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Education of the Old Russian State GBOU school No. 471 of the Vyborg district of St. Petersburg Shimolina T.V. history teacher 2012
1. Show the process of state formation among the Eastern Slavs. 2. Reveal the prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state. 3.Introduce students to internal organization Old Russian state. 4.Give an idea of the Norman and anti-Norman theories of state formation in Rus'. Lesson objectives:
1. State. 2.Prince. 3. Varangians. 4.Norman and anti-Norman theories. 5.polyudye. 6. merchants. 7. The path from the Varangians to the Greeks. New terms:
The state is an organization of life in which there is unified system management of people living in the same territory; relationships between them are regulated on the basis of common laws (or traditions), border protection is carried out; relationships with other states and peoples are regulated in one way or another.
Rus' in the 9th-12th centuries was an early feudal monarchy, which was based on a genealogical principle: the supreme power in the country belonged to the Rurik family (IX-late 12th centuries). Grand Duke traditionally considered the supreme ruler and owner of land in Rus'. But his power was not personal; it was limited to the boyars and the veche. The path of state formation in Rus' was non-synthesis (independent). Old Russian state in the 9th - early 12th centuries
The state of Rus' was created by the Varangians. The word Rus is of Varangian origin. The Slavs were weak to create a state themselves. (the founders of this theory were the German scientists Bayer, Schlozer and Miller). Norman theory of state formation Kievan Rus
1. The word “Rus” is of Russian origin. Not a single Scandinavian chronicle contains any records of the formation of the Russian state by the Normans. In Rus', by the time the Varangians were called, there were already state formations: Kuyaba (Kyiv), Slavia (Novgorod) and Artania (supposed to be on the site of old Ryazan). Lomonosov (anti-Norman) theory of the formation of the state of Kievan Rus
The need to defend against external enemies: the Khazars, the Pechenegs. The need to keep the masses in obedience. Tasks promoting the formation of the Old Russian state
VII century - raids by neighbors, the need to unite tribal alliances - the embryo of statehood (VI-VIII centuries - military democracy). VII_IX century - unification of Slavic tribes into unions and super-unions - development of the institution of tribal system. The formation of two groups of East Slavic tribes: northern (center in Novgorod) and southern (center in Kyiv) is the final stage in the development of tribal political organization. 882 - Oleg's campaign against Kyiv and the unification of two groups of Eastern Slavs into a single state - Kievan Rus. stages of statehood formation in Rus'
Map Ancient Rus'
The path from the Varangians to the Greeks In the 9th century, everything in the life of the Eastern Slavs great value foreign trade began to play a role. People whose main occupation was trade were called merchants. The path from the Varangians to the Greeks: r. Neva-Lake Ladoga-r. Volkhov-lake Ilmen-r. Lovat - dragging to the tributaries of the Dnieper river. Dnieper - Black Sea. The final destination is rich Byzantium.
862 “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order (government) in it. Yes, go (come) reign and rule over us.”
Aldagemor (old Ladoga) The Varangian prince Rurik responded to the invitation of the Slavs. He settled with his squad in the city of Ladoga. So in the north western lands a large association (principality) arose, the center of which would later become the city built by Rurik in 864. New city - Novgorod
Rurik, after the death of the brothers Sineus and Truvor, built a fortress on the site of modern Novgorod. And this was in 864. And in 2009, Veliky Novgorod celebrated 1150 years (according to the first mention of Novgorod in the Nikon Chronicle in 859)
882 Oleg, having gathered a large army, set off on a campaign to the south. Approaching Kyiv, he cunningly lured princes Askold and Dir out of the city and killed them. Oleg declared Kyiv “the mother of Russian cities,” the capital of his lands. As a result of the unification of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - the southern one led by Kiev and the northern one led by Novgorod - a state was formed, called Rus'
Formation of a state association in Kyiv In the first third of the 9th century, the Varangian princes Askold and Dir traveled along the great trade route to the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople. When they went down the Dnieper, they saw a city spread out on three hills. It was Kyiv. They liked the city and stayed to rule there. So in the 9th century in the Dnieper region a second public education with center in Kyiv.
Polyudye From November to April, the Kiev prince and his retinue traveled around the lands under his rule, collecting the prepared tribute
Management system Grand Duke Druzhina (boyars, youths) Princes of tribal unions Druzhina Yaroslav the Wise. Kievan Rus under Yaroslav (1019-1054) reached its peak.
Ruling elite: Prince. Boyars. Junior warriors, clergy. Townspeople Craftsmen, merchants. Rural population: Free: community members (people), semi-dependent: stinkers, purchases, ryadovichi. Dependents: slaves, servants. The main layers of the ancient Russian population
Vladimir Monomakh Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125) and his son Mstislav (1125-1132) were the last princes of the state of a united Kievan Rus.
Monument dedicated to the millennium of Rus' in Novgorod
The state of the Eastern Slavs emerged at the end of the 9th century. The process of state formation was natural; it is the result of changes that took place during inner life East Slavic tribes, accelerated by an external factor - the attack of the Varangians on the northwestern lands and the Khazars on the southern ones. Lesson summary
WWW.yandex.ru. A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the XYI century, 2006. Patriotic Russia in diagrams and tables. Moscow 2010 Sources.
Formation of the Old Russian State Lesson Plan
- 1. Prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state
- 2. The emergence of princely power
- 3. Education government centers
- 4. Formation of the Old Russian state
- STATE - such an organization of life in which there is a unified system of managing people, uniform laws, border protection is carried out, and relationships with other peoples and countries are regulated.
- State formation is a long process. The state arises as a result of decomposition tribal system. The preconditions for the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs occurred over several centuries.
- People appeared who purchased furs, honey, wax from the Slavs and exported them to the markets of Byzantium and Khazaria ( merchants).
- In the 9th century, great importance in the life of the Slavs was trade. The trade route from the Baltic and Northern Europe to Byzantium (“the path from the Varangians to the Greeks”) ran through the lands of the Slavs.
- Trade was very profitable, but also very dangerous. The lower reaches of the Dnieper River were under the control of nomadic people Pechenegs. They robbed those passing by merchant ships, and captured people were sold into slavery.
- Along the trade routes, settlements arose, gradually growing into cities ( Kyiv- near the clearings, Chernigov- among the northerners, Smolensk And Polotsk- among the Krivichi, Novgorod- among the Ilmen Slovenians).
- Merchants traded in the cities, and artisans moved here. The cities subjugated the surrounding territories. People from various tribes settled in the cities. New orders, uniform for all, were established in the cities.
- Historians have different points of view about the emergence of princely power among the Slavs. In the 8th-9th centuries Normans raided European countries. They invaded the northwestern territory of the Eastern Slavs and imposed tribute on the tribes Chud And I'm measuring(Finno-Ugric), as well as Krivichi And Ilmen Slovenes.
- Finno-Ugric tribes called the Normans "routesie", hence the name "ros" or "Rus". The Russes are that part of the Normans who settled in the lands of the Eastern Slavs, gradually mixed with the local population, adopted their language and customs.
- Some Slavic cities, for a small fee, began to invite armed detachments of Russians led by princes for their defense ( kings). among the Slavs. The Slavs called mercenary warriors Varangians. Kings began to be invited to resolve inter-tribal disputes.
- Gradually, the kings turned from leaders of mercenary troops into rulers. Instead of a small fee, they obliged the population to pay them TRIBUTE.
- The chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years” reports that in 862 the Slavs and Finno-Ugrians expelled the Varangians, but discord and clashes began among them, and enemy attacks resumed. Then the representatives of the tribes at the meeting decided to invite the Varangians they knew to reign.
- The prince responded to the invitation Rurik. He arrived with his squad and began to rule in Ladoga and later Novgorod became its capital.
- Vocation Rurik, from which the beginning of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs is traditionally counted, in historiography received the name “Calling of the Varangians.”
- Rurik
- Rurik laid the foundation for the Rurik dynasty, which ruled until the end of the 16th century.
- Notable warriors of Rurik Askold And Dir They set off with their warriors to raid Constantinople, but along the way they stopped at Kyiv and, having captured it, remained to reign there.
- Monument to the founders of Kyiv
- According to legend, Kyiv was founded by three brothers - Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv.
- The glades paid tribute to the Khazars. Askold And Dir cleared the glades from this tribute. Askold took the title of Khakan. The Varangians entered into a fight with the Drevlyans, Pechenegs, and Bulgars.
- Battle of the Varangians with the Khazars
- In the 9th century, two large East Slavic associations emerged, ruled by invited princes. Novgorod in the north and Kyiv in the south.
- Novgorod
- Kyiv
- After death Rurik in 879 his relative became the prince of Novgorod Oleg. In 882, having gathered a large army, he went on a campaign to the south. Along the way, the Krivichi were subjugated. After that, he went down the Dnieper to Kyiv, where Askold and Dir reigned. Oleg lured them to his boats and announced to them:
- “You are not a prince of the family of princes, but I am of the family of princes.” Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg became ruler Kyiv.
- After annexing Kyiv, Oleg subjugated the Drevlyans to his power, and having defeated the Khazars, he annexed the territories of the northerners and Radimichi. A large East Slavic state was formed RUS. Historians call this state Old Russian state or Kievan Rus.
- At the head of Rus' was the Grand Duke of Kyiv. His power rested on the warriors with whom the prince consulted on important matters and divided the tribute and spoils of war.
- All tribes that recognized the power of the Kyiv prince entered into agreements with him agreement and were obliged to pay tribute in furs, bread and others.
- From November to April, the prince and his retinue traveled around the subject lands and collected the prepared tribute. This form of collecting tribute was called POLYUDYA.
- In case of war, all tribes were required to raise militia. Commanded the all-Russian militia voivode. In the cities, all major issues were decided by the veche. Some tribes retained the power of their princes. Local princes were ready to use any opportunity to free themselves from the power of Kyiv.
- Study paragraph 3.
- Learn the first princes and the years of their reign.
- Answer the question. on page 31 (orally)
Old Russian state - Kievan Rus Purpose: To trace the stages of formation ancient Russian state, identify developmental features at each stage. Problem: Is the state of the Slavs the result of a natural stage in the development of Rus', or was it introduced from the outside (by the Varangians)? Practical significance: To form an idea of the role of the state in the life of society - regulation public relations, protecting borders, maintaining order.
The main stages of the formation of ancient Russian statehood Initial stage Mid 9th - end of 10th century. Ruling princes Oleg () Igor () Olga () Svyatoslav () Heyday End of the 10th - first half of the 11th century. Ruling princes Vladimir () Yaroslav () Decline, collapse Second half of the 11th - mid-12th centuries. Ruling princes Vladimir Monomakh ()
The main theories of the formation of the Old Russian state Norman (Bayer, Schletser, Miller) The founders of the Old Russian state are the Normans, whom the Slavs called to their lands to rule them. The name "Rus" is of Scandinavian origin. The Slavs are not capable of creating their own statehood. Anti-Norman (M. Lomonosov) Among the Eastern Slavs there was a process of decomposition of the clan system and the development of feudalism, the formation of statehood before the arrival of the Varangians. The influence of the Scandinavians on the formation of the state is insignificant. The name “Rus” is of Slavic origin.
Adoption of Christianity Reasons: The need to unite tribes. Justification of social inequality. Increasing international authority. Introduction to Byzantine culture. Significance The rapprochement of Slavic and Finnish tribes. Expansion of international relations. Development of writing, painting, architecture. A blow has been struck to tribal customs (blood feud).
Byzantine influence to Rus' after the introduction of Christianity Power The power of the metropolitan extended to all of Rus'. Support of the grand ducal power. Land ownership Churches and monasteries received land ownership. Byzantine customs and laws were established on church lands. Enlightenment The spread of writing, the creation of schools, the emergence of scribes - learned people. Laws and courts The clergy judged the people under them based on the laws of the Greek church.
Rurik Dynasty 962-Rurik's Calling Campaign to Byzantium Oleg Kyiv founded: Kiy, Shchek, Khoriv. 882-Capture of Kyiv (Askold, Dir). Igor War with Byzantium. Collecting tribute during polyudye. 945-Murder of Igor by the Drevlyans. Peace with the Pechenegs 943-Campaign south to the Black Sea and the North Caucasus. Olga conquered the Drevlyans (avenged the death of her husband). 955-Trip to Tsar-Grad. She organized graveyards, introduced lessons (a certain amount of tribute), and administrative units.
I. Glazunov. Prophetic Oleg Died in 912 Prince Igor Died in 944/945 V. Vasnetsov. Varangians (fragment) Calling of the Varangians. According to the Laurentian list of the Tale of Bygone Years, Rus', Chud, Slovenes and Krivichi sent an embassy overseas: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us."
Svyatoslav Conquered the Vyatichi, 967-Campaign on the Danube, 971-War with Byzantium Campaign on the Khazars, on the Dnieper. Founded settlements in Tmutarakan Vladimir “Red Sun” Pagan reform Baptism of Rus'. Construction of temples and churches, spreading literacy. Svyatopolk “The Accursed” War with Yaroslav for the great reign. Murder of brothers Boris and Gleb (canonized).
B. Olshansky Tradition about Svyatoslav Saint Vladimir Died in 1015 The chronicle noted that the prince “fought a lot... did not carry carts or boilers with him, did not cook meat... He did not have a tent, but slept with a saddle in his head...” Svyatoslav was a pagan, he owns the phrase: “We will not disgrace the Russian land, but we will lie down with bones, for the dead have no shame!” Vladimir Svyatoslavich is glorified by the Russian people in epics and nicknamed Vladimir the Red Sun. In 988 the Baptism of Rus' took place. After accepting Christianity, He built many churches (Church of the Virgin Mary in Kyiv, etc.). Under Vladimir the Saint, the minting of gold and silver coins began.
Yaroslav "The Wise" Victory over the Pechenegs. Divided Rus' into fiefs. Conclusion of dynastic marriages. Code of laws "Russian Truth". Founded the Hagia Sophia. Izyaslav Uprising in Kyiv. The end of the 11th century, the beginning of Russian chronicles. Vsevolod Svyatopolk Second half of the 11th century - Founded the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor “The Tale of Bygone Years” Victory over the Polovtsians Congress of Princes in Lyubech.
Slide 1
Slide 2
Get acquainted with various theories about the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs. Find out the prerequisites and stages of the formation of the Old Russian state. Find out the management system of the Old Russian state. Lesson Objectives
Slide 3
“The Tale of Bygone Years” (working with the document) “In the year 6370 (862). They drove the Varangians overseas, and did not give them tribute, and began to control themselves. And there was no truth among them, and generation after generation rose up, and there was strife among them, and they began to fight with themselves. And they said to themselves: “Let’s look for a prince who would rule over us and judge us by right.” And they went overseas to the Varangians, to Rus'. Those Varangians were called Rus, just as others are called Swedes, and others are Normans and Angles, and still others are Gotlanders. That's what these guys were called. The Chud, Slavs, Krivichi and everyone said: “Our land is great and abundant, but there is no order in it. Come reign and rule over us." And three brothers volunteered with their clans, and took all of Rus' with them, and came to the Slavs, and the eldest, Rurik, sat down in Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, on Belozero, and the third, Truvor, in Izborsk. And from those Varangians the Russian land was nicknamed... Two years later, Sineus and his brother Truvor died. And Rurik took possession of all power and began to distribute cities to his husbands - to one Polotsk, to this Rostov, to the other Belo-Ozero... And he had two husbands, not his relatives, but boyars, and they asked to go to Constantinople with their family. And they set off along the Dnieper, and when they sailed past, they saw a small city on the mountain. And they asked: “Whose town is this?” The local residents answered: “There were three brothers: Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv, who built this town and disappeared, and we sit here, their descendants, and pay tribute to the Khazars.” Askold and Dir remained in this city, gathered many Varangians and began to own the land of the glades. Rurik then reigned in Novgorod.”
Slide 4
RURIK (? - d. 879) - Varangian, Novgorod prince (862-879) and the founder of the princely, which later became the royal, Rurik dynasty in the Russian state. The chronicle founder of the statehood of Rus', Rurik, is one of the most mysterious figures in ancient Russian history. Long time he was, as it were, a symbol of Normanism, which denied the organizational abilities of the Slavs. Norman historians considered him the Scandinavian king Rorik, who allegedly managed to establish order in the region of the “wild” Slavic tribes and give them state organization.
Slide 5
According to another version, Rurik is a Slavic generic name associated with a falcon, which in Slavic languages was also called rarog. There are also attempts to prove the legendary status of Rurik.
Slide 6
Theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs Norman Centrist Slavic The Old Russian state was created by the Varangians with the voluntary consent of the Slavs. The Varangians are more educated and organized than the Slavs: they are recognized as representatives of more developed world Foreign princes were indeed invited to Rus' as a “third”, reconciling force. But! The Old Russian state arose as a result of the long independent development of Slavic society. The presence of the Varangians in Rus' and their role in the formation of the Old Russian state are denied. The Varangian origin of the first Russian princes is denied.
Slide 7
Representatives of the main theories of the emergence of the state among the Eastern Slavs (continuation of the table) Norman Centrist Slavic M.V. Lomonosov, B.A. Rybakov A.L. Yurganov, L.A. Katswai and most modern historians G. Bayer, 18th century. G. Milleri A. L. Shlyotser N. M. Karamzin, 19th century CM. Soloviev
Slide 8
Slide 9
Prerequisites and stages of formation of the Old Russian state Eastern Slavs were experiencing the disintegration of the tribal system. The community had already changed and was not tribal, but neighboring. Private property existed. Improvement in land cultivation led to the emergence of surpluses. The beginning of inequality. Tribal nobility (princes and elders) stood out. They surrounded themselves with warriors, i.e. armed force, independent of the will of the people's assembly and capable of forcing the community members to obey. Each Slavic tribe had its own prince. Thus, Slavic society was already approaching the emergence of statehood.
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Prince Oleg (Prophetic Oleg, d. 912) - Varangian, prince of Novgorod (from 879) and Kiev (from 882). Often considered as the founder of the state of Kievan Rus. In Russian chronicles there are two versions of Oleg’s biography. According to the traditional one, set out in the Tale of Bygone Years, he was a relative (tribesman) of Rurik, possibly his brother-in-law (according to the Joachim Chronicle). After Rurik's death in 879, he began to reign in Novgorod, since Rurik's son Igor was still a child.
Slide 13
In 882, Oleg undertook successful campaigns against Smolensk and Lyubech. After that, he went down the Dnieper to Kyiv, where the princes were Rurik’s fellow tribesmen, the Varangians Askold and Dir. Oleg lured them to his boats and, declaring to them: “You are not a prince nor of a princely family, but I am of a princely family,” and, presenting Rurik’s heir, young Igor (“You are not princes and not of a princely family, but I am of a princely family. And this is the son of Rurik") and ordered to kill Askold and Dir. Kyiv seemed to Oleg to be a convenient location, and he moved there with his squad, declaring: “Let Kyiv be the mother of Russian cities.” Thus, he united the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs (northern and southern). For this reason, it is Oleg, and not Rurik, who is sometimes considered the creator of the Old Russian state (Kievan Rus).
Slide 14
Over the next 25 years, Oleg’s activities were associated with the expansion of the state. He subjugated the Drevlyans, Northerners, and Radimichi to Kyiv. The last two tribal unions were tributaries of the Khazar Khaganate. According to legend, Oleg allegedly said: “I am their enemy, but I have no enmity with you. Don’t give to the Khazars, but pay me.” Then Oleg fought with the southernmost East Slavic tribes of the Ulichs and Tivertsi. In 907, Oleg went on a large military campaign to Constantinople (Constantinople). According to the Tale of Bygone Years, 2,000 rooks of 40 warriors each took part in the campaign. Byzantine Emperor Leo the Philosopher gave the order to close the gates of the city and block the harbor with chains, thus giving the Varangians the opportunity to plunder and ruin the suburbs of Constantinople. However, Oleg launched an assault in an unusual way: “And Oleg ordered his soldiers to make wheels and put ships on wheels. And when a fair wind blew, they raised sails in the field and went to the city.” The frightened Greeks offered Oleg peace and tribute. According to the agreement, Oleg received 12 hryvnia for each rowlock, in addition, Constantinople promised to pay tribute to Russian cities. As a sign of victory, Oleg nailed his shield to the gates of Constantinople. The main result of the campaign was the conclusion of a trade agreement that ensured freedom of duty-free trade for Russian merchants.
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Slide 16
In 912, Oleg sent an embassy to Constantinople, which confirmed the “many years” of peace and concluded a new treaty. Compared to the 907 treaty, the mention of duty-free trade disappeared from it. Oleg is referred to in the treaty as the “Grand Duke of Russia.” The authenticity of this agreement is confirmed by a mention from the Byzantine side, and is not subject to doubt by linguistic analysis. According to the PVL version, in the same year, 912, Prince Oleg dies from a snake bite.
Slide 17
The main moments of Oleg's reign Mastered Kyiv by cunning, conquered Smolensk, Lyubech. Ruled Northern Russia after the death of Rurik for 3 years. 3. United two super-unions: Novgorod and Kyiv into one state. 4. Went on campaigns against Constantinople, established peace with Byzantium (907, 911) 5. In Russian-Byzantine treaty 912 Oleg is called the “Russian Grand Duke,” that is, in the documentary source he was not considered a regent under Igor, but a sovereign ruler.
Prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state. How and when does the state appear? Improving the tools of labor Increasing labor productivity and creating surpluses The emergence of inequality and exploitation of some people by others The emergence of classes The formation of the state “This is the Tale of temporary (past) years, where the Russian Land came from
The emergence of princely power among the Eastern Slavs. Some tribes of the Eastern Slavs began to invite people to their place for a small fee armed units Russians led by military leaders - princes. The mercenary warriors began to be called Varangians. They were good sailors and had rich military experience. During the wars they led militias Slavs, passing on to them the wisdom of military art.
1. The word “Rus” is of Russian origin. Not a single Scandinavian chronicle contains any records of the formation of the Russian state by the Normans. In Rus', by the time the Varangians were called, there were already state formations: Kuyaba (Kyiv), Slavia (Novgorod) and Artania (supposed to be on the site of old Ryazan). Lomonosov (anti-Norman) theory of the formation of the state of Kievan Rus
The path from the Varangians to the Greeks In the 9th century, foreign trade began to play an increasingly important role in the life of the Eastern Slavs. People whose main occupation was trade were called merchants. The path from the Varangians to the Greeks: r. Neva-Lake Ladoga-r. Volkhov-lake Ilmen-r. Lovat - dragging to the tributaries of the Dnieper river. Dnieper - Black Sea. The final destination is rich Byzantium.
The calling of the Varangians According to the Tale of Bygone Years (translated by D. S. Likhachev): “In the year 6370 (862 according to modern chronology). ...And they went overseas to the Varangians, to Rus'. Those Varangians were called Rus, just as others are called Swedes, and some Normans and Angles, and still others Gotlanders, and so are these. The Chud, the Slovenians, the Krivichi and all said to the Russians: Our land is great and abundant, but there is no clothing in it. Come reign and rule over us. And three brothers were chosen with their clans, and they took all of Rus' with them and came.
Calling the Varangians to stop internal conflicts representatives of the Slavic and Finnish tribes decided to invite the prince from outside (“And deciding to ourselves: we will look for a prince who would rule over us and rule over us by right”). A number of later sources associate the appearance of the Varangians, their subsequent expulsion and the beginning of inter-tribal strife with death Prince of Novgorod(or mayor) Gostomysl, after whose death a period of anarchy began in the confederation of tribes. According to the same sources, at the intertribal gathering various candidates were proposed “from the Varangians, or from the Polyans, or from the Khazars, or from the Danubians.” According to the account of the Joachim Chronicle, the reliability of which historians question, Gostomysl, before his death, indicated that he should be succeeded by the son of his middle daughter Umila, who was married to the prince of one of the Western Slavic tribes, Gotslav. This son was Rurik. According to the brief and most authoritative summary of the “Tale of Bygone Years,” it was decided to go look for the prince overseas, to the Varangians of Rus'.. The calling of the Varangians. Artist V.M. Vasnetsov
The calling of the Varangians and the eldest, Rurik, sat down in Novgorod, and the other, Sineus, on Beloozero, and the third, Truvor, in Izborsk. And from those Varangians the Russian land was nicknamed. Novgorodians are people from the Varangian family, and before they were Slovenians...” Sineus and Truvor are the legendary brothers of the Varangian Rurik, who was called to reign in Novgorod; two years later, Sineus and Truvor died, and Rurik assumed sole power.. Sineus and Truvor Izborsk, Novgorod, Beloozero
Aldagemor (old Ladoga) The Varangian prince Rurik responded to the invitation of the Slavs. He settled with his squad in the city of Ladoga. So in northwestern lands, a large association (principality) arose, the center of which would later become the New City of Novgorod, built by Rurik in 864. Ladoga
A state entity with a center in Novgorod, Rurik, after the death of the brothers Sineus and Truvor, built a fortress on the site of modern Novgorod. And this happened in 864. And in 2009, Veliky Novgorod celebrated 1150 years (according to the first mention of Novgorod in the Nikon Chronicle in 859).
Prince Oleg In 879, Rurik died in Novgorod and his relative Oleg became the new prince. Prince of Novgorod (from 879) and Kiev (from 882), unifier of Ancient Rus'. Expanded its borders, struck the first blow at Khazar Khaganate, concluded agreements beneficial for Rus' with the Greeks. The legendary commander about whom Pushkin wrote: “Your name is glorified by victory: Your shield is on the gates of Constantinople.” Calling of the Varangians. Artist V.M. Vasnetsov Prince Oleg
State formation with a center in Kyiv In the first third of the 9th century, the Varangian princes Askold and Dir traveled along the great trade route to the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople. When they went down the Dnieper, they saw a city spread out on three hills. It was Kyiv. They liked the city and stayed to rule there. Thus, in the 9th century, a second state formation was formed in the Dnieper region with its center in Kyiv. Ancient Kyiv
Formation of the Old Russian State Oleg, having gathered a large army, set off on a campaign to the south. Along the way, he subjugated the Krivichi. Approaching Kyiv, he cunningly lured princes Askold and Dir out of the city and killed them. Oleg declared Kyiv “the mother of Russian cities,” the capital of his lands. As a result of the unification of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - the southern one, led by Kiev, and the northern one, led by Novgorod - a state was formed, called Rus'. Murder of Askold and Dir
Formation of the Old Russian state All tribes that recognized power Prince of Kyiv, entered into an agreement with him in which they agreed to pay tribute. From November to March, the prince, together with his retinue, traveled around the subject tribes and collected rent. Polyudye
Let's answer the questions: 1. What prerequisites for the creation of the Old Russian state do you know? 2. How did the princely power appear among the Eastern Slavs? 3. Tell us about the formation of state centers among the Eastern Slavs. 4. What was the organization of the Old Russian state?
