GOST R7.0.5 2008

NATIONAL STANDARD RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Information standards system
library and publishing

Date of introduction – 2009–01–01

· quoting;

· borrowing provisions, formulas, tables, illustrations;

· the need to refer to another publication where the issue is more fully stated;

Section 6.1. Interlinear bibliographic reference - is drawn up as a note taken from the text of the document to the bottom of the page.

How to format notes

According to GOST 7.32-2001, notes are placed immediately after the text, figure or table to which they relate. If there is only one note, then after the word “Note” there is a dash and the text of the note. One note is not numbered. Several notes are numbered in order using Arabic numerals without a period.

Note – _____

Notes

1 ________________

2 ________________

3 ________________

Notes can be formatted as footnotes. The footnote sign is placed immediately after the word, number, symbol, sentence to which an explanation is given. The footnote sign is performed in superscript Arabic numerals with a parenthesis. It is allowed to use asterisks “*” instead of numbers. You are not allowed to use more than three stars on a page. The footnote is placed at the end of the page with a paragraph indent, separated from the text by a short horizontal line to the left.

Rules for formatting references to literary sources

Depending on which method of constructing a bibliographic list is chosen, you should use one of two methods of formatting references in the text.
When using a numbered bibliography, the reference in the text is formatted as the source number in the list, enclosed in square brackets: .

When using an unnumbered list of references, the reference in the text is formatted as the author’s last name and, separated by a comma, the year of publication, enclosed in square brackets: [Weber, 1918]. If the work being referenced has more than two authors, then the surname of only the first author is indicated in square brackets, and instead of the surnames of the others, “ etc." - in the case of a Russian-language source, and " et al.» – in the case of a literary source in English: [Almond et al., 1995], . In the case where the list contains works by different authors with the same surnames, the surname with initials is given: [Petrov V., 2000]. If several works by the same author were published in one year, then lowercase letters are added to the link, corresponding to the order of the works in the bibliographic list: [Bolotova, 2007b].
It is necessary to refer to literary sources in the text in various situations: direct quotation, presentation of original thoughts without quoting, quoting not from the original source, listing authors who worked on a similar problem, citing a drawing, diagram, table from another literary source (for examples of references for different situations, see . in Example 2.1).

Direct Quote

When directly quoting, a phrase or part of a phrase from some other source is given in the text. The quotation must be enclosed in quotation marks. After the quotation in the text, the following is indicated in square brackets:

• the author's surname, the year of publication of the cited work and, separated by commas, the page number on which the quoted text is located in this source.

• In the case of a numbered bibliography: number of the source in the list of references and, separated by commas, the number of the page on which the quoted text is placed in this source.

General citation rules

The text of the quotation is enclosed in quotation marks and is given in the grammatical form in which it is given in the source, preserving the peculiarities of the author’s writing.

Quoting must be complete, without arbitrary abbreviation of the quoted fragment and without distortion of the meaning. The omission of minor words that do not affect the meaning is indicated by an ellipsis.

If, when citing a quotation, it is necessary to highlight some words in it, important For your text, then after For such selection, you must indicate the initial letters of your first and last name: (my italics - I.F.), (underlined by me - I.F.), etc.

You should not overuse quotes. The optimal number of citations in the text is no more than two per page.

• Each the quotation must be accompanied by a link to the source from which it was borrowed.

Presentation of original thoughts without citation

In the case of retelling someone’s ideas, thoughts, concepts, but without direct quotation, it is also necessary to refer to the source in which these ideas, thoughts, concepts are presented. Retelling/presentation of ideas, thoughts, concepts is not enclosed in brackets. After the retelling/statement, the following is indicated in square brackets:

• In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: the name of the author, the year of publication of the work in which these ideas, thoughts, and concepts are presented.

source number in the list of references.

Quoting not from the original source

In the case where the original source is not available, but there is another source available that provides the necessary quotation, then this quotation can be cited in the text, citing the available source. The quotation is formatted in the same way as in the case of direct quotations, but after the quotation in the text it is indicated in square brackets:

• In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: At the beginning they quote the words: “ Quote By:"(quoted from), then the author's surname, the year of publication of the work from which the quotation is given, and separated by a comma - the page number on which the quoted text is located in this source.

• In the case of a numbered bibliography: At the beginning they quote the words: “ Quote By:"(quoted from), then the number of the source in the list of references from which the quote is given, and separated by a comma - the page number on which the quoted text is located in this source.

• In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: the names of the authors and the year of publication of their works in which their ideas are presented, separated by a semicolon.

• In the case of a numbered bibliography: numbers of their works in the list of references, separated by semicolons.

Bringing a picture, diagram, table from another source

If the text contains figures, diagrams, tables from other literary sources, it is necessary to indicate where they were taken from. In this case, after indicating the name of the figure, diagram, table, the following is indicated in square brackets:

• In the case of an unnumbered bibliography: At the beginning they quote the words: “ Drive. By:"(given by), then the author's surname, the year of publication of the work from which the drawing, diagram, table was taken, and separated by a comma - the page number on which this drawing, diagram, table is placed in this source.

• In the case of a numbered bibliography: At the beginning they quote the words: “ Drive. By:"(given according to), then the number of the source in the list of references from which the figure, diagram, table was taken, and separated by a comma - the page number on which this figure, diagram, table is placed in this source.

	Numbered bibliography	Unnumbered bibliography
Direct Quote		[Ryabinin, 2008, P. 175]
Presentation of original thoughts without citation		[Weber, 1918]
Quoting not from the original source	[Cit. from: 14, p. 236]	[Cit. from: Andreeva, 2008, P. 236]
		[Kadirbaev, 1993; Krivushin, Ryabinin, 1998; Damier, 2000; Shcherbakov, 2001]
Citation of a drawing, diagram, table from another literary source	[Reference: 14, p. 236]	[According to: Andreeva, 2005, P. 236]

At everyone When mentioning the names of the authors of the works under discussion, their initials must be indicated. In this case, it is necessary to make a non-breaking space between the initials and the surname so that the initials and surname are always located on the same line. When referring to a work that has not yet been published in Russian, the first time the author’s surname is mentioned in the text after the Russian transcription, its original spelling is indicated in brackets. For example: J. Levine .
2. This section is compiled in accordance with GOST R 7.0.5-2008. System of standards for information, library and publishing. Bibliographic reference. General requirements and drafting rules. [Effective from 01/01/2009].

General requirements for cited material

The quoted text must be quoted in quotation marks, exactly according to the quoted text, in the grammatical form in which it is given in the source.

Omission of words, sentences, paragraphs when quoting is allowed without distortion and is indicated by an ellipsis.

Quotations must be complete, without distorting the author's thoughts.

The quotation must be inextricably linked with the text and serve as evidence and confirmation of the provisions put forward by the author.

When quoting, it is not allowed to combine several passages taken from different places in one quotation. Each passage should be formatted as a separate quotation.

When quoting, each quotation must be accompanied by an indication of the source (bibliographic reference).

Basic rules for formatting quotations.

Quote as an independent sentence (after a period ending the previous sentence) must start with a capital letter, even if the first word in the source begins with a lowercase letter.

For example:

The desire to understand the laws of existence does not lead to the consideration of chance as an objective reality, but to its interpretation as the initial stage of cognition of an object, due to the imperfection of our knowledge. “There is nothing more contrary to reason and nature than chance” (Cicero). (In the source: “... there is nothing...”.)

Quotation included in the text after the subordinating word ( what, for, or, because etc.), is enclosed in quotation marks and written with a lowercase letter, even if in the source it begins with a capital letter: M. Gorky wrote that “in the simplicity of the word...”.

For example:

M. Gorky wrote that “the greatest wisdom is in the simplicity of words: proverbs and songs are always short, but whole books’ worth of intelligence and feelings are put into them.” (In the source: “In the simplicity of the word...”)

A quotation placed after a colon begins with a lowercase letter if in the source the first word of the quotation began with a lowercase letter (in this case, an ellipsis must be placed before the quoted text), and with a capital letter if in the source the first word of the quotation began with a capital letter (in this case In this case, there is no ellipsis before the quoted text).

For example:

From the point of view of historical gravity, cultural preferences, a system of value orientations, from a civilizational point of view, the Russian nation is a European nation: “... just as Russian literature, with all its originality, is one of the European literatures, so Russia itself, with all its peculiarities, is one of the European nations” (Vl. Soloviev). (In the source: “... and like Russian...”)

Quotes retain the same punctuation marks as in the cited source.

If a sentence is not quoted in full, then instead of the omitted text, an ellipsis is placed before the beginning of the quoted sentence, or inside it, or at the end. Punctuation marks preceding omitted text are not preserved.

For example:

Strength and beauty, turned into an end in themselves, are destructive. Taken as an end in themselves, they become hostile to morality. Vl. Solovyov draws attention to this side of the problem: “Strength and beauty are divine, but not in themselves... but if they are inseparable from goodness...” (Vl. Solovyov).

When a sentence ends with a quotation, and at the end of the quotation there is an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, then no sign is placed after the quotation marks if the quotation is an independent sentence; or put a period (or other necessary sign) if the quotation is not an independent sentence (included in the text of the author’s sentence).

For example:

We can talk about personal freedom only by recognizing the individual’s right to identity. In this regard, N. Gumilyov’s exclamation is significant: “I don’t want to be confused with others - and this requires that I myself not confuse myself with others!”

1. Whenever possible, the name of the author or authors responsible for the work should be included. One way to name an author is to introduce him/her in a sentence before you enter the information provided by that author.

   • According to Jones, this premise is false (2010).
   • Research by Smith, Dow, and Rowell indicates that this is simply a misconception (2002).

2. If you do not introduce the author or authors in the proposal, include the names in parentheses after the information borrowed. To work with multiple authors, separate the last two names with an ampersent "&".

   • This premise is false (Jones, 2010).
   • Even if previously accepted as fact, it is merely a fallacy (Smith, Dow, & Rowell, 2002).

3. Please indicate the year of publication. Whenever possible, include the date of publication in parentheses after the information gleaned. If the author's name is included in parentheses, also separate one from the other with a comma. If the date is not specified, indicate the abbreviation "b/d"

   • Erikson argues the opposite (1999).
   • Some experts argue otherwise (Erickson, 1999).
   • Research shows that this long-held belief is “at best, little more than a belief that is not based on evidence and is usually false” (Johnson & Smith, n.d.).

4. When quoting or paraphrasing information from different sources, cite the author and year for both sources in parentheses as usual, and separate the individual sources with a comma. Alphabetize your studies as they will appear in your reference list.

   • Many wonder whether the facts have been exaggerated (Dow & Simmons, 2009; Williams, 2007).

5. Replace the title with the author's name if necessary. If the author's name is not provided, include the title of the book in italics or the title of the article in quotation marks. Stick to the title with the year of publication as usual. If a publication date is not provided, use the abbreviation "b/d".

   • Recent brain research supports these claims (Brain News, n.d.).
   • Psychological discoveries, 2012).

   M.L.A.

   1. Introduce the author in a sentence. If an author or authors are provided, names should be included in citations. One way to cite an author is to introduce him/her in the sentence before the quote or paraphrase.

      • According to Jones, this premise is false (25).
      • Research by Smith, Dow, and Rowell indicates that this is just a misconception (98-100).

   2. Also, include the author in parentheses. If you do not indicate the authors of the work in the proposal itself, you will need to include the last name or first names in parentheses. To work with multiple authors, separate the last two authors with the conjunction "and".

      • This premise is false (Jones, 25).
      • Even if previously accepted as fact, it is merely a fallacy (Smith, Dow and Rowell, 98-100).

   3. Specify the range of pages on which information can be found. List the page number or numbers of the information cited that can be found in parentheses. When using a page range, separate page numbers with a hyphen. When using page numbers that are not part of a range, you must separate them with a semicolon. Do not separate the author name and page number with a comma.

      • Erickson argues the opposite (27).
      • Some experts argue the opposite (Erickson 27).
      • Research shows that this long-held belief is "at best, little more than a belief that is not based on evidence and is usually false" (Johnson and Smith 28-31).
      • New information clarifies this situation (Doe 18, 23).

   4. Provide at the beginning the initials of different authors who have the same last name. If you need to cite two works written by two different authors with the same last name, list the two different authors, including the initials as well as the last name.

      • Modern language theory supports this concept (L. Hoffman 87), but some linguists disagree (M. Hoffman 14).
      • L. Hoffman supports this concept (87), but M. Hoffman disagrees (14).

   5. Use the title if the author is not available. If the author of the source is not available, use a shortened form of the title instead. Include articles and short statements in quotation marks, and indicate books or other long statements in italics. Enter the page number as usual.

      • Recent brain research supports these claims (Breaking News 4-5).
      • The study of psychology continues to develop in this area ( Psychological discoveries 58).

   6. Indicate the title when using more than one work by the same author. If you are citing information from multiple works written by the same author, include the title of the work in parentheses followed by the page number. Use quotation marks for short works and italics for large ones. You can include the author's name in a sentence, or you can include the author's name in parentheses before the title, separating the author and title with a comma.

      • Dow adheres to this belief (Literary Theory 92-4), but he is known to sometimes deviate from it ( Analysis of popular poems 100).
      • This theory is "too new to own large lands" ( Analysis of popular poems 100), but it shows considerable promise (Dow, “Theories of Literature” 92-4).

   7. Separate multiple quotes with a semicolon. If the information borrowed comes from more than one source, cite each source in parentheses as usual, and separate the individual sources with a comma.

      • Many wonder whether the facts were exaggerated (Dow and Simmons 204; Williams 17-21).

   8. Identify the author and site when using an online source. Non-print sources do not have standard page numbers. Instead of providing a page number or paragraph number, cite the source by specifying the author's name and the title of the article or website. The author and site name can be included either in parentheses or in a sentence. You must have at least one of the two pieces of information in parentheses, but you can also include both pieces of information in parentheses, separated by commas.

      • Williams firmly states his support for this new artistic movement (Movie Trends).
      • This new artistic movement has professional support (Williams, Film Trends).

   Chicago

   1. Use regular footnotes (notes) and endnotes. Typically, in-text citations are indicated using notes and footnotes. Immediately after the punctuation mark that follows the borrowed information, mark the quotation with a superscript number. The number should correspond to the actual number of links used in the text. You may include the author's name in the sentence, but this is not required.

      • This information is fact for all but a few critics.1
      • Doe thinks this is a lie.2

   2. Provide the full citation in the first footnote. At the end of the page or at the end of the article, cite the author's first and last name and the title of the article. Include the author's name, even if you mention it in the text itself. After this information, indicate the city of publication, the name of the publisher and the year of publication in brackets. Immediately after this, include the page number on which the borrowed information can be found.

      • 2. John Doe, "A New Look" (New York: Major Journal, 2011), 18.

   3. Shorten the citation in subsequent footnotes. If you have already cited a source once, abbreviate it in any subsequent footnotes. When a citation immediately follows another citation from the same source, abbreviate all information (except the page number) using the abbreviation "ibid." When a citation from the same source is separated by other sources, include the author's last name, title of the work, and page number.

      • 1. Robert Smith and Kevin Williams, Human Condition Research(New York: Big Time Press, 2012), 4-14.
      • 2. ibid., 34.
      • 3. John Doe, "A New Look" (New York: Major Journal, 2011), 18.
      • 4. Robert Smith and Kevin Williams Human Condition Research, 67.

   4. Include quotations in parentheses unless notes are used. If your supervisor has stated that you should not use footnotes or endnotes, include the same cited information in parentheses immediately after the information borrowed and before ending any punctuation. Include the author's full name, work title, city of publication, publisher's name, publication date, and page number.

      • Doe thinks this is a lie (New Look [New York: Major Journal, 2011], 18).
      • “This idea is completely false” (John Doe, New Look [New York: Major Journal, 2011], 18).

   5. Indicate the organization if the work involves an author from a corporation or government. If a corporation is responsible for a specific source rather than an individual author, label the author's name with the corporation's name.

      • The job outlook for this occupation is positive (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, [Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013]).
      • 18. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Profession Outlook: A Guide(Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2013).

In the Russian language, there are certain rules for quotation and its design, the use of which will help you correctly insert a quotation into any text. Citing is an integral part of writing abstracts, term papers and dissertations, articles and texts. Quotes give the article completeness, conciseness and a certain status, as the credibility of the author increases by quoting famous people. However, many people wonder how to format quotes correctly, as well as where in the text and how to insert a quote.

Let's look at the basic rules for formatting quotes in Russian.

Rules for quotations in Russian

1. The most important rule for formatting a quotation is this: the quotation must reproduce the quoted text with 100% accuracy! Deviations from the text, insertion or exclusion of any parts of the text are unacceptable.
2. The same applies to punctuation marks - they must correspond to those in the text. When the quoted text is not at hand (for example, when taking an exam), it is necessary to place the appropriate punctuation marks according to the punctuation rules of the Russian language.
3. The quotation must be relevant and justified by the specific goals of the author.
4. When you omit some words from passages, you should put an ellipsis in place of the omission. At the same time, we should not forget that the ellipsis should not distort the meaning of the phrase, since such a violation is a gross error in quoting as such. If the quotation does not contain the first words, then it is necessary to put an ellipsis after the quotation marks and begin the quotation with a small letter.
5. The original meaning is the main criterion of the quotator. When a quotation refers to one subject and is used to describe another, the meaning that the author gave to the quotation is distorted.
6. If a quote is added to the text of an essay, then it is possible to use indirect speech, which will allow you to convey the exact phrase of the person being quoted (for example, the hero of a book). For example: “I know only two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness,” says Prince Andrei to Pierre. Prince Andrei tells Pierre that he knows in life “only two real misfortunes: remorse and illness.”
7. It is unacceptable to retell a poetic text in your own words.

How to highlight a quote graphically?

1. The most basic way is quotes.
2. Italics or a smaller font size for the quotation compared to the body text.
3. A separate place for a quote on the page (middle, side).

Making highlights inside a quote

Regardless of whether the selections belong to the author of the quoted text or are the initiative of the quoting person, they are also subject to strict requirements.

If the emphasis belongs to the quoting person, then they are specified. The comment is enclosed in parentheses.

Epigraph

Separately, it is worth considering the epigraph - a quote that is placed at the beginning of an essay or a separate part to give a certain image, meaning, spirit to the work or express the author’s thoughts. A witty saying used as an epigraph is called "motto".

The requirements for the design of an epigraph are slightly different from the rules for the design of regular quotations:

• located on the right side of the sheet;
• formatted without quotation marks;
• The author's surname and initials are not enclosed in parentheses;
• There is no period after the surname.

For example:

Who buttoned it up incorrectly?

first button

It won't fasten properly anymore.

(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)

About copyright

The law of the Russian Federation does not prohibit quoting both in the original and in translation, without the consent of the author or payment of remuneration, but requires the indication of the name of the author, the work from which the quotation was taken, as well as the source of borrowing.

So, we have looked at the most important rules for formatting quotes. To remember them faster, read more of the literature that contains quotes, then you will know exactly how to write quotes so that they complement your own text. Good luck!

How to format citations?

The most common way is to use quotation marks.

Highlighting using italics or using a font 1–2 points smaller than the font of the main text:

1. Highlighting using a set of quotes with a retract. In this case, it is possible to use an underline ruler in the indentation:

How are highlights created within a quotation?

Highlights within a quotation may belong to the person quoting or the author of the quoted text. The way of designing selected text fragments depends on this.

Emphases belonging to the cited author, it is recommended to save them in the form in which they are printed in the source, and if this is impossible or contradicts the design style of the publication, then the author’s highlighting should be replaced with a highlighting of a different type. The ownership of author's selections is usually not specified. The exception is those cases when there are few author’s selections, but, on the contrary, there are many selections belonging to the citing one; in such cases, it is stipulated that some selections belong to the cited author (these selections are marked), and the rest - to the citing one. In addition, in such cases, the affiliation of the selections is specifically noted in the preface. Selection example:

Emphases belonging to the quoting person are indicated. The comment is given in parentheses, after the comment there is a dot, a dash and the initials of the commentator, for example:

What punctuation marks are used when quoting?

Between the words of the quoter and the following quotation:

a) put a colon if the quoting words preceding the quotation warn that a quotation follows:

Pasternak wrote: “There is a psychology of creativity, problems of poetics. Meanwhile, of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly, and there is no need to speculate about it.”

b) put a period if inside the quotation or behind it there are the words of the quotator, introducing the quotation into the text of the phrase:

Pasternak said this well. “There is a psychology of creativity, problems of poetics. Meanwhile, of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly, and there is no need to speculate about it,” he wrote in “Safety Certificate.”

c) do not put any marks if the quotation acts as an addition or as part of a subordinate clause:

Pasternak wrote that “of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly.”

At the end of the phrase after the quotation marks closing the quote:

a) put a period if there are no signs before the closing quotation marks. If the quotation is immediately followed by a link to the source, then the period is moved behind the link:

B. L. Pasternak emphasized: “The most clear, memorable and important thing in art is its emergence, and the best works of the world, telling about the most diverse things, actually tell about their birth” (Pasternak 2000, 207).

Attention! The period is always placed after the closing quotation marks, but not before them. An ellipsis, a question mark and an exclamation mark are placed before the closing quotation marks.

b) put a period if the quotation is not an independent sentence, but acts as part of a subordinate clause (even if there is an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark before the closing quotation marks):

B. L. Pasternak emphasized that “the most clear, memorable and important thing in art is its emergence...”.

c) do not put any marks if the closing quotation marks are preceded by an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, and the quotation enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotations after a colon are like this, separating them from the words of the quoting person preceding them):

The chapter ends with the words: “Farewell philosophy, goodbye youth, goodbye Germany!”

If the phrase does not end with a quotation, then after the quotation a comma is placed (if the quotation is part of an adverbial phrase or completes the first part of a complex sentence) or a dash (if the quotation ends with an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark, and also if, according to the context, it is not possible to separate the subsequent text with a comma need to).

After a poetic quotation, a punctuation mark is placed at the end of the poetic line, which applies to the entire text with the quotation.

Does a quote always start with a capital letter?

The quotation begins with a capital letter in the following cases:

• When the quotator begins a sentence with a quotation, even if the quotation has omitted the initial words and opens with an ellipsis:
  

  “...Of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly, and there is no need to speculate about it,” wrote Pasternak.

• When the quotation comes after the words of the quotator (after a colon) and in the source begins a sentence:
  

  Pasternak wrote: “Meanwhile, of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly, and there is no need to speculate about it.”
  Pasternak wrote: “...of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly, and there is no need to speculate about it.” Pasternak wrote that “... there is no need to speculate about him.”

How can you create an in-text bibliographic reference when citing?

If the cited source is indicated in the bibliography or in the list of references, only the name of the author and the year of publication of the book are indicated at the end of the citation. This design method saves space. For example:

in the text:

“The dictionary of the revolutionary era (historical and cultural reference book) includes words that arose or were characteristic of the era of war and revolution” [Ozhegov 2001, 411].

in the list of references:

Ozhegov 2001- S.I. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the revolutionary era. Historical and cultural reference book (Preliminary sketches). - 1920s // Dictionary and culture of Russian speech: To the 100th anniversary of the birth of S. I. Ozhegov. M.: Indrik, 2001. - 560 p. pp. 410-412.

(Based on the book:
A. E. Milchin, L. K. Cheltsova. Publisher's and Author's Guide. M., 2003.)