Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe became a truly innovative work of its time. It is not only its genre features, realistic tendencies, natural manner of narration and pronounced social generality that make it so. The main thing that Defoe achieved was the creation of a new type of novel, what we now mean when we talk about this literary concept. English lovers probably know that there are two words in the language - “romance” and “novel”. So, the first term refers to the novel that existed until the 18th century, literary text, including various fantastic elements - witches, fairy-tale transformations, witchcraft, treasures, etc. The novel of modern times - “novel” - implies exactly the opposite: the naturalness of what is happening, attention to the details of everyday life, focus on authenticity. The writer succeeded in the latter as well as possible. Readers really believed in the veracity of everything written, and especially ardent fans even wrote letters to Robinson Crusoe, which Defoe himself answered with pleasure, not wanting to remove the veil from the eyes of inspired fans.

The book tells the story of Robinson Crusoe's life, starting at the age of eighteen. It was then that he leaves his parents' house and goes on an adventure. Even before he gets to the uninhabited island, he experiences many misadventures: he is caught in a storm twice, is captured and endures the position of a slave for two years, and after fate seems to have shown its favor to the traveler, he has endowed him with moderate income and profitable business, the hero rushes into a new adventure. And this time, he is already left alone desert island, life on which constitutes the main and most important part of the story.

History of creation

It is believed that Defoe borrowed the idea for creating the novel from a real-life incident with one sailor, Alexander Selkirk. The source of this story was most likely one of two things: either Woods Rogers' book Sailing Around the World or an essay by Richard Steele published in The Englishman magazine. And this is what happened: a quarrel broke out between the sailor Alexander Selkirk and the captain of the ship, as a result of which the former was landed on a desert island. He was given the supplies and weapons he needed for the first time and landed on the island of Juan Fernández, where he lived alone for more than four years, until he was noticed by a passing ship and taken to the bosom of civilization. During this time, the sailor completely lost the skills of human life and communication; it took him time to adapt to his past living conditions. Defoe changed a lot in the story of Robinson Crusoe: his lost island moved from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean, the hero’s period of residence on the island increased from four to twenty-eight years, while he did not go wild, but on the contrary was able to organize his civilized life in conditions of pristine wilderness. Robinson considered himself its mayor, established strict laws and orders, learned hunting, fishing, farming, basket weaving, bread baking, cheese making and even pottery making.

From the novel it becomes clear that ideological world The work was also influenced by the philosophy of John Locke: all the foundations of the colony created by Robinson look like an adaptation of the philosopher’s ideas about government. It is interesting that Locke’s writings already used the theme of an island that is out of any connection with the rest of the world. In addition, it is the maxims of this thinker that most likely imposed the author’s beliefs about the important role of work in human life, about its influence on the history of the development of society, because only persistent and hard work helped the hero create a semblance of civilization in the wild and maintain civilization himself .

The Life of Robinson Crusoe

Robinson is one of three sons in the family. The protagonist’s older brother died in the war in Flanders, the middle one went missing, so the parents were doubly worried about the future of the younger one. However, he was not given any education; since childhood, he was mainly occupied with dreams of sea adventures. His father persuaded him to live a measured life, to observe the “golden mean,” and to have a reliable, honest income. However, the son could not get his childhood fantasies and passion for adventure out of his head, and at the age of eighteen, against the will of his parents, he set off on a ship to London. Thus began his wanderings.

On the very first day at sea there was a storm, which fairly frightened the young adventurer and made him think about the unsafety of the journey undertaken and about returning home. However, after the end of the storm and the usual drinking bout, the doubts subsided, and the hero decided to move on. This event became a harbinger of all his future misadventures.

Robinson, even as an adult, never missed an opportunity to embark on a new adventure. So, having settled well in Brazil, having his own very profitable plantation, having acquired friends and good neighbors, having just reached that very “golden mean” that his father once told him about, he agrees to a new business: to sail to the shores of Guinea and secretly purchase slaves there to increase plantations. He and the team, 17 people in total, set off on the fateful date for the hero - the first of September. Sometime on the first of September, he also sailed from home by ship, after which he suffered many disasters: two storms, capture by a Turkish corsair, two years of slavery and a difficult escape. Now a more serious test awaited him. The ship was again caught in a storm and crashed, its entire crew died, and Robinson found himself alone on a desert island.

Philosophy in the novel

The philosophical thesis on which the novel is based is that man is a rational social animal. Therefore, Robinson’s life on the island is built according to the laws of civilization. The hero has a clear daily routine: it all began with reading the Holy Scriptures, then hunting, sorting and preparing killed game. In the remaining time, he made various household items, built something, or rested.

By the way, it was the Bible that he took from the sunken ship along with other essentials that helped him gradually come to terms with his bitter fate of lonely life on a desert island, and then even admit that he was still that lucky, because all his comrades died, and he life was given. And over twenty-eight years in isolation, he not only acquired, as it turned out, much-needed skills in hunting, farming, and various crafts, but also underwent serious internal changes, embarked on the path of spiritual development, and came to God and religion. However, his religiosity is practical (in one of the episodes he distributes everything that happened into two columns - “good” and “evil”; in the “good” column there was one point more, which convinced Robinson that God is good, He gave him more than he took) - a phenomenon in the 18th century.

Among the enlighteners, who was Defoe, deism was widespread - a rational religion based on the arguments of reason. It is not surprising that his hero, without knowing it, embodies the educational philosophy. Thus, in his colony Robinson gives equal rights Spaniards and Englishmen, professes religious tolerance: he considers himself a Protestant, Friday, according to the novel, is a converted Christian, the Spaniard is a Catholic, and Friday’s father is a pagan, and also a cannibal. And they all have to live together, but there are no conflicts on religious grounds. The heroes have a common goal - to get off the island - and for this they work, regardless of religious differences. Labor is at the center of everything; it is the meaning of human life.

It is interesting that the story of Robinson Crusoe has a parable beginning - one of the favorite motifs of English novelists. “The Parable of the Prodigal Son” is the basis of the work. In it, as you know, the hero returned home, repented of his sins before his father and was forgiven. Defoe changed the meaning of the parable: Robinson, like the “prodigal son” who left his father’s house, emerged victorious - his work and experience ensured a successful outcome for him.

The image of the main character

Robinson's image can be neither positive nor negative. It is natural and therefore very realistic. The youthful recklessness that pushes him to more and more new adventures, as the hero himself says at the end of the novel, remained with him into adulthood; he did not stop his sea voyages. This recklessness is completely contrary to the practical mind of a man, accustomed on the island to think through every little detail in detail, to foresee every danger. So, one day he is deeply struck by the only thing he could not foresee - the possibility of an earthquake. When it happened, he realized that a collapse during an earthquake could easily have buried his home and Robinson himself, who was in it. This discovery made him seriously frightened and moved the house to another, safe place as quickly as possible.

His practicality is manifested mainly in his ability to earn a living. On the island, these are his persistent trips to the sunken ship for supplies, making household items, adapting to everything that the island could give him. Outside the island, this is his profitable plantation in Brazil, the ability to get money, which he always kept a strict account of. Even during the foray to the sunken ship, despite the fact that he understood the absolute uselessness of money there on the island, he still took it with him.

To his positive qualities can be attributed to thriftiness, prudence, foresight, resourcefulness, patience (doing something on the island for the household was extremely difficult and took a lot of time), hard work. Among the negative ones, perhaps, recklessness and impetuosity, to some extent indifference (for example, to his parents or to the people left on the island, whom he does not particularly remember when the opportunity arises to leave it). However, all this can be presented in another way: practicality may seem unnecessary, and if you add the hero’s attention to the money side of the issue, then he can be called mercantile; recklessness, and even indifference in this case, may speak of Robinson’s romantic nature. There is no certainty in the character and behavior of the hero, but this makes him realistic and partly explains why many readers believed that this was a real person.

Image of Friday

In addition to Robinson, the image of his servant Friday is interesting. He is a savage and a cannibal by birth, saved by Robinson from certain death (he, by the way, also had to be eaten by his fellow tribesmen). For this, the savage promised to faithfully serve his savior. Unlike the main character, he had never seen a civilized society and before meeting a stranger he lived according to the laws of nature, according to the laws of his tribe. He is a “natural” person, and using his example the author showed how civilization influences the individual. According to the writer, it is she who is natural.

Friday improves in a very short time: he quickly learns English, stops following the customs of his cannibal fellow tribesmen, learns to shoot a gun, becomes a Christian, etc. At the same time, he has excellent qualities: he is faithful, kind, inquisitive, smart, reasonable, and not devoid of simple human feelings, such as love for his father.

Genre

On the one hand, the novel “Robinson Crusoe” belongs to the travel literature that was so popular in England at that time. On the other hand, there is clearly a parable beginning or a tradition of an allegorical story, where the spiritual development of a person is traced throughout the narrative, and a deep moral meaning is revealed through the example of simple, everyday details. Defoe's work is often called a philosophical story. The sources for the creation of this book are very diverse, and the novel itself, both in content and in form, was a deeply innovative work. One thing can be said with confidence: such original literature had many admirers, admirers, and, accordingly, imitators. Similar works began to be classified as a special genre, “Robinsonades,” rightly named after the conqueror of a desert island.

What does the book teach?

First of all, of course, the ability to work. Robinson lived on a desert island for twenty-eight years, but he did not become a savage, did not lose the signs of a civilized person, and all this was thanks to work. It is conscious creative activity that distinguishes a man from a savage; thanks to it, the hero stayed afloat and withstood all the trials with dignity.

In addition, undoubtedly, Robinson’s example shows how important it is to have patience, how necessary it is to learn new things and comprehend something that has never been touched before. And the development of new skills and abilities gives rise to prudence and a sound mind in a person, which was so useful to the hero on a desert island.

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Reviews of the book "Robinson Crusoe" allow you to get a complete picture of this work. This is the famous novel by the Englishman Daniel Defoe, which was first published in 1719. Its main theme is the moral rebirth of man in communication with nature. The book is based on real events. The Scottish boatswain Alexander Selkirk found himself in a similar situation.

Creation of a novel

Reviews of the book "Robinson Crusoe" are collected in this article. They allow you to find out what this novel, which today many consider the first in the literature of the Enlightenment, was dedicated to.

By the time of writing this novel, Daniel Defoe already had several hundred works under his belt. Many of them could not be recognized because the author often used pseudonyms.

Basis of the work

In reviews of the book "Robinson Crusoe" it is often mentioned that the work is based on true story, which was told to a British journalist by Captain Woods Rogers. Defoe most likely read it in the newspapers.

Rogers spoke about how the sailors were abandoned on a desert island in Atlantic Ocean his assistant Selkirk, who had an extremely violent and unbalanced character. He quarreled with the captain and crew, for which he was disembarked, provided with a gun, a supply of gunpowder and tobacco, and a Bible. He spent almost four and a half years alone. When he was found, he was dressed in goat skins and looked extremely wild.

After many years in solitude, he completely forgot how to talk, and all the way home he hid crackers in different places on the ship. It took a lot of time, but they finally managed to return him to the state of a civilized person.

Defoe's main character is very different from his prototype. The author, of course, significantly embellished the situation by sending Robinson to a desert island for 28 years. Moreover, during this time he did not lose his human appearance at all, but was able to adapt to life alone. Therefore, in reviews of Defoe's book "Robinson Crusoe" it is often noted that this novel is a shining example an optimistic work that gives the reader strength and enthusiasm. The main thing is that this book remains timeless; for many generations the novel has become a favorite work.

At what age do they read a novel?

Today it is worth recognizing that this novel is mainly read in adolescence. For young people, this is primarily an exciting adventure story. But we should not forget that the book poses important literary and cultural problems.

In the book, the hero has to solve many moral issues. Therefore, it is useful that teenagers read the novel. At the very beginning of their lives, they receive a high-quality “vaccination” against meanness and cynicism; they learn from Defoe’s hero that money is not the main thing in this life. After all, one of the key roles in the work is played by the transformation of the main character. From an avid traveler who saw enrichment as the main thing in his life, he turns into a person who strongly doubts the need for money.

Significant in this regard is the episode at the beginning of the novel, when the hero is just thrown onto a desert island. The ship he was sailing on crashed nearby and can be reached without much difficulty. The main character stocks up with everything he might need on the island. Supplies, weapons, gunpowder, tools. On one of his trips to the ship, Robinson discovers a barrel full of gold and reasons that he could easily exchange it for matches or other useful things.

Characteristics of the hero

When characterizing the main character, it is worth noting that at the very beginning Robinson appears before us as an exemplary English entrepreneur. He is the embodiment of a typical representative of bourgeois ideology. By the end of the novel, he turns into a person who considers constructive and creative abilities to be the main thing in his life.

Talking about the youth of the protagonist, the author notes that Robinson dreamed of the sea from his youth, like many boys of his generation. The fact is that England at that time was one of the leading naval powers in the world. Therefore, the profession of a sailor was honorable, popular and, importantly, highly paid. It is worth recognizing that in his wanderings Robinson is driven solely by the desire to get rich. He does not strive to join a ship as a sailor and learn all the intricacies of seamanship. Instead, he travels as a passenger, seeking to become a successful merchant at the first opportunity.

Analysis of the novel

Analyzing this novel, it is worth noting that it became the first educational novel in literature. This is what made him go down in art history. At that time, work was perceived by many as a punishment and an undesirable necessity. The roots of this lie in a perverted interpretation of the Bible. At that time, it was believed that God punished the descendants of Adam and Eve with labor because they disobeyed his orders.

Daniel Defoe is the first author in whom labor becomes the basis of human activity, and not just a means of obtaining (earning) the most necessary things. This corresponded to the sentiments that existed among the Puritan moralists at that time. They argued that work was a worthy activity that should not be ashamed or avoided. This is exactly what the novel Robinson Crusoe teaches.

Main character progress

The reader can follow the progress in the development of the main character. Finding himself on a desert island, he is faced with the fact that he can do practically nothing. Only over time, overcoming many failures, does he learn how to grow bread, care for domestic animals, weave baskets and build a reliable home. He learns all this through trial and error.

For Robinson, work becomes a salvation that helps him not only survive, but also grow spiritually.

Character Features

First of all, Robinson Crusoe differs from other literary characters of that time in the absence of extremes. He is a hero who completely belongs to the real world.

In no case can he be called a dreamer or visionary, like Cervantes' Don Quixote. This is a prudent person who knows the value of money and work. He is like a fish in water in practical management. At the same time, he is quite selfish. But this trait is understandable to most readers; it is aimed at the bourgeois ideal - personal enrichment.

Why has this character been so popular with readers for several centuries? This is the main secret of the educational experiment that Defoe staged on the pages of his novel. For the author’s contemporaries, the interest of the situation described primarily consisted in the exclusivity of the situation in which he found himself main character.

The main features of this novel are verisimilitude and its maximum persuasiveness. Daniel Defoe manages to achieve the illusion of authenticity with the help of a large number of small details that, it seems, simply cannot be invented.

My perception of D. Defoe’s novel “Robinson Crusoe”

This year we read a lot in class interesting books. Most of all I liked books about adventures, travel, and pirates. D. Defoe's book "Robinson Crusoe" is about a sea voyage. Robinson Crusoe himself was a sailor. He really wanted to travel around the world, but his parents did not let him. And then he ran away from home and became a sailor on a ship. A variety of adventures happened to him. He was captured and was a slave, then he escaped from captivity, became rich and began to trade various goods himself. But I especially liked how Robinson lived in an uninhabited

island. One day the ship he was sailing on crashed during a strong storm. Everyone died except Robinson Crusoe. But he knew how to swim well and was not at a loss. He caught on a log and was able to swim to shore. There was no one on the island where Robinson ended up. He found no people, only wild animals. But Robinson definitely wanted

to stay alive, and when he woke up in the morning in a tree, he decided to take everything that was left there from the ship. He took various tools to build a house, clothes and needles, food that did not disappear in the sea water. And when Robinson brought everything on a raft to his island, he began to settle down there. Robinson only lacked a few things on the island. He really wanted to smoke, and soon he was able to find wild tobacco, from which he made his own cigarettes. The worst thing was for him without people and bread. But the bread

Robinson managed to grow wheat from grains that he found on a sunken ship. Robinson was very bored without people. He had no one to talk to, no one to complain to. So he wrote down his thoughts in a diary until the ink and paper ran out, and he also tamed a parrot and taught it to say “poor Robin Crusoe.” Robinson was very happy when he met Friday. The cannibals wanted to eat Friday, but Robinson Crusoe saved him and taught him to speak English. Robinson and Friday became friends. Now the island had everything Robinson wanted, but he really missed home and his family. And after many years he was able to return home to England. In England, he told everyone about his journey and life on a desert island, but they didn’t really believe him. I liked Robinson Crusoe. He is very smart and can do a lot. He built his own house, cooked food, sewed clothes, even tamed wild animals, although he was an ordinary merchant. He even managed to make a boat and sailed it around the island. Robinson always knew what things could be useful to him. And, if some ship crashed near his island, he took out everything he needed from there. He worked hard and really wanted to come home, so he was lucky. I believe that if you want to achieve something in life, you need to work hard and dream, then you will succeed, like Robinson.

After the publication of Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe, the name from the book's title quickly became a household name. Robinson began to be called anyone who, on his own initiative or by the will of fate, found himself away from people.

Sometimes the adventures of the most famous non-fictional Robinsons turn out to be even more interesting than the stories about hermits described in books.

Alexander Selkirk - prototype of Robinson Crusoe

When writing the novel Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe used the memoirs of the Scot Alexander Selkirk. The story of the unlucky traveler is indeed similar to the events described in the novel, but there are still a number of significant differences.

As a boatswain of a pirate ship, Selkirk fell out of favor with the captain in May 1704. The consequences of the quarrel were the landing of the sailor on the deserted island of Mas a Tierra, which is located in Pacific Ocean, and where they haven’t even heard of Friend Friday. Despite the difficult living conditions, Alexander was able to achieve some success during his stay on the island.

For example, taming wild goats. It was in the company of these horned animals that English ships found him in 1709, and already in 1712 Selkirk managed to return home. The editors of the site recall that Defoe's stay on the island was 28 years.

Traveler Daniel Foss

The skin and meat of the seal were able to save another hero of the “Robinsonade” - the American traveler Daniel Foss, whose cruise on the ship “Negotiant” ended in a collision with a huge iceberg. He was the only passenger on the ship who managed to escape, swimming to the rocky island in 1809.

This piece of land was deserted, and there was nothing here except a seal rookery. What helped the hero survive was an ordinary wooden oar, which was washed ashore on the island by the waves. The hero waved it like a flag when, 5 years later, he was seen from a passing ship. Moreover, Daniel got to it by swimming, since the captain was afraid to land the ship on the rocky bottom.

Volunteer Robinson - Tom Neal

History also knows about voluntary Robinsons. The coral island of Suvorov sheltered Tom Neil in 1957. Unlike his predecessors, the hermit hero had everything he needed with him: food, hygiene products, pets and even fuel.

In addition, the island was rich in its tropical gifts. When, after 3 years, Tom’s stay in paradise was disrupted by the Americans, he didn’t even want to hear anything about the human world. Nevertheless, in 1966, Tom made a short foray into civilization to publish his memoirs and earn money.

He returned to the island with the book “An Island for Yourself.” His inspiration lasted for another 10 years, after which Tom Neil left an uninhabited piece of land and went to live out his life in his native New Zealand.

The magic of Defoe's book

It is unknown to what extent Daniel Defoe's book was involved in the shipwreck of the schooner "Beautiful Bliss" in 1911, but it is certain that it helped Jeremy Beebs survive. A 14-year-old teenager was able to escape on a piece of land in the Pacific Ocean.

He gained his knowledge of calendaring, hunting and primitive architecture from a book about Robinson Crusoe, and fresh fruits and coconut milk helped him maintain his health until old age. It was only in 1985, at the age of 88, that he found himself on a randomly passing German ship.

The story about the famous hermit from the book by Daniel Defoe was reflected in cinema. In 2000, Robert Zemeckis' film Cast Away was released. leading role with Tom Hanks.

Alexey Khimkov - Russian "Robinson"

Under the leadership of helmsman Alexei Khimkov, the merchant ship set off to fish in 1743. While searching for walruses near the island of Spitsbergen, the ship got stuck in arctic ice. A team of several hunters, led by the captain himself, went to land, where they discovered a hut. They took few supplies, as they planned to return to the ship the next day. However, fate decreed otherwise: overnight, the ice and the wind carried the ship into the open sea, where it soon sank.

Khimkov had no choice but to insulate the discovered building for the winter. The rifle cartridges did not last long, but with the help of handy items the brave team made homemade bows and spears. This was enough to hunt deer and bears. The island was also rich in small game and fish, and salt was extracted directly from sea water.

Unfortunately, it was not hunger or cold that awaited them, but ordinary scurvy. Due to a lack of vital vitamins, one of the four died five years later. Another year and a half passed before, in the summer of 1749, a passing ship led by Commander Kornilov noticed wild Robinsons.

News of the surviving hunters eventually reached Count Shuvalov himself, who was listed at the royal court. It was he who commissioned the French subject Le Roy to write a book about the misadventures of Khimkov entitled “The Adventures of Four Russian Sailors Brought to the Island of Spitsbergen by a Storm,” which was subsequently published in several languages ​​in different countries peace. We invite you to learn the stories of the most famous travelers.
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There are probably not many books in the world that almost everyone has read. One of the first places on the list of such books is Daniel Defoe's immortal novel "The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe." This novel is always (or almost always) read in early childhood. And what is always remembered in early childhood is the part of the book that begins with a shipwreck - when the main character ends up on a desert island. Then the young reader cannot stop reading the pages that describe Robinson's many and many years of adventures on the island. And the child's attention ends at the moment when the main character is saved on a ship that accidentally entered the bay. Young readers will forever remember the phrase: “So I left the island on December 19, 1686, according to the ship’s calendar, having stayed on it for twenty-eight years, two months and eighteen days...”

However, some aspects of the book remain beyond the reader's attention: they are too much for children. adults, and adult readers, as a rule, if they re-read a book, then only the part that was interesting in childhood.

Already on the first page of the novel, the main character reports the following about himself: “Since I was the third in the family, I was not prepared for any craft, and my head is with youth was filled with all sorts of nonsense. My father... gave me a fairly tolerable education to the extent that one can get it by being raised at home and attending a city school. He intended me to become a lawyer, but I dreamed of sea ​​travel..." The father was rightly against the “vagrant inclinations” of his son. A lengthy educational conversation between the father and his young son did not lead to anything. He told his mother the following: “... I am eighteen years old, and in these years it is too late to learn a craft, too late to prepare to lawyers. And even if I were to become a scribe for a solicitor, I know in advance that I would run away from my patron before reaching the probationary period and go to sea.”

Let us remind the reader that in England long time It was possible to become a lawyer without graduating from law school. Back in the first half of the 19th century, Charles Dickens worked as a scribe in two law firms, hoping for some time to break into the public through jurisprudence. And Dickens began working as a scribe for a lawyer at the age of 13. This is why Robinson Crusoe believed that at the age of 18 it was already “too late to become a lawyer”!

In the photo: the prototype of Robinson Crusoe Alexander Selkirk, who, having set off on the ship "Sank Port" to the shores South America in 1704, constantly came into conflict with the captain of the ship and was landed by the latter on an uninhabited island in the Pacific Ocean, at that time called Isla M á s a Tierra (meaning "closest island to land"), and which is now called Isla Robins on Crusoe ("Robinson Crusoe Island"). Selkirk stayed on the island for 4 years and 4 months, after which he returned to hometown Largo.

These seemingly insignificant facts from Robinson’s life are very important for assessing the no less amazing (than life on the island) events that happened in his life after his miraculous rescue.

In the photo: a still from the film "Robinson Crusoe", 2003.

Let us remember that Robinson Crusoe was absent from England for 35 years. Let's take a break from the plot of the story and imagine the following situation: a citizen of Ukraine, the owner of a significant fortune or, as they now say, a profitable business, disappears from the country for 35 years. What will happen to his profitable business? This is understandable without question in a country where a business often becomes the property of another person without any consent of the owner. But Crusoe was lucky. He fell out of business for 35 years in another time and in another country. This is what happened to his "assets".

Money

The trusted lady to whom Crusoe left money for safekeeping was alive, but “had experienced great adversity and her affairs were very bad.” Crusoe, who returned after many years of absence, did not demand the debt from her, but, on the contrary, helped her with a small amount.

Inheritance

Crusoe's father and mother died, two sisters and two children of one of the brothers had long considered him dead and therefore left him nothing of the inheritance.

Business

Crusoe had one last chance to provide himself with a decent life. From London he went to Lisbon to try to find out about the fate of his plantation in Brazil and about his business partner. In Lisbon, he met an old captain of a Portuguese ship, who told him that 9 years ago the companion was still alive, and the two attorneys whom Crusoe had assigned to oversee his share had died. Can we forget about business? But no! The captain believed that Crusoe could obtain the most accurate (!) information about his plantation and the improvements made on it, because, in view of the general belief that Crusoe was missing and drowned, the guardians appointed by him annually reported on the income of the plantation to an official of the state treasury . At the same time, the official decided: if Crusoe does not return, his property should be confiscated and one-third of the income from it should be transferred to the treasury, and two-thirds to the monastery of St. Augustine for the poor and for the conversion of Indians to Catholicism.

Another interesting legal detail. In a conversation with the captain, it turns out that Crusoe managed to draw up a will in favor of the captain before going to sea. Imagine: the captain, having learned about Crusoe’s disappearance, was in no hurry to take over the rights of inheritance. Although he presented documents confirming his rights to inheritance. The old captain nevertheless received a certain part of the income from the plantation and with this money became a co-owner of a merchant ship. Right during the same conversation, he not only admitted this, but also, as compensation, gave Crusoe a very impressive sum and a receipt stating that Crusoe has the rights to this share in the ship. Crusoe, however, refused this share.

And now - the fun part! That's how a subject British crown, while in Portugal, 350 years ago received his share of the income from business in Brazil. The old captain, in whose favor the will was drawn up, entered Crusoe's name in the official books of the merchant ship, which was supposed to sail to Brazil. The captain also certified by oath that Robinson Crusoe was alive and that he was the same person who originally acquired the land in order to establish a plantation on it. Then Crusoe drew up a power of attorney with a notary for a merchant he knew in Brazil. Believe it or not, not only was the power of attorney accepted in Brazil, but just seven months later Crusoe received from the heirs of his attorneys a large package containing documents of exceptional importance.

The package, firstly, contained a statement of profits for six years, starting from the year in which the fathers of the attorneys settled with his friend the captain. Second, an account of another four years, during which the attorneys independently managed Crusoe's affairs until the government took custody of the plantation as the property of a missing person (then called a "civil death"). Thirdly, the package contained a report from the abbot of the Augustinian monastery, who had received income for more than fourteen years.

With the same ships, Crusoe's attorneys transferred to him the income from the plantation for the current year: one thousand two hundred boxes of granulated sugar, eight hundred packs of tobacco, the rest in gold. We emphasize that this is only for one year.

The package also contained a letter from Crusoe's companion. You won’t believe it: he cordially congratulated him on his return, told him how their joint estate had now grown and how much it produces annually, how many acres it now has, what the plantation is sown with and how many slaves work on it. Next, the companion warmly (!) begged Crusoe to return to Brazil and take possession of his property, but for now give him instructions on how to dispose of it if Crusoe does not come.

Still, it’s interesting how a book that is now considered children’s (but was written at one time for adults) describes not only how property rights were protected 350 years ago, but also how one could return one’s property after many years of absence. And not only property, but also the fruits and benefits from it.

To appreciate the content of the last 20 pages of this outstanding novel, just imagine the following: you are a citizen of Ukraine and, for personal reasons, left and stayed, say, in the United States for 10 years. Before leaving for another country, you were a co-owner of an income-generating business in Ukraine. And now you want to return to your homeland again and take advantage of the fruits and benefits of your property located in Ukraine. It's funny, isn't it? To make things easier, let's assume you were only gone for 2 years. And it’s funny too...

Sergey Kozyakov, member of the Kyiv Academic Council national university named after Taras Shevchenko