Option 1

Part 1(A)

A1. A group of individuals is called a species:

1. living in a common area
2. appeared as a result of evolution
3. interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
4. created by man based on selection

A2. Traits that are formed in individuals during the process natural selection, useful:

1) person

2) mind

3) biocenosis

4) environment

1) aromorphosis 2) degeneration

3) biological progress 4) biological regression.

A4. What species criterion determines the difference in the shape of the crown and height of Scots pine trees grown in the forest and in the field?

1) morphological 2) genetic

3) geographical 4) environmental

A5. The morphological criterion of a species is:

1. area of ​​distribution
2. features of life processes
3. features of external and internal structure
4. a specific set of chromosomes and genes

A6. What factor in human evolution has lost its importance at the present time?

1. spatial isolation
2. hereditary variability
3. combinative variability
4. fluctuations in numbers as a result of migration processes

A7. Upright walking among human ancestors was facilitated by:

1. freeing your hand
2. appearance of speech
3. development of a multichamber heart
4. increased metabolism

A8. The ability to acquire new characteristics, as well as differences between individuals within a species, is a manifestation of:

1. heredity
2. struggle for existence
3. individual development
4. variability

A9. The distribution area of ​​the common mole refers to the species criterion:

1) morphological 2) geographical

3) physiological 4) genetic

A10. In geographic speciation, the formation of a new species occurs as a result of:

1. disintegration and expansion of the original area
2. artificial selection
3. narrowing the reaction norm of signs
4. genetic drift

Part 2 (B)

B1. The result of evolution is:

1. genetic drift
2. variety of species
3. mutational variability
4. adaptability of organisms to environmental conditions
5. increasing the organization of living beings
6. struggle for existence.

B2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristic of the common edentulous and the criterion of the species that it characterizes.

Sign Type criterion

A) the body is covered with a mantle 1) morphological

B) the sink has two doors 2) ecological

B) lives in fresh water bodies

D) the circulatory system is not closed

D) nutrition by aquatic microorganisms

E) the larva develops in water.

B3. Establish the sequence of appearance of the main groups in the process of evolution:

A) Coelenterates

B) Arthropods

B) Annelids

D) Colonial flagellates

D) Flatworms

Part 3(C) Give a full detailed answer T.

C1. Explain why people of different races belong to the same species.

Test on the topic “The Doctrine of Evolution” organic world».

Option 2

Part 1 (A)

Choose one answer from the four given.

A1. An increase in the number of species in nature indicates:

1. about biological progress
2. about development along the path of degeneration
3. about biological regression
4. about development along the path of aromorphosis

A2. The appearance of ferns in the history of the Earth’s nature is evidenced by:

1. existence of herbaceous and woody forms
2. presence of their prints and fossils
3. their method of reproduction
4. their modern diversity

A3. Simplification of the internal and external structure of organisms is called:

1. general degeneration
2. aromorphosis
3. idioadaptation
4. regeneration

A4. What evolutionary phenomenon is called divergence?

1. convergence of characters in unrelated species
2. divergence of characters in related species
3. acquisition of narrow specialization
4. formation of homologous organs

1. appearance of spores
2. seed formation
3. fetal formation
4. leaf modification

A6. The appearance of a five-fingered limb and pulmonary breathing in ancient amphibians made it possible:

1. master aquatic environment habitat
2. reproduce faster
3. make landfall
4. eat a variety of foods

A7. The main reason for the biological regression of many species of animals and plants is currently:

1. climate change
2. human economic activity
3. relief change
4. increase in the number of predators

A8. One of the proofs of the relationship between coelenterates and protozoa:

1. arrangement of cells in two layers
2. presence of stinging cells
3. development of an organism from one cell
4. extracellular digestion

A9 . What features of the organization of lobe-finned fish allow us to consider them the ancestors of terrestrial vertebrates?

1. scales on the body, the presence of fins
2. lung formation; special structure of fins

1. streamlined body shape, well-developed sense organs
2. breathing using gills; predation

A10. Why did angiosperms become the dominant plant group in the process of evolution?

1. they form the first link in the food chain
2. their cells contain chloroplasts, in which photosynthesis occurs
3. in the process of life they interact with their environment
4. they have a variety of adaptations to life in different conditions

Part 2(B)

In task B1, choose three correct answers out of six.

B1. Increasing complexity of the organization bony fish compared to cartilaginous ones it manifests itself:

1. present in most swim bladder species
2. in the absence of a swim bladder
3. in the cartilaginous base of the internal skeleton
4. in skeletal ossification
5. in the formation of gill covers
6. in the absence of gill covers

When completing task B2, establish a correspondence between the contents of the first and second columns.

B2. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of a systematic group and the direction of its evolution.

Characteristic Directions of evolution

1. diversity of species A) biological progress
2. limited range B) biological regression
3. small number of species
4. broad ecological adaptations
5. wide range
6. population decline

When completing the VZ task, establish the correct sequence of biological processes.

VZ. Set the action sequence driving forces evolution in a plant population, starting with the mutation process:

1. struggle for existence

B) reproduction of individuals with useful changes

1. the appearance of various hereditary changes in the population

D) preferential preservation of individuals with hereditary changes useful in given environmental conditions

D) consolidation of adaptation to the environment

Part 3(C)

Give a full detailed answer.

C1. What types of paleontological finds provide evidence for evolution?

Answers to questions and assessment criteria test work(for teacher)

On the topic “The doctrine of the evolution of the organic world.”

11th grade

Part 1 (A)

										A10
1 option									Job No.	1 option	Option 2
	112122	ABBAAB
	GADVB	VAGBD

Part 2(B) tasks are graded from zero to 2 points. If the answer contains one error, the student receives one point. For an incorrect answer or an answer containing 2 or more errors, 0 points are awarded. The maximum score for part 2 (B) is 6 points.

Part 3 (C)

Response elements: 1 option

1. People of different races have the same set of chromosomes in their cells.
2. Interracial marriages produce children who, upon reaching puberty, are capable of reproduction.
3. People of different races are similar in structure and chemical composition organs, tissues, cells, vital processes, abstract thinking.

Response elements: Option 2

1. Fossils and impressions.
2. Transitional forms.
3. Phylogenetic series.

Evaluation criteria:

– the answer includes all the above elements of the answer, does not contain biological errors - 3 points;

The answer includes 2 of the above mentioned elements and does not contain biological errors, or the answer includes 3 named answers, but contains minor biological errors - 2 points;

The answer includes 1 of the above elements and does not contain biological errors, or the answer includes 2 named answers, but contains minor biological errors - 1 point;

Incorrect answer – 0 points.

The maximum score is 3 points.

Scale for converting points to school grades

The maximum score for the work is 19 points.

"5" -17-19 points

“4” - 14-16 points

“3” - 10-13 points

“2” - less than 10 points.

1 option

1. The emergence of new combinations of already existing genes is variability a) hereditary b) combinative c) both answers are correct

2. According to Darwin, variability characteristic of all organisms of a species is called a) definite b) indefinite c) relative

3. Insects resistant to pesticides, the result of selection a) driving b) disruptive c) stabilizing

4. Speciation associated with range expansion is a) geographical b) ecological c) sympatric

5.Polyploidy is a) a multiple increase in the number of chromosomes b) an increase by several chromosomes c) a decrease by several chromosomes

6. Species lead to biological progress: a) aromorphosis and idioadaptation b) degeneration c) both answers are correct

7. The hidden reserve of hereditary variability is formed by mutations a) somatic b) dominant c) recessive

8. Genetic drift is a) random fluctuations in gene frequencies b) relocation of organisms to another population c) mutations

9. The adaptability of the organism to specific environmental conditions is a) aromorphosis b) idioadaptation c) degeneration

10. Individual non-hereditary changes are a) mutations b) modifications c) no answer

11. Gene mutations cause a) increased fitness b) disrupt metabolism c) promote the growth of organisms

12.Actively changes the gene pool modern man a) natural selection b) isolation c) mutations

13.Chromosomal mutations are changes in a) in genes b) in the structure of chromosomes c) in their number

14. Lamarck believed that species a) do not change b) do not exist c) exist

15. Loss of hair in whales is a) aromorphosis b) idioadaptation c) degeneration

16. Sign with a narrow reaction norm a) fat content of milk b) color c) both answers are correct

17. The results of natural selection are a) fitness b) diversity of species c) both answers are correct

18. Evolutionary factors of non-directive significance a) natural selection b (waves of life and isolation c) no answer

19. Doubling the number of individual chromosomes is a mutation a) genomic b) chromosomal c) polyploidy

20. Different varieties of potatoes belong to a) one type b) different types c) no answer

21. The struggle for existence leads only to a) regulation of numbers b) improvement of the species c) no answer

22. Linnaeus believed that species a) exist b) do not change c) both answers are correct

23. Variability that suddenly arises in individual organisms was called by Darwin a) correlative b) indeterminate c) definite

24.. Microevolution is a process occurring within a) species b) type c) class

25. Polyploidy in plants leads to a) increased productivity b) increased fitness c) both answers are correct

FINAL TEST ON THE TOPIC "EVOLUTION STUDIES" 9TH GRADE

Option 2

1. Loss of individual chromosomes is a mutation a) genomic b) chromosomal c) gene

2. Animals of different breeds interbreed and produce fertile offspring, because these are a) different species b) this is the same species c) no answer

3. Genetic drift can preserve traits that are a) useful for the body b) harmful c) both answers are correct

4. Lamarck believed that species a) do not exist b) change c) both answers are correct

5. Relations between organisms of the same species are a struggle for existence a) intraspecific b) interspecific b) with unfavorable environmental conditions

6. Large systematic groups arise as a result of a) aromorphosis b) idioadaptation c) degeneration

7. Evolutionary factors of guiding value a) isolation b) mutations c) natural selection

8. If organisms interbreed but do not produce fertile offspring, then they belong to a) the same species b) different c) no answer

9. Sign with a wide reaction norm a) milk fat content b) milk yield c) color

10. The genotype of modern humans is greatly influenced by a) natural selection b) isolation c) mutation process

11. Mutations that disrupt metabolism are a) genomic b) gene c) chromosomal

12. Ecological speciation is associated with a) expansion of the range b) its rupture c) development of new habitats in the previous range

13. Random changes in the frequency of occurrence of genes are a) waves of life b) genetic drift c) mutations

14. The role of the selecting factor in natural selection is played by a) humans b) environmental conditions c) living organisms

15. The emergence of new combinations of already existing genes is variability a) corelative b) combinative c) mutational

16. Individual non-hereditary changes are a) mutations b) modifications c) no answer

17. Industrial melanism is selection a) disruptive b) driving c) stabilizing

18. The struggle for existence a) is useful for the species b) is harmful for individual organisms c) both answers are correct

19. Genomic mutations are mutations a) reducing the number of chromosomes b) increasing c) both answers are correct

20. The process of divergence of characteristics is a) divergence b) convergence c) no answer

21. Linnaeus believed that species a) do not exist b) do not change c) change

22. Simplification of organization is a) aromorphosis b) degeneration c) idioadaptation

23. A multiple increase in the number of chromosomes is a) heteroploidy b) polyploidy c) deletion

24. Polyploidy in animals a) increases fitness b) leads to the death of embryos and embryos c) enhances growth

25. On islands with strong winds, disruptive selection preserves insects a) with well-developed wings b) with underdeveloped wings c) both answers are correct

Biology test to test the knowledge of students in grades 9-11 on the topic:

"EVOLUTIONARY TEACHING" (option 1)

Select 1 correct answer:

A1. Natural selection operating under constant environmental conditions is called:

1) artificial

2) stabilizing

3) driving

4) sexual

A2. The limits of modification variability are called:

1) correlations

2) reaction norm

3) mutations

4) modifications

1) aromorphosis

2) idioadaptations

3) degeneration

4) biological regression

A4. Among the driving forces of evolution leading to the emergence of adaptations in living organisms to their environment, the guiding character is

1) struggle for existence

2) artificial selection

3) natural selection

4) waves of life

A5. The result of evolution is

1) creation of new strains of microorganisms

2) the emergence of new drought-resistant plant varieties

3) the emergence of new animal species

4) breeding more productive breeds of livestock

A6. Macroevolution leads to

1) the formation of new species

2) supraspecific transformations, the formation of genera, families,

squads, etc.

3) changes in the gene pool of the population, its isolation and

formation of subspecies and races

4) changes in genotypes in individual large mammals

A7. An example of idioadaptation is

1) occurrence circulatory system at annelids

3) variety of feather colors in birds

4) reduction in the range of the Ussuri tiger

A8. Modification variability as opposed to mutational

1) inherited

2) leads to the death of the individual

3) associated with changes in chromosomes

4) not inherited

A9. The elementary evolutionary unit is

1) biocenosis

2) individual

3) gender

4) population

A10. The result of driving selection is

1) maintaining the reaction norm

2) the emergence of new species

3) weakening of the struggle for existence

4) preservation of old species

A11. Microevolution is

1) evolution of microorganisms

2) evolution of biocenoses

3) evolutionary changes are so insignificant that they do not lead to

to speciation

4) evolutionary processes in populations leading to

speciation

A12. Changes associated with a reduction in the range and number of individuals of a species are called

1) aromorphosis

2) biological progress

3) degeneration

4) biological progress

A13. An example of aromorphosis is

1) the appearance of a long neck in a giraffe

2) reduction of the mole’s visual organs

3) the appearance of horns on a cow

4) the appearance of lungs in amphibians

A14. The reaction norm is

1) limits of modification variability of the trait

2) combinative variability

3) limits of mutational variability of the trait

4) modification variability

A15. The population size of the Colorado potato beetle in Europe far exceeded its population size in the same area in America due to

1) warmer winters

2) more humid climate

3) richer food supply

4) absence of natural enemies

A16. Hereditary variability is important for evolution, as it contributes to

1) increasing genetic heterogeneity of individuals in the population

2) acceleration of natural selection

3) reducing the genetic heterogeneity of individuals in the population

4) intensification of the struggle for existence

A17. The result of evolution is

1) variety of types

2) natural selection

3) heredity

4) variability

1) biological progress

2) idioadaptation

3) degeneration

4) biological regression

A19. Idioadaptation in flowering plants is

1) appearance of a seed

2) the appearance of a flower

3) appearance of endosperm

4) variety of flowers

A20. Combinative variability of traits manifests itself when

1) sexual reproduction

2) reproduction by spores

3) vegetative propagation

4) asexual reproduction

A21. The type of selection operating in populations living in almost constant environmental conditions is called

1) driving

2) tearing

3) sexual

4) stabilizing

A22. In nature there are about 350 thousand species of plants and more than 1.5 million species of animals, which are considered as

1) the reason for evolution

2) the result of evolution

3) driving forces of evolution

A23. An example of general degeneration in evolution is

1) lack of hair in dolphins and whales

2) underdevelopment of the mole’s visual organs

3) disappearance of the tadpole’s tail

A24. Founder evolutionary doctrine is

1) Dokuchaev

2) Haeckel

3) Darwin

4) Vernadsky

A25. Selection made by a person without a specific purpose is called

1) spontaneous

2) massive

3) methodical

4) sexual

A26. The factor of evolution, which consists in the emergence of barriers to the free crossing of individuals, is called

1) modification

2) insulation

3) population waves

4) natural selection

A27. The struggle for existence, natural selection, and hereditary variability manifest themselves in the population. Therefore, the population is considered

1) ecosystem unit

2) a component of the biosphere

3) unit of evolution

4) structural unit of the type

A28. Comparative anatomical evidence of evolution includes

law of germinal resemblance

presence of transitional forms

general plan of the structure of vertebrates

presence of fossil remains of ancestral forms

A29. Idioadaptation in animals is

protective coloration

second circle of blood circulation

warm-blooded

pulmonary respiration

A30. Large systematic groups (types, classes, ...) in the process of evolution arise through

biological progress

biological regression

aromorphosis

idioadaptations

Answers to test questions:

Question

answer

Question

answer

Question

Answer

1

2

11

4

21

4

2

2

12

4

22

2

3

3

13

4

23

4

4

3

14

1

24

3

5

3

15

4

25

1

6

2

16

1

26

2

7

3

17

1

27

3

8

4

18

3

28

3

9

4

19

4

29

1

10

2

20

1

30

3

Test 1 “Evolutionary teaching”

Choose the correct answer

1. Founder of scientific taxonomy (classification):

a) J. Ray; V) ;

b) K. Linnaeus; d) C. Darwin.

2. The first definition in science of the concept of “species” was given by:

a) J. Ray; V) ;

b) K. Linnaeus; d) C. Darwin.

3. Artificial systems for classifying organisms reflect:

4. Natural classification systems for organisms reflect:

a) the degree of relatedness of different species;

b) external similarity of different species;

c) internal similarity of different species;

d) external and internal similarity of different species.

5. According to the views of K. Linnaeus, the types of organisms that exist in nature mainly arose as a result of:

a) gradual complication during evolution;

b) direct adaptation to changing environmental conditions;

c) the act of Divine creation and interbreeding;

d) crossing with each other and the constant influence of environmental conditions.

a) K. Linnaeus; V) ;

b) C. Darwin; G) .

7. Driving forces (factors) of evolution, according to:

a) gradual complication of organisms during gradation;

b) inheritance of traits acquired by organisms;

c) the desire of organisms to improve and the influence of environmental conditions;

d) exercise and non-exercise of organs by organisms during evolution.

8. According to views on the reasons for the variability of organisms observed in nature, the development of a long neck in a giraffe is the result of:

9. According to views on the causes of the variability of organisms observed in nature, the development of underwater, floating and aerial leaves in arrowhead is the result of:

a) direct adaptation to the influence of environmental conditions;

b) exercises of the organ under the influence of environmental conditions;

c) initial expediency in the structure of the organ;

d) the body’s desire for improvement.

10. According to ideas about evolution, the appearance of useful traits in organisms is the result of:

a) the desire of organisms to improve;

b) inheritance of characteristics acquired by organisms during evolution;

c) direct adaptation to environmental conditions, exercise and non-exercise of organs during evolution;

d) the constant influence of changing environmental conditions during evolution.

11. Charles Darwin’s main work “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life” was first published in:

a) 1809; c) 1868;

b) 1859; d) 1871

12. Driving forces (factors) of evolution, according to Charles Darwin:

a) variability, struggle for existence and natural selection;

b) heredity, struggle for existence and natural selection;

c) changes in environmental conditions, heredity, struggle for existence and natural selection;

d) heredity, variability, struggle for existence and natural selection.

13. The main guiding factor of evolution, according to Charles Darwin:

a) heredity;

b) variability;

c) natural selection;

d) struggle for existence.

14. According to the views of Charles Darwin, variability does not matter for evolution:

a) combinative;

b) correlative, or correlative;

c) specific, or group;

d) uncertain, or individual.

15. According to the views of Charles Darwin, the reason for the struggle for the existence of organisms in nature:

a) a discrepancy between the ability of species to reproduce indefinitely and the limited resources of the environment;

b) limited environmental resources and constant natural selection;

c) lack of adaptation in species to the full use of environmental resources;

d) constantly operating natural selection, identifying those most adapted to the use of environmental resources.

16. The most acute form of struggle for existence:

a) interspecific;

b) intraspecific;

c) interspecific and intraspecific;

d) with conditions of inorganic nature.

17. According to the views of Charles Darwin, the essence of natural selection lies in:

a) the formation of adaptations in individual individuals to environmental conditions;

b) survival in generations of individual individuals best adapted to environmental conditions;

c) various forms of struggle for existence occurring between individuals in the external environment;

d) the appearance of new interspecific characteristics in individual individuals most adapted to environmental conditions.

18. According to the views of Charles Darwin, natural selection leads to:

a) survival in generations of the fittest individuals;

b) death in generations of the least adapted individuals;

c) the emergence of fitness (adaptation) in organisms to the conditions of existence;

d) variability, which provides material for the development of fitness.

19. According to the views of Charles Darwin, the formation of new species in nature occurs:

a) from only one common ancestral ancestor (monophyly);

b) only by division of the parent form into two or more daughter species (divergence);

c) the bringing together of related species until they merge during crossing into one species (convergence);

d) from one common ancestral ancestor (monophyly) or by division of the ancestral form into two or more daughter species (divergence).

20. Elementary unit of evolution:

a) a separate species;

b) a set of species united by kinship;

c) a separate population of a species;

d) the genotype of an individual of a species.

21. According to modern ideas about evolution, the following objects and characteristics cannot evolve:

a) fish in an aquarium;

b) a bull in a herd of cows;

c) color of the butterfly population in the vicinity of the city;

d) bacteria living in the intestines of one person.

22. The main factor that unites individuals of the same species into a separate population:

a) free crossing of individuals with each other (panmixia);

b) the similarity of the external and internal structure of individuals to each other;

c) the same chromosome set of individuals: shape and number of chromosomes;

d) the total territory (area) occupied by individuals in nature.

23. Elementary material for evolution:

a) the gene pool of individuals in the population;

b) the genotype of an individual in a population;

c) the phenotype of an individual in a population;

d) genotypic variability of individuals in the population.

24. Phenotypic variability (modifications) of individuals in a population ensures in evolution:

a) change in the gene pool of the entire population;

b) changes in the genotypes of individual individuals of the population;

c) survival of individual individuals of the population and the species as a whole;

d) the emergence of new forms from which new species can arise.

25. Genotypic variability includes:

a) the appearance of light and shadow leaves in plants of the same species;

b) the appearance of dark-colored individuals in a population of one species;

c) differences in body weight and size among animals of the same species;

d) differences in stem height and leaf density in plants of the same species.

26. Phenotypic variability includes:

a) the appearance of thorny leaves in barberry and cactus;

b) differences in milk yield and fat content of milk among cows in the same herd;

c) differences in the size and shape of leaves in plants different types;

d) differences in the timing of fruit ripening in different varieties of apple trees.

27. Periodic fluctuations in population numbers (population waves) lead to:

a) increasing the share of hereditary variability in organisms in the population

b) reducing the share of hereditary variability in organisms in the population;

c) increase and decrease in the share of non-hereditary variability in organisms in the population;

d) changes in the frequencies of certain mutations and combinations in organisms in a population.

28. Periodic fluctuations in population numbers (population waves) are one of the factors of evolution, because they:

a) influence the intensity of the struggle for existence and the frequency of mutations and combinations in organisms in the population;

b) contribute to the dispersal of individuals of a population beyond its territory;

c) increase or decrease genotypic variability in organisms in a population;

d) increase or decrease phenotypic variability among organisms in a population.

29. An example of a population in which genetic drift (genetic-automatic processes) as a factor of evolution is of greatest importance:

a) a flock of sheep in one village;

b) mice in one granary;

c) cabbage butterflies on a field treated with an insecticide;

d) descendants of a polyploid plant descended from non-polyploid parents.

30. An example of a population in which genetic drift (genetic-automatic processes) as a factor of evolution is of the least importance:

a) weeds in one vacant lot;

b) weeds in a field treated with herbicide;

c) cockroaches in a city landfill treated with insecticide;

d) bank voles in a meadow flooded by spring floods.

31. Migration of individuals in a population as a factor of evolution leads to:

a) resettlement of individuals to new territories;

b) decrease or increase in population size;

c) renewal of the gene pool of the population or the formation of a new population;

d) the disintegration of the parent population into several smaller daughter populations.

32. Isolation as a factor of evolution plays the role of:

A) necessary condition for genetic heterogeneity of a population of one species;

b) a necessary condition for the genetic homogeneity of populations of different species;

c) barriers to the free exchange of genes between individuals in populations of different species;

d) barriers to the free exchange of genes between individuals of the same population of the same species.

33. The most effective barrier to free interbreeding of individuals in populations is isolation:

a) geographical;

b) genetic;

c) environmental;

d) ethological.

34*.The relative frequencies of genes in a population will not change from generation to generation if:

a) the population is large, there are no gene mutations and selection for these characteristics, there is no migration of individuals and no obstacles to free crossing;

b) the population is large, there are gene mutations and selection for these characteristics, there are migrations of individuals and obstacles to free crossing;

c) the population is small, there are no gene mutations and selection for these traits, there are migrations of individuals and obstacles to free crossing;

d) the population is small, there are gene mutations and selection for these characteristics, there is no migration of individuals and no obstacles to free crossing.

35. A population will achieve greater success in evolution over the same period of time in a species:

a) cabbage butterfly;

b) river perch;

c) great tit;

d) the bacterium Escherichia coli.

36. The doctrine of the forms of natural selection in populations of organisms was developed by:

a) C. Darwin;

b) A. Severtsov;

c) I. Shmalhausen;

d) S. Chetverikov.

37. An example of the action of a stabilizing form of natural selection:

a) the existence of the relict lobe-finned fish coelacanth;

d) the appearance of long-winged and wingless insects on oceanic islands blown by winds.

38. An example of the action of the driving form of natural selection:

a) the existence of a relict ginkgo plant;

b) the appearance of a dark-colored form in the population of the birch moth butterfly;

c) the appearance of early-flowering and late-flowering races of the greater rattle in mowed meadows;

39*. An example of the action of a disruptive form of natural selection:

a) the existence of the relict reptile tuateria;

b) the appearance of a population of narrow-shelled crabs in the port harbor, fenced off by a pier;

c) the appearance of early-flowering and late-flowering races of the greater rattle in mowed meadows;

d) the death of long-winged and short-winged sparrows during a strong storm.

40. Natural selection will not be effective in a population:

a) a herd of cows in the village;

b) buckwheat field;

c) a field of oats and peas;

d) vegetative clone of one strawberry plant.

41. The main effect of natural selection:

a) increasing the frequency of genes in the population that ensure reproduction over generations;

b) increasing the frequency of genes in the population that provide wider variability of organisms;

c) the phenomenon in a population of genes that ensure the preservation of characteristics of the species in organisms;

d) the appearance in the population of genes that determine the adaptation of organisms to living conditions.

42. The result of the action of evolutionary factors is the appearance in organisms of:

a) new combinations of genes that determine the development of new traits

b) adaptations to conditions of existence that are absolute in nature

c) adaptations to living conditions that are relative in nature;

d) new genes in the gene pool of populations that ensure the development of adaptations.

43. Example of protective coloring:

b) green color of leaves in most plants,

d) similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and with

44. Disguise example:

a) green coloration of the singing grasshopper;

b) similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp,

c) bright red color of the ladybug;

45. Example of warning coloring:

a) bright red color of the rose flower;

c) similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp d) similarity in the color and body shape of the moth caterpillar with a twig.

46. ​​Example of mimicry:

a) green coloration of the singing grasshopper;

b) bright red color of the ladybug;

c) similarity in the color of the abdomen of the hoverfly and the wasp;

d) similarity in color and body shape of the moth caterpillar with the knot.

47. An example of geographic (allopatric) speciation:

a) the emergence of cultivated plum as a result of hybridization of sloe with cherry plum;

b) formation of European and Far Eastern subspecies

common lily of the valley;

c) the existence of five seasonal races of Sevan trout, separated by different periods of reproduction during

d) isolation of several species of tits (great tit, blue tit, coal tit, tit, tufted tit), living in different places and feeding on different foods.

48. An example of ecological (sympatric) speciation:

a) the existence in the middle zone of several species of buttercups growing in different conditions;

b) the formation of a complex of subspecies in the great tit, widely distributed throughout the globe;

c) the formation of two subspecies of larches: Siberian and Daurian;

d) the emergence of two species of gulls: herring and black-billed gulls, living along the coasts of the Baltic and North seas.

49. Microevolution leads to:

b) the emergence of isolated populations and the formation of geographical subspecies and races;

d) supraspecific transformations and the formation of genera,

families, units, etc.

50. Macroevolution leads to:

a) changes in the genotypes of individual individuals and the isolation of populations;

b) the emergence of isolated populations and the formation

geographical subspecies and races;

c) changes in the gene pool of populations and the formation of new species;

d) supraspecific transformations and the formation of genera, families, orders, etc.

51. Homologous organs that developed during evolution:

a) fish gills and crayfish gills;

b) cactus spines and hawthorn spines;

d) hair of mammals and feathers of birds.

52. Similar organs that developed during evolution:

a) butterfly wings and bird wings;

b) grape tendrils and cucumber tendrils;

c) porcupine quills and hedgehog quills;

d) cactus spines and barberry spines.

A) different shape the beak of Galapagos finches;

b) the white color of the plumage of the tundra partridge and the coat of the white hare;

c) a thick layer of subcutaneous fat and flippers in fur seals, walruses and seals;

G) various ways pollination of flowers in angiosperms.

54. As a result of divergence during evolution, the following arose:

a) burrowing limbs in common and marsupial moles;

b) body shape and methods of movement in sharks and dolphins;

c) dental systems in mammals belonging to different orders;

G) similar structure eyes in cephalopods and vertebrates.

d) development of protective and warning colors in insects.

55. An example of general degeneration (catagenesis) in evolution:

a) underdevelopment of the visual organs in moles and mole rats;

b) the disappearance of the tail of the tadpole during its transformation into a frog;

c) lack of hair on the skin of dolphins and whales;