Provisioning problems environmental safety, effective environmental management are priority areas public policy. Considering that the technogenic load on environmental systems is constantly increasing, economic development must be ensured by a set of measures to preserve the natural environment, the state of which determines the environmental safety and health of the region’s population. Socio-economic development of the Republic of Kalmykia, ensuring high quality life of the population and protection environment in a broad sense, provides for the approval of environmental priorities that are implemented by environmental and control and supervisory federal and regional authorities, public organizations and the population.

The Republic of Kalmykia is one of the most extreme regions of Russia for living and doing business. This extremeness is due, first of all, to geographical location republics in the arid and semiarid zones of the northwestern Caspian region. It is characterized by flat shapes relief, the almost complete absence of a natural hydrographic network and increased mineralization of soils, surface and groundwater, caused by fluctuations in the level of the Caspian Sea, which in the relatively recent past repeatedly covered with its waters most of the current territory of the republic.

The territory of Kalmykia is rich in natural resources, which are a national property. One piece natural resources(oil, gas, etc.) is limited, their reserves are large, but are not restored, which requires special methods for regulating rational consumption.

In this regard, one of the environmental problems that will become relevant for Kalmykia in the near future will be related to the exploration and development of oil and gas fields on the Caspian shelf in close proximity to the Kalmyk coast. World experience in the exploration and development of oil and gas fields indicates that even if all established norms and rules are observed, marine industries are sources of chronic pollution of the environment with petroleum products, emulsifiers, surfactants and lubricating oils (Matishov, 2006). Therefore, compensation measures for marine and coastal fisheries should also be developed here.

On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia there are 41 hydrocarbon deposits, including 19 oil, 11 gas, 6 oil and gas and 5 oil and gas condensate.

According to the degree of industrial development, the deposits of the Republic of Kalmykia are divided into those that are: in development - 26 deposits, in exploration - 5 deposits, in conservation - 10 small deposits.

In total, 15 subsoil user companies operate in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the search, exploration and production of hydrocarbons.

Of these, oil production is carried out by 6 companies:

LLC "Management Company "Kalmneft";

CJSC NK Kalmpetrol;

CJSC Ilmenskneft;

Promresurs LLC;

JSC "RITEK";

OJSC Nizhnevolzhskneftegaz.

Gas production is carried out by 2 companies:

OJSC Kalmgaz;

LLC Gazprom Dobycha Krasnodar.

Search and exploration of hydrocarbons is carried out by 7 companies:

OJSC Kalmyk Oil and Gas Company;

CJSC NK Kalmrost;

CJSC KalmTatneft;

LLC "Mezhozernoe";

ZAAB Invest LLC;

Shell OilGas Development LLC (III);

LLC "NK-Alliance";

As a result of the control and supervisory activities of the Office of Rosprirodnadzor in the Republic of Kazakhstan, there is a downward trend in significant violations. Almost all companies currently have the permitting documents necessary for the extraction of hydrocarbons: licenses for the right to use subsoil, a project for the development of a field, approved mining allotment acts, permits for the release of pollutants into atmospheric air etc.

The trend of small (area less than 5-10 m 2) oil spills continues at Management Company Kalmneft LLC (due to the length and dilapidation of the oil pipeline) and at Ilmenskneft CJSC (due to work on reactivation and development of the field).

For companies involved in the search and exploration of hydrocarbon deposits, the main violations identified are failure to conduct geological exploration in accordance with the license agreement.

Groundwater intake is carried out by 28 subsoil users under 29 licenses. Basically, water is taken from single artesian wells - 23 licenses and 6 licenses for the extraction of drinking groundwater at water intakes and fields to supply large settlements republics.

There are 28 oil, oil and gas, and oil and gas condensate fields in operation (NE licenses).

On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, there are currently 9 prospecting and exploration areas in the distributed fund (licenses NR and NP), most of the areas in the republic are in the undistributed fund.

Currently, 15 subsoil user enterprises operate in the Republic of Kalmykia:

№	Subsoil users	NE	NP	HP	Total
1	Shell Oil&Gas Development LLC (III)		-	1	1
2	LLC "Management Company Kalmneft"	15			15
3	OJSC Kalmgaz	2	-	-	2
4	CJSC KalmTatneft	-		1	1
5	CJSC NK Kalmpetrol	3		-	3
6	Branch of OJSC "Nizhnevolzhskneftegaz" "Kalmnedra"	1	-	-	1
7	Gazprom dobycha Krasnodar LLC	1	-	-	1
8	JSC "RITEK"	2	-	-	2
9	OJSC Kalmyk Oil and Gas Company	1	1	-	2
10	CJSC NK Kalmrost	-	2	-	2
11	LLC "Ilmenskneft"	1	-	-	1
12	LLC "ZAAB Invest"	-	-	1	1
13	Promresurs LLC	1	-	-	1
14	LLC "NK-Alliance"	1	-	1	2
15	LLC "Mezhozernoe"			2	2
	TOTAL:	28	3	6	37

Types of licenses:

NE - Hydrocarbon production. Issued for 20 years or until reserves are completely depleted.

NP - Geological study of the subsoil for the purpose of searching and evaluating hydrocarbon deposits. Issued for 5 years.

NR - Geological study, exploration and production of hydrocarbons. Issued for 25 years.
In 2007, licenses were issued for almost the entire territory of the Republic of Kalmykia (according to the types of licenses NR and NP), but, unfortunately, some of them did not comply with the license conditions. In 2008-2009, through the joint efforts of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection and Energy Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Office of Rosprirodnadzor in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Subsoil Use Administration in the Republic of Kazakhstan, systematic work was carried out to get rid of such companies. As a result, today more than 70% of the territory of the republic is in an undistributed fund and is waiting for potential subsoil users.
In 2010, total oil production in the republic amounted to about 215 thousand tons, which is about 40% of the 1995 level, and has shown positive dynamics since 2008.

The level of production in the Republic of Kalmykia is significantly lower than that of neighboring regions (Volgograd region - more than 3 million tons, Stavropol Territory - more than 1 million tons, Chechen Republic- more than 2 million tons, Dagestan - about 400 thousand tons).

Currently, the state of the oil and gas industry is characterized by:

1. A drop in the level of oil production from 403 thousand tons in 1995 to 156 thousand tons in 2008 and its stabilization at the present time;

2. Natural “aging” and deterioration of the technical condition of wells;

3. High wear of technological equipment;

4. Depletion of developed deposits;

5. Extremely difficult financial condition of a number of mining enterprises.
All fields in Kalmykia are at the 3-4 stage of development, i.e. 70 percent or more have been depleted and are at the stage of declining production. At the same time, we have a very high percentage of inactive wells, inflow stimulation methods are practically not used, and geological and production work is virtually not carried out. And, unfortunately, the republic does not have any leverage over subsoil users. According to the current legislation, control over them is exercised only by federal bodies (Rostekhnadzor, Rosprirodnadzor, Federal Tax Service), the region does not have the opportunity to somehow participate in subsoil licensing, drawing up license conditions and monitoring their implementation.

Without the discovery of new fields and an increase in reserves, according to available data, the growth of oil production is very difficult.

IN present moment Oil production in the Republic of Kalmykia is carried out by 5 enterprises: Kalmneft Management Company LLC, Kalmpetrol Oil Company CJSC, RITEK OJSC, Kalmnedra branch of Nizhnevolzhskneftegaz OJSC, and Ilmenskneft CJSC. Another 2 enterprises have licenses for oil production (type NE), but to date they have not yet begun to exploit their fields, these are: PromResurs LLC (Dvoynoye field), NK Alliance LLC (Yuzhno-Plodovitenskoye field).

Consumption natural gas in the Republic of Kalmykia is 300 – 310 million m 3 per year. Sources of gas supply can be divided into internal and external. Approximately 20% of the republic's needs, or about 60 million m3 per year, are met through internal sources. The northern part of Kalmykia is supplied mainly with its own gas, using gas produced by Kalmgaz OJSC at the Sovkhoznoye field. The rest of the gas (more than 80%) comes to Kalmykia from outside. External suppliers are two organizations, LLC Mezhregiongaz and LLC Stavropolregiongaz, which supply 10% and 70% of the gas, respectively.

Gas consumption dynamics are relatively calm. In the consumption structure, the population and municipal consumers have the greatest weight.

Natural gas reserves are listed in 19 fields, including 12 gas, 4 oil and gas and 3 oil and gas condensate fields. Industrial production of natural gas is carried out at 4 fields. More than 90% of the gas is produced by Kalmgaz OJSC, the rest is produced by Gazprom Dobycha Krasnodar LLC (Radykovskoye field) (gas is supplied to consumers in the Stavropol Territory) and Kalmneft Management Company LLC (gas is used for the needs of the republic). OJSC Kalmyk Oil and Gas Company has not started producing gas from the Khongor gas field they discovered.

But, unfortunately, due to the passive position of Kalmgaz OJSC in the development of existing gas fields, the republic is not provided with gas, although all the geological possibilities for this exist.

The Republic of Kalmykia belongs to the regions with proven industrial oil and gas potential and is a highly promising territory for searching for oil and gas deposits both on land and in the adjacent waters of the Caspian Sea. The initial resources of the republic are estimated at 2.81 billion tons. oil and gas. But at the same time, only a small part of it has been explored today, only about 3% of all resources.

The territory of the Republic of Kalmykia is divided into prospecting and exploration areas (licenses NR and NP); there are currently 9 areas in the distributed fund. Most of the plots are in the undistributed fund.

At the moment, 15 organizations are supposed to conduct geological exploration work on the territory of the republic, but, unfortunately, due to high cost geological exploration work, the activity of enterprises is not high.
Common minerals:
The Republic of Kalmykia has a very diverse mineral resource base common minerals that are the basis of construction production. The main common mineral resources of the Republic of Kalmykia are: limestone-shell rocks for saw stone, cement production and lime burning, construction sands, loams for the production of ceramic bricks, clays for the production of expanded clay gravel and agloporite, clay-gypsum, sandstones and other raw materials for the construction industry.

64 natural deposits have been explored in the republic building materials, classified as common minerals, but the industrial development of these types of minerals in the republic has not yet received proper development.

Number of deposits of common minerals in the Republic of Kalmykia:

№	Types of minerals	Number of deposits	Inventories as of 01/01/2011
1.	Brick and tile raw materials, thousand m 3	29	51754
2.	Sands for construction work and sand-lime bricks, thousand m 3	12	67097
3.	Expanded clay, thousand m 3	5	20617
4.	Limestone-shell rocks for saw stone, thousand m 3	3	42391
5.	Clay - gypsum, thousand tons	5	5825
6.	Construction stones-sandstones, thousand m 3	6	361
7.	Agloporite raw materials, thousand m 3	2	3922
8.	Carbonate rocks for lime production, thousand m 3	1	1450
9.	Limestones for cement production, million tons	1	46,2

Brick raw materials

The republic does not experience a shortage of raw materials for the production of ceramic bricks. Based on unlimited reserves of loam, 29 deposits of brick and tile raw materials have been discovered.

Licenses for their development have been obtained for two fields. The Elistinskoye-II deposit (subsoil user - Elistinsky Brick Plant LLC) and the area with category A reserves of the Troitsky brick loam deposit (subsoil user - Troitsky Brick Plant LLC) are under development.
Construction sands

On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia there are significant deposits of natural quartz sands, but the sands have been studied and found to be suitable only for construction needs. Sand deposits have been discovered in almost all regions of the republic; 12 deposits are taken into account in the balance of reserves.

Licenses for sand development have been issued for eight fields and individual areas: the Salynskoye and Gashunskoye fields, three areas at the Troitsky and three areas at the Arshanskoye field. Sand mining in 2010 was carried out in five areas, the remaining areas were not developed and are at the stage of registration of land documents and project development.

Total balance reserves as of 01/01/2011 for the distributed and undistributed fund, in categories A+B+C 1 - 67,097 thousand m 3.

9 sand deposits are in the undistributed fund of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection and Energy Development of the Republic of Kalmykia.
Shell limestones for saw stones

On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia as of 01/01/2011. Three deposits of limestone-shell rocks suitable for producing saw stone have been explored: Cholun-Khamurskoye, Chograyskoye and Zunda-Tolginskoye deposits. Currently, licenses for sawstone extraction have been issued for all deposits. The Cholun-Khamurskoye and Zunda-Tolginskoye fields are being exploited; the Chograyskoye field is in preparation for development.

In total, for three deposits of the distributed fund, the reserves of limestone-shell rocks for saw stone amounted to 42,391 thousand m 3 for categories A+B+C 1, and 1968 t.m 3 for category C 2.
Expanded clays

On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, 5 deposits of expanded clay clay have been discovered.

Licenses have been issued for two Gashunskoye deposits and a section of the Arshanskoye deposit for the development of expanded clay clay; the remaining deposits are in the undistributed fund of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection and Energy Development of the Republic of Kalmykia. The reserves of the distributed fund for two fields amount to categories A+B+C 1 - 963 thousand m 3.

Three deposits: “Voskhod” (Oktyabrsky district), Maloderbetovskoye (Maloderbetovsky district), Voznesenovskoye (Tselinny district) and a separate area with reserves of categories B, C 1 and C 2 of the Arshan deposit (on the lands of the city of Elista), are in the undistributed fund of the Republic Kalmykia. Expanded clay clay reserves of the undistributed fund of the Republic of Kalmykia amount to categories A + B + C 1 - 19654 thousand m 3, category C 2 - 3829 thousand m 3 and off-balance - 207 thousand m 3.

Clay - plaster

Five clay-gypsum deposits have been discovered on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia. Mineral reserves have been approved for two deposits (Yashkulskoye and Leninskoye), while three deposits (Bashantiskoye, Sukhotinskoye and Zapadno-Oktyabrskoye) with unapproved reserves require further exploration. The total approved reserves of clay-gypsum in categories A+B+C 1 are 5456 thousand tons, unapproved balance reserves are 179 thousand tons. Balance reserves in categories A+B+C 1 – 5825 thousand tons and off-balance reserves – 822 thousand tons.

A license has been issued for the development of the Yashkul deposit, but mining has not begun. The remaining clay-gypsum deposits are in the undistributed fund of the Republic of Kalmykia:

Construction stone (sandstone)

On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, 6 deposits of building stones and sandstones have been discovered. Two fields (Arshanskoye and Balkovskoye) with approved reserves, the total reserves of which amount to 254 thousand m 3. The Arshanskoye field was previously exploited; the residual reserves of this field amount to 140 thousand m 3.

Four fields are small (Ar-Kharskoye, Kamenskoye, Tselinnoye and Troitskoye-II) with unapproved reserves; reserves for these fields amount to 131 thousand m 3. These deposits require exploration with additional study of raw materials.

All deposits of construction stones - sandstones - are in the undistributed fund of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection and Energy Development of the Republic of Kalmykia.

Agloporite raw materials

On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, two deposits of agloporite raw materials have been identified and explored: Bashantinskoye and Iki-Burulskoye, with balance reserves in categories A+B+C 1 - 3922 t.m 3 and C 2 - 728 t.m 3. The deposits are not currently being developed; balance reserves have been approved and prepared for exploitation. The deposits are in the undistributed fund of the Ministry of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection and Energy Development of the Republic of Kalmykia.

Carbonate rocks for construction lime

A deposit of carbonate rocks for construction lime, Zunda-Tolginskoe-II, has been explored in the republic. Balance reserves for categories A+B+C 1 are calculated in the amount of 1450 t.m 3, reserves are not approved. The deposit requires additional exploration.

In addition, at the Cholun-Khamur deposit of limestone-shell rocks for saw stone, an area with approved reserves as a raw material for lime production has been explored in the amount of 5,413 thousand tons.

Cement raw materials

On the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, the Cholun-Khamurskoye-II deposit of cement raw materials was explored, its reserves were calculated as a carbonate component for the production of Portland cement, the reserves were not approved and amount to categories C 1 - 46.2 million tons and C 2 - 128.6 million tons To organize cement production, it is necessary to conduct geological exploration to study the clay component.

The Ministry of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection and Energy Development of the Republic of Kalmykia, which is entrusted with solving the problems of subsoil use and licensing of subsoil areas containing deposits of common minerals and subsoil areas of local importance, puts at the forefront the task of further development and use of new consumer opportunities for minerals. One of important tasks The Ministry is also preventing unauthorized, unlicensed development of subsoil. Such developments lead not only to the theft of mineral resources, destruction of the soil and vegetation layer, and cause damage to the environment - development sites turn into garbage dumps, creating a dangerous zone for animals, people and transport, and also entails a decrease in tax revenues to the budget of the republic .

Ministry inspectors conduct regular raids on sites of unauthorized mining.

Atmospheric air
The main objects that have a negative impact on the state of the atmosphere are gas and oil production enterprises, the fuel and energy complex, motor transport, motor transport enterprises and heat and power enterprises (boiler houses).

The share of each of these sources in total pollution air basin of the republic varies greatly depending on location. Pollutants enter the air as a result of burning fuel for industrial needs, heating homes, work road transport, combustion and processing of household and industrial waste.

There are no large industrial facilities on the territory of the republic that emit more than 5 thousand tons of pollutants per year into the atmosphere.

IN recent years On the territory of the republic there is a tendency to reduce the total emission of pollutants into the atmosphere.

According to state statistical reporting data in form No. 2-TP (air), the actual mass of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air on the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia in 2009 amounted to 35.133 thousand tons, including 2.210 thousand from stationary sources . tons (6.1%), motor transport - 32.915 thousand tons (93.7%), railway transport (diesel locomotives on highways) - 8.291 tons (0.02%).

The main share of emissions, as in previous years, comes from motor vehicles.

Total emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere for 2007-2009

Total emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere in 2007 in the republic as a whole amounted to 37,3 thousand tons; in 2008 – 36,2 thousand tons; in 2009 – 35,1 thousand tons

The distribution of the total mass of emissions by ingredients showed that a significant part comes from gaseous substances, and, to a greater extent, on hydrocarbons and carbon oxides.

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF KALMYKIA: POLITICAL ASPECTS

© 2008 S.V. Gabunschin

North Caucasus Academy civil service North Caucasus Academy of Government Service, 344002, Rostov-on-Don, st. Pushkinskaya, 70 344002, Rostov-on-Don, Pushkinskaya St., 70

The environmental situation in modern Kalmykia is described in detail. Due to active economic activity in the republic, land degradation and desertification are observed, and pollution of atmospheric air, groundwater and reservoirs continues.

Environmental problems have a serious negative impact on the social environment of the republic's residents. Gradually, the issue moves from the environmental to the economic and political plane, shaping the electoral preferences of voters.

Key words: ecology, politics, Kalmykia.

The author depicts convincingly the ecological situation in modern Kalmikia. Because of high industrial activity one can observe several negative tendencies in the republic: degradation of agricultural land, expenditure of deserts, growing pollution of air, water and even under land streams.

Ecological problems exert serious negative influence upon social environment of local population. Steadily ecological problem sharpens the situation in the political sphere: it forms electorate preference of voters.

Keywords: ecology, politics, Kalmikia.

Issues of interaction between society and the environment have never been politically neutral. Increasing anthropogenic pressure on the natural environment of people, the emergence of global and local environmental problems, and the greening of all aspects of society have a direct impact on political processes in world regions, countries and their subjects, and give rise to the need for their scientific understanding.

It is advisable to consider the state’s environmental policy at all interrelated levels: international, national, regional, municipal, and the level of an economic entity (enterprise). Highest value in the practical implementation of state environmental policy has regional level.

The significance of local problems has increased immeasurably in the era of globalization, when any actions in conditions of unstable equilibrium of the natural system can lead to unpredictable global consequences, and vice versa.

A clear confirmation of this is the subject Russian Federation in the Southern Federal District - Kalmykia, which is located in an arid zone with frequent hot winds and dust storms, where even in winter, when the entire territory is covered with snow, a dusty “gray cape” over the territory of the republic is visible from space. Extensive economic activity During the period of stagnation, the uncontrolled increase in livestock numbers for the sake of fulfilling state plans without taking into account existing realities led to land degradation and desertification over large areas. These processes know no boundaries, and active dust and salt transfer occurs with desertification.

nary territories of Kalmykia far beyond its borders and even reaches the borders of European states.

IN Russian society However, there is a lack of understanding of the growing potential threat of desertification in Kalmykia. Meanwhile, this is a problem that generates a cyclical set of social and economic cause-and-effect relationships, which today represents real threat not only on a republican, Russian, but also on an international scale.

The problem of the state of atmospheric air continues to remain relevant due to the emission of pollution from gas and oil production and transportation enterprises, which emitted into the atmosphere, for example, more than 73 thousand pollutants in 1997, in 2000 - almost 85, in 2002 - about 81 thousand . t. Emissions from stationary sources, including substances with quite high toxicity, amounted to 4868 tons in 1993, in 1997 they almost doubled - to 8674, in 2000 the volume of pollution amounted to 7424 tons.

In addition to dust and suspended particles, the atmosphere contains oxides of carbon, nitrogen, soot, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, formaldehyde. The content of harmful solid suspended particles (silicate dust, cement dust, soot, etc.) exceeds the maximum permissible concentrations by 1.6-3.4 times, nitrogen oxides by 2.8, formaldehyde by 10-14 times.

Authorities set standards for maximum permissible emissions using administrative methods, without understanding the depth environmental processes, having difficulty assessing the real damage caused to the natural environment. Therefore, the level of pollution due to the high anthropogenic load on the atmosphere is growing year by year.

At some enterprises in the republic, the emission of harmful components into the atmosphere is reduced with the help of capture equipment. But, as a rule, this capture due to outdated technologies and equipment occurs in the range of only 3 to 36.5%, i.e. often up to 97% of air pollutants still end up in the atmosphere.

High level wear and tear of fixed production assets and at the same time the lack of basic financing for environmental protection measures do not contribute to improving the environmental situation in the republic. Enterprises that pollute the natural environment are held accountable, but the meager economic sanctions do not stimulate the development of environmental protection activities and ensuring the environmental safety of the population. Often, business owners avoid punishment for environmental crimes by using administrative resources, bribery, etc.

Administrative boundaries most often do not coincide with the boundaries of ecosystems, and environmental problems cover several territories, i.e. are interregional in nature. It becomes clear that much depends on the ability of power structures to realize that solving environmental problems within an ecosystem is possible only by combining efforts to maintain the balance of the entire ecosystem, and not its individual parts.

An analysis of the economic development of the territory of the republic shows that local sources of pollution have a certain negative impact on the environment, but significant impacts are also associated with sources located beyond its borders.

The damage to soils and water resources caused by some enterprises in adjacent territories to the ecosystems of Kalmykia is quite significant. However, the country has not yet created the appropriate legal framework for filing claims. ecological nature one subject of the Russian Federation to another. Moreover, the authorities prefer “not to quarrel with neighbors” and turn a blind eye to many violations. No worries local authorities about the impact on the republic, for example, of the Astrakhan gas condensate complex, discharges of highly mineralized waste water into our reservoirs from the territory of the Stavropol Territory, the influence of waste from industrial enterprises in the Volgograd Region. The population's concerns are highly localized. The speeches of environmentalists go unnoticed. The “green” party movement, as elsewhere in Russia, is not taken seriously by the authorities.

In the structure of the economy of the territories adjacent to Kalmykia (Astrakhan, Volgograd regions, Stavropol Territory), the leading role belongs to industry, which includes three inter-industry complexes: fuel and energy, metallurgical and chemical.

The fuel and energy complex is represented by the gas production and gas processing industries, based on the largest in Europe Astrakhan

gas condensate field. Among the pollutants entering the atmosphere from this source, sulfur dioxide ranks first, followed by carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and solids, as well as a variety of hydrocarbons. Of the latter, their polyaromatic varieties are especially dangerous, in particular benzopyrene.

The impact of emissions from industrial enterprises in the city of Volgograd on the northern regions of the republic is confirmed by the results of surveys conducted by the State Geophysical Observatory named after. A.I. Voeykova, MNVETS "Ekoton", which showed the presence of complex organic matter- mercaptans, xylene, carbon chloride, mercury vapor, protein, etc. At a distance from 0.5 to 9 km from storage ponds, located actually on the border of the republic, where chemically contaminated wastewater from enterprises of the Volgograd industrial hub is discharged, an excess of the average daily concentration in the air was recorded : phenol - up to 37 times, hydrogen sulfide - up to 77, hydrogen fluoride - up to 3.8 times. Exceeding the limit permissible concentrations(MPC) for methyl mercaptan ranged from 1444 to 38111 times.

In this case, the example of the Volgograd region indicates that the state of the environment does not depend on the adoption of a political decision. Volgograd is included in the list of the most air polluting cities in Russia (41 cities). The influence of its industrial pollutants is associated with a powerful impact on the natural ecosystems of the region and adjacent territories, and the consequences for the environment are already unpredictable. Until a political decision is made to stabilize the region's aggressive industries, the destruction of the region's ecosystem will continue.

Since 1964, domestic and industrial wastewater from enterprises in the Volgograd region has been discharged into storage ponds and evaporators, the total area of ​​which is 230 km2. They are located on the southern outskirts of the region near the border with Kalmykia. Every year, about 3.2 million m3 of industrial wastewater is discharged into them, which contains about 340 tons of inorganic and 32 tons of organic impurities every day.

In the fall of 1989, an accident occurred at the settling tanks of industrial enterprises in Volgograd and wastewater through the irrigation canal entered the territory of the republic into the Sarpinsky lakes, which led to the mass death of birds, amphibians and fish. Highly mineralized waters from the irrigation systems of the Stavropol Territory, flowing into the territory of the republic, only aggravate the already negative environmental situation.

An ecological and toxicological assessment of soils in the Oktyabrsky, Maloderbetovsky and Priyutnensky districts made it possible to identify an area with the maximum degree of contamination within the study areas. It is located in the western part of the Maloderbetovsky district, on the border with the Volgograd region and, geomorphologically, is confined to the eastern

slopes of Ergeni and Sarpinskaya hollow. The site is characterized by a high density of localization of pollution zones, within which the content of many hazardous chemicals exceeds the maximum permissible concentration several times.

In the area located in close proximity to the settling tanks of the Volgograd chemical enterprises, the maximum excess of the maximum permissible concentrations of chromium, vanadium, and copper was recorded. The total pollution index here is 28, which is the highest value.

In the rest of the Maloderbetovsky district, zones with hazardous substance contents 1.5 times higher than the norm have been identified. In the Oktyabrsky district, local excesses of the maximum permissible concentrations of copper, zinc, and bromine were detected. In the Priyutnensky region, the soils are slightly contaminated with vanadium.

An examination of samples of drinking water and surface water within the Maloderbetovsky district showed the presence of pollutants in quantities exceeding the norm by 1.5-5 times. In most of the samples, an increased content of petroleum products was found (up to 28 norms), while the total number of toxicants found in drinking water samples reaches 9. Analysis of pollution of water bodies of categories I and II in the regions of the republic also shows the presence of pollution according to microbiological and sanitary-chemical indicators.

In the 50s XX century The state geological enterprise “Koltsovgeology” has identified the Ergeninsky uranium ore district on the territory of the republic. For a long period of time, uranium mining work was carried out here in secret. The population living a few kilometers from the uranium mines (Narta village, 3 km) was in the dark and, naturally, did not take any measures to protect their health. For a long time, uranium mines at the Stepnoye, Shargadyk, Vishnevskoye and Buratinsky deposits were open, causing a negative impact on the environment and people.

On the territory of the republic, the impact of uranium-containing sediments on the radioactivity of the waters of the Ergeninsky aquifer complex, used by the population for drinking water supply, is also noted. Drinking water supply. Vorobyovka, for example, is carried out from the Gojur spring of the Ergeninsky aquifer. The total radioactivity of the water here is 17 Bq/l, while the norm according to SanPiN is 0.1 Bq/l. The radon concentration is 10 Bq/l. The radioactivity of the water of the spring, located 2 km from the Gojur spring, is 35 Bq/l, the concentration of radon is 19 Bq/l, which clearly indicates radon contamination of groundwater.

Underground nuclear explosions were carried out in the territories of the Stavropol Territory and Astrakhan Region adjacent to Kalmykia. As is known, in order to

During the creation of experimental-industrial underground tanks (PU), 15 nuclear explosions were carried out 35 km north of Astrakhan. An underground nuclear explosion was carried out 90 km north of Stavropol. On the territory of the republic under the Region-4 program, 80 km northeast of the city of Elista for the purpose of deep seismic sounding earth's crust An underground nuclear explosion was also carried out to search for structures promising for mineral exploration. Only in the late 90s. the public became aware of this. The influence of the consequences of underground nuclear explosions on radioactive contamination of the territory of the republic has not been studied by anyone. And the reason for this is the lack of appropriate funding and adequate understanding of the current environmental situation in government structures. Currently, at the Astrakhan gas condensate field, as a result of 15 underground nuclear explosions, global radioactive contamination is observed, spreading to the north-eastern territory of our republic.

Within oil fields Chernozemelsky Oil and Gas Production Department of JSC Kalmneft of the Republic of Kalmykia in 1996, State State Enterprise Koltsovgeology, examined soils in places where oil spilled, storage tanks, evaporation fields, collection and pumping points, pipelines, well sections and their individual structures. At 9 objects, the gamma radiation dose rate exceeded the background by 2 to 8 times, which is 0.20 and 0.80 µGy/h, respectively.

An expedition of Kalmyk scientists along the route of the CPC-R oil pipeline system across the territory of the republic in 2001 revealed significant levels of radioactive substances in soil and vegetation samples. Almost all samples indicate the presence of significant concentrations of uranium-238 (u) and uranium-235 (u), which are distributed throughout the territory from currently mothballed uranium mining operations.

There is an acute problem of soil contamination with cesium-137 radionucleide (137Cb), which was presumably introduced in the recent past with precipitation and dust and moisture transfer. Maximum values ​​of 137Sb exceed the statistical average by 7-10 times.

The data presented is only a small part of the pressing environmental problems of the republic. The problem of soil pollution from landfills, landfills with household and industrial waste requires an urgent solution against the backdrop of an annual increase in solid waste to 282 thousand m3/year and liquid waste up to 120 thousand m3/year. As always, local authorities do not have enough financial resources, there are no literate management decisions that can solve the problem. This leads to waste dumps spreading throughout the republic like a cancer, causing irreparable damage to nature.

There is a real epidemiological and toxicological danger due to the neglected state of cattle burial grounds (out of 110, only 15 comply with veterinary regulations). For the territory where they are located, this has become a sanitary and epidemiological mine

slow action. There is a criminal inaction of persons on whom decisions depend to ensure the environmental safety of citizens.

There is no storm sewer system in the capital; rain and flood waters wash away all waste and sewage into the area of ​​the Yarmarochny and Kolonsky ponds, recreational areas for the townspeople.

At the end of the 50s. 20th century, when the Kalmyks returned from exile, the authorities postponed the construction of storm sewers for better times, providing the basic life needs of people. So, these better times have not yet come, and the city is suffocating in its own waste. The reason for this is the illiteracy of power structures and the population’s lack of understanding of the environmental problem.

The situation is complicated by the fact that state monitoring Many negative processes occurring in the republic’s ecosystems are not taken into account. Therefore, the political will and efforts of legislative and executive authorities are extremely important to create a workable system of state environmental monitoring, the development of relevant regulatory legal acts, tightening responsibility for environmental pollution and the necessary measures to stabilize the situation in the republic in order to ensure environmental safety, which should guarantee anyone a clean environment for people, eliminating the threat to life and health from it negative impacts, without trampling on the fundamental human right - the right to live in a favorable environment.

Received by the editor

Literature

1. Shilov A.S. Ecopolitical science. M., 2003. P. 159.

2. Muravykh A.I. State environmental policy. M., 2003. P. 49.

3. Gabunchina E.B. How to stop the desert. Elista, 1997.

4. Reports on the state of the environment of the Republic of Kalmykia in 1993-2001. Elista, 2002.

5. Materials for the state report on the state of the environment in the Astrakhan region for 2004. Astrakhan, 2005.

6. Zakrutkin V.V. On the state of the environmental situation in the Republic of Kalmykia using the example of Malo-Derbetovsky, Oktyabrsky and Priyutnensky districts: Thematic report of the MNVETS "Ecoton" RSU Rostov n/D, 1996.

7. State report “On the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Republic of Kalmykia in 2005.” Elista, 2006. P. 111.

8. Information materials of the Committee of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Astrakhan Region. "Object Vega". Astrakhan, 1994. P. 66.

9. Materials of the State Enterprise “Koltsovgeology”. Essentuki, 1993.

10. Krainev A.M., Nazarov A.G., Tsutskin E.V. Distribution of natural and artificial radionuclides in the desert zone of Kalmykia // Problems of ecology. M., 2004.

11. Materials of the Department of Veterinary Medicine of the Republic of Kalmykia. Elista, 2007.

Presentation on ecology native land biology teacher MBOU "Krasnopartisan secondary school named after. Hero of Russia Z.A. Daudov" Parahonya Vladimir Alekseevich Current issues ecology of Kalmykia

Map of environmental risks of Kalmykia

What's happened environmental problem?

1. An environmental problem is a negative environmental change from a human point of view, caused by both anthropogenic and natural factors.

Anthropogenic

Biotic

Abiotic

Environment

2.Environmental problem - a change in the natural environment as a result of technogenic impact, leading to disruption of the structure and functioning natural systems and leading to negative social, economic and other consequences (B.I. Kochurov, 1998).

Technogenic impact

Environment

Economy

3.Environmental problems are any phenomena associated with a noticeable human impact on nature, the reverse of nature on humans and their economy, vital and economically significant processes (N.F. Reimers, 1992).

Economy

1. Desertification

Pasture overload

(overgrazing)

Wind erosion

(deflation)

Water erosion

Soil salinization

Soil and water pollution by oil products

2.Secondary soil salinization

Miscalculations in construction

irrigation

In the Republic of Kalmykia, the area of ​​saline arable land was

2824.7 thousand hectares.

3. Water pollution

(poor quality of drinking water)

About 3 million m3 of industrial wastewater containing more than 200 types of compounds of various hazard classes are discharged annually into the water bodies of the Republic of Kalmykia from neighboring territories and regions.

In general, in Kalmykia the sanitary and chemical indicators of water are the worst in Russia.

4. Decrease in the number of individuals of protected species of plants and animals

• Scientific approach to environmental management;

Local (local) environmental monitoring, i.e. condition control the most important characteristics environment, concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere, water, soil;

Ways to solve environmental problems:

• usage modern methods during the construction of water treatment facilities;

Restoration and protection of biogeocenoses; - further expansion and increase in protected areas, reference ecosystems, unique natural complexes; - protection and breeding of rare species of plants and animals;

International cooperation in environmental protection; - broad education and environmental education of the population.

Sources

G. M. Borlikov, V. A. Bananova "Dynamics of desertification of arid lands in the Caspian region" // Socio-economic transformations in the Caspian region... - Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 2002. - 256 p.

Dedova E. B. Increasing the natural resource potential of degraded agricultural lands of Kalmykia by means of comprehensive reclamation. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences. - M.: 2012.

Aisa Baatyrovna Menglinova

Digital object identifier

The study was carried out with financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 13-05-96502

Annotation

The article examines the degree of anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes. Based on the analysis of quantitative indicators and expert scoring, the severity of environmental problems in the Republic of Kalmykia was assessed. The author assessed the territorial structure of morbidity and mortality of the population according to a certain set of indicators (neoplasms, congenital malformations)

Literature

Antonova I.V., Bogacheva E.V., Kitaeva Yu.Yu. The role of exogenous factors in the formation of congenital malformations (review) // Human Ecology. Ecology of childhood. 2010. No. 6. P. 30–35.

Verzilina I. N., Agarkov N. M., Churnosov M. I. The influence of anthropogenic atmospheric pollutants on the frequency of congenital malformations among newborn children in Belgorod. Belgorod: BelSU Publishing House, 2007. pp. 10–14.

Ilyin F. E., Kadyrova 3. 3., Kadyrova Yu. Ya. Statistical analysis of morbidity among residents of the Tyumen region: comparative characteristics 2000–2001 // Northern region: strategy and development prospects. Surgut: Surgut State University Publishing House, 2003. pp. 78–80.

Kurolap S. A., Klepikov O. V., Eprintsev S. A. Environmental expertise and health risk assessment. Voronezh: Scientific book, 2012. 108 p.

Menglinova A. B., Sangadzhieva L. Kh., Kikildeev L. E., Sangadzhieva O. S. Ecological and hygienic assessment of environmental factors for arid conditions with different anthropogenic load // Proceedings of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2013. T. 15. No. 3 (2). pp. 668–672.

Prokhorov B.B. Medical-ecological zoning and regional health forecast of the population of Russia. M.: Publishing house MNEPU, 1996. 72 p.

Republic of Kalmykia. Statistical Yearbook. 2011: Stat. Sat. Elista: Kalmykiastat, 2011. 321 p.

Republic of Kalmykia. Statistical Yearbook. 2012: Stat. Sat. Elista: Kalmykiastat, 2012. 299 p.

Sangadzhieva L. Kh. Microelements in the soils of Kalmykia and biogeochemical zoning of its territory. Elista: APP "Dzhangar", 2004. 115 p.

Semenova A. N. Assessment of regional health of the population of the Krasnodar region // Problems of regional ecology. 2010. No. 2. pp. 181–186.

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