experience for us, which we must listen to.

Thus, the given examples from fiction allow us to conclude that the mind and feelings must be in harmony. This allows us to avoid rash actions that we young people often commit. This is what works of fiction teach, which give us invaluable life lessons.

In their works, writers often consider the problem of interaction between feelings and mind. And many of them are sure that these two concepts should be in harmony with each other. However, when making various decisions, a person is constantly faced with the choice of giving in to the dictates of his heart or listening to the voice of reason. And then a conflict arises between feelings and reason, leading to a variety of consequences. Examples of such struggles can often be found on the pages of fiction.

Let us turn to the work of A. S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”. The conflict between Tatiana's mind and feelings can be traced throughout the novel. At the very beginning of the work, the heroine is a young girl who lives only by feelings.

Having read French novels, she created for herself the image of an ideal man, and, having met Onegin, Tatyana falls in love with him, because he completely fits this description. But, having confessed her feelings and expecting reciprocity, Larina receives only cold moral teachings. And already here the first motives of the conflict between feelings and reason are observed, because with her mind she understands that she should not love Eugene, since Onegin has already rejected her, but her heart refuses to accept reality. Later Tatyana marries and becomes a majestic and stately woman. Several years after separation from Onegin, the heroes meet again. Having completely changed on the outside, Larina does not change at all on the inside. She still loves Evgeniy, but having received an offer from him to be together, the struggle between feelings and reason grows more and more in Tatyana. And, having made a difficult decision, the heroine refuses Onegin, remaining faithful to her husband. Thus, the conflict between Larina’s reason and her feelings arises at the most difficult moment of her life and leads to maintaining honor before her husband and the loss of a loved one.

Now let's turn to Ostrovsky's work "The Thunderstorm". In this drama, the main idea is the struggle between feelings and reason. main character. Katerina Kabanova is a married woman who lives in the “dark kingdom” of her husband. Since childhood, she has been accustomed to living by feelings. And when the girl was married to an unloved man, she almost despaired of experiencing true love. But, having met Boris, Katerina suddenly felt a kindred spirit in him. Having fallen in love with the hero, inside the girl there is a struggle between feelings and reason, because she does not want to betray her husband, but cannot do anything with her love. During her husband’s departure, Katerina faces a difficult choice: remain faithful to Tikhon or spend these days with her lover. The decision will still go to her beloved, leading the heroine to mental anguish, repentance and subsequent death. So, having experienced true love for the first time, a complex conflict arises in Katerina between her feelings for Boris and her mind. And, having made a difficult decision, the girl chooses love, which leads to tragedy.

Thus, having considered work of art A. S. Pushkin, we can conclude that especially complex and important life situations, which can radically change a person’s destiny, lead to a conflict between reason and feelings. And he is capable of depriving a person of his beloved. That is why it is important that a person’s feelings and mind are always in harmony with each other.

Conversation with the teacher of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, Archpriest Konstantin Konstantinov.

Very often in life we ​​are faced with a situation when we cannot cope with our feelings. And we even understand that by succumbing to these feelings, we can harm ourselves, but nevertheless we do not listen to the voice of reason. Why is there a conflict between feelings and reason? We will talk about this with the candidate biological sciences, teacher of bioethics at the St. Petersburg Theological Academy, Archpriest Konstantin Konstantinov. For many years, Father Konstantin was a senior researcher in the physiological department named after I.P. Pavlov at the Institute of Experimental Medicine.

Why doesn’t our mind have power over our feelings?

To begin with, it must be said that this was not always the case. The primordial man, the first Adam, was a perfect man, in whom all the powers of the soul were in harmony. As a rule, the holy fathers mention three main forces of the soul. Translating to modern language, we can designate them as follows: will, reason and feeling. From the moment of the Fall, discord began between these three forces, that is, dissonance or schism arose between them.

Initially this was not the case, let us emphasize. Initially, a person is a holistic being, in which all the forces and properties of the soul are in harmonious relationships with each other. But after the Fall the situation changed dramatically. The Holy Fathers emphasize that the enemy of the human race is not able to destroy human nature, but he can distort it. The distortion of human nature partly lies in the fact that the relationship between the basic forces of the soul (mind, feelings, will) has become discordant. This point was expressed very well by the Apostle Paul in his Epistle to the Romans: “I do not do what I want, but I do what I hate.” ». This phrase shows the contradiction between my actions (or, let’s say, between my “wills,” the aspiration of my will) and what I want.

But it is interesting to note: it was then, almost two thousand years ago, that the Apostle Paul said that he does not do what he wants. Modern man does exactly what he wants, but he wants sin, that’s the point. That is modern man very often, without thinking, he surrenders to the will of feelings, accepts them as truth. And quite often, without even trying to analyze these feelings, without trying to give them a moral assessment, he subordinates his will to these feelings. But even a person who evaluates these feelings sees that they are sinful, serve the pleasure or gratification of the flesh, carnal desires, very often he is forced to admit to himself that he is unable to resist them.

Why does this situation arise? The fact is that a person’s feelings or drives, speaking in the language of physiology and psychophysiology, are the motivational sphere of our mental activity or our behavior - is based on real biological needs. Let us again emphasize the spiritual point: this situation arose after the Fall, when man’s spiritual powers became subordinated to carnal and exclusively material tendencies. Initially it wasn't like that. It is very interesting that, for example, the Apostle John the Theologian in his epistle speaks about the lust of the flesh, the lust of the eyes, and also about the pride of life. These are, as it were, the main passions with which the soul of an already fallen person is overwhelmed.

So our needs are present moment to a greater extent (ninety, if not ninety-nine percent) are determined by biological needs. Hence, corresponding motivation arises, which is designed to satisfy these biological needs. Hence the corresponding feelings, which are very difficult for the mind to resist. And it turns out that the mind is in a subordinate state in relation to feelings and biological needs.

- Fine. Where do these feelings originate? In the head or in the heart?

Of course, posing the question already presupposes a certain context. You say “head”, probably implying brain activity. This means that you probably consider the “heart” in this question literally as an anatomical organ. Of course, the holy fathers, speaking about the heart and reflecting on the movements of the heart, did not in any way mean an anatomical organ. The fact is that the terminology that we often use (spirit, soul, heart, mind) in a theological context is not absolutely verified. There are always some deviations of meaning here. Therefore, very often it is difficult for you and me to judge what exactly the holy fathers meant when they used different terms - in one case “heart”, in another case “mind”, in a third “soul”. Difficult. But the general context of their messages and writings is something like this: we're talking about about a certain core, a certain center of the human soul. Let's just say about some depth or core.

That is, the heart in this case is considered, of course, not as an anatomical organ, but precisely as the mysterious depth of the human soul. Of course, we are extremely interested in how this relates to modern terminology, modern concepts, including scientific ones. What can we offer instead of the term “heart” in the sense as understood by the holy fathers? Probably the best interpretation of the concept “heart” is with scientific point vision will be approximately the following: the motivational-emotional sphere of our mental activity. That is, those mechanisms (if we are talking about physiology, and it takes place here, without a doubt) that form our motivations and our emotions and which are really in a subordinate state in relation to our rational, analytical, intellectual abilities.

And by the term “head” you most likely meant some kind of rational, intellectual activity. And in this regard, of course, we can say that feelings have more to do with the motivational-emotional sphere of brain activity than with the intellectual, rational, analytical. And so on.

- Father Konstantin, tell us how to learn to manage our feelings.

The question is very difficult. It is unlikely that I can fully answer it. It seems to me that in modern world this art has been largely lost. The holy fathers fully mastered the art of self-government. And, by the way, they set themselves the most important task- subjugate various feelings, attractions, impressions. Let us note: be very attentive to your impressions, to what enters into us, what we experience, what our inner world is doing. This is a very important point. A person shapes his soul with all the thoughts and desires that he accepts or does not accept. Indeed, a colossally urgent task arises of owning or managing, or establishing order in one’s inner world. Therefore, your question is extremely relevant: how to learn to manage?

What can we say here? Let's read the holy fathers. There is a lot of advice given there. The first point: to begin with, just be attentive - to your thoughts, to your emotional movements, impressions. The Holy Fathers emphasize stages. For example, the staged development of a particular thought or desire. Desire does not arise immediately, instantly, in full and with all its strength. There are certain stages in the development of desire. In the first two, a person has enough strength to reject this or that desire as soon as it has been identified or assessed.

For example, a desire suddenly arose for one reason or another (we will not discuss the reasons now, they can be very different). But it arose, and a person immediately has the right to give a moral assessment: he accepts this desire or does not accept it. Let us emphasize once again: on moral foundations, on the foundations of the commandments of Christ. For example, we say that desire is sinful. If we give this assessment at the very beginning, at the very first moment the desire arises, we have enough strength to reject it. Or, using intellectual rational efforts, say: “No, desire, I don’t accept you.”

But if the desire has developed, if we have given it the will to develop, if it already produces many, many associations, fantasy pictures, and so on, then it is very, very difficult to overcome it. After all, a person accepts it as truth and subordinates his will to this desire. That is why the task of paying attention to your feelings is very important.

Let's emphasize again: feelings do not arise instantly, they always develop. They are very easy to stop, or suspend, or direct in a different direction in the first stages of development, when they have not yet fully mastered their strength and power. If we have given them the will or the opportunity to develop fully, then it can be almost impossible to stop them - the Holy Fathers warn about this. Actually, this is exactly how the death of a person occurs in relation to eternity, that is, the fall into one or another sin, when a person simply missed the emergence of certain feelings. Once a feeling has arisen, it is very strong and it is very difficult to heal.

Reading the lives of the holy fathers, we see what a difficult, cruel struggle there is in relation to certain feelings on the part of the holy fathers. But, mind you, they set themselves the task of overcoming these feelings! But modern man now does not even pose such a task. But if it is relevant, if it has arisen, then it is necessary to admit that such an influx of feelings is possible that one cannot overcome oneself, on one’s own. And all that remains is to pray to God: “Lord, give me strength, give me the grace to overcome and somehow extinguish these internal very strong spiritual movements.”

By the way, the holy fathers described this: when such requests were very urgent, the Lord heard and seemed to extinguish certain sinful movements. Our heart sometimes gives in under the steady pressure of the mind. That is, if we persistently tell ourselves that this is a bad desire, that we must resist it; in the end, if we persist, the mind will win. But the question is who will defeat whom from the very beginning, who will win faster: desire or reason?

Thank you, Father Konstantin, for a very useful conversation for each of us. Unfortunately, it’s time for us to say goodbye. Thank you!

For the benefit of you and everyone watching!

Dear TV viewers, since ancient times the world has known the thought: “Know yourself!” The Holy Reverend Fathers of the Church speak about the same thing, emphasizing the importance of knowing oneself in the matter of saving the soul. To this we can add the words of the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin: “Learn to control yourself.”

Presenter Ekaterina Solovyova

Recorded by Tatyana Muravyova

It was not by chance that I chose the topic of internal conflict between feeling and reason. Feeling and reason are the two most important forces inner world people who very often come into conflict with each other. There are situations when feelings oppose reason. What happens in such a situation? Undoubtedly, this is very painful, alarming and extremely unpleasant, as a person rushes about, suffers, and loses ground under his feet. His mind says one thing, but his feelings raise a real riot and deprive him of peace and harmony. As a result, an internal struggle begins, which often ends very tragically.

A similar internal conflict is described in I. S. Turgenev’s work “Fathers and Sons.” Evgeny Bazarov, main character, shared the theory of “nihilism” and denied literally everything: poetry, music, art and even love. But the meeting with Anna Sergeevna Odintsova, a beautiful, intelligent, woman unlike others, became a decisive event in his life, after which his internal conflict began. Unexpectedly, he felt a “romantic” in himself, capable of deeply feeling, worrying and hoping for reciprocity. His nihilistic views failed: it turns out that there is love, there is beauty, there is art. The strong feelings that gripped him begin to fight against the rationalistic theory, and life becomes unbearable. The hero cannot continue scientific experiments or engage in medical practice - everything falls out of hand. Yes, when such a discord occurs between feeling and reason, life sometimes becomes impossible, since the harmony that is necessary for happiness is disrupted, and the internal conflict becomes external: family and friendly ties are disrupted.

One can also recall the work of F.M. Dostoevsky “Crime and Punishment”, which analyzes the rebellion of the main character’s feelings. Rodion Raskolnikov nurtured the “Napoleonic” idea of ​​a strong personality who has the right to break the law and even kill a person. Having tested this rationalistic theory in practice, having killed the old pawnbroker, the hero experiences torment of conscience, the impossibility of communicating with family and friends, and practically becomes morally and physically ill. This painful condition arose due to the internal conflict of human feelings and fictitious theories.

So, we analyzed situations where feelings oppose reason, and came to the conclusion that it is sometimes detrimental to a person. But, on the other hand, it is also a signal that one must listen to one’s feelings, since far-fetched theories can destroy both the person himself and cause irreparable harm and unbearable pain to the people around him.