When conducting RPS in the natural environment, rescuers often have to perform tasks far from populated areas, spend several days in “field conditions,” and face a variety of extreme situations, which places additional demands on their ability to work in these conditions.

Solid knowledge in various fields and the ability to use them in any conditions are the basis of survival. When going to the PSR, rescuers must, along with tools and protective equipment, have the following set of necessary items that can be useful in any climatic and geographical zone: a signal mirror, with which you can send a distress signal at a distance of up to 30-40 km; hunting matches, a candle or dry fuel tablets for starting a fire or heating a shelter, a whistle for an alarm; a large knife (machete) in a sheath that can be used as a knife; axe; shovel; fort; compass; a piece of thick foil and polyethylene; fishing accessories; signal cartridges; emergency kit of medicines; supply of water and food.

Signaling. Rescuers must know and be able to apply special signals in practice.

Rescuers can use smoke from a fire during the day and bright light at night to indicate their location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, or oily rags into a fire, black smoke will be released, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To obtain white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and raw moss should be thrown into the fire.

To send a signal from the ground to the air vehicle(airplane) you can use a special signal mirror. It is necessary to hold it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the plane, turning the mirror to align the light spot with the sighting hole. If a signal mirror is not available, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. To sight, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.

Signal signal from mirror

At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, or a fire can be used for signaling.

A fire lit on a raft is one of the distress signals.

Good signaling means are brightly colored objects and special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, ground, water, ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.

In some cases, sound signals (scream, shot, knock), signal flares, and smoke bombs can be used.

One of the latest advances in the development of “target designation” is a small rubber balloon with a nylon shell, covered with four luminous colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90m by a nylon rope. The weight of the set is 1.5 kg.

In order to facilitate the search, it is advisable to use the International Code Table of Airborne Ground-to-Air Signals. Its signs can be laid out using available means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie on the ground, snow, ice, or trampled on the snow.

Along with the ability to give signals, rescuers must be able to work and live in field conditions, taking into account meteorological (weather) factors. Weather conditions and forecasts are monitored by special weather services. Weather information is transmitted via communications, in special reports, and plotted on maps using symbols.

In the absence of information about the weather, rescuers must be able to determine and predict it based on local signs. To obtain reliable information, it is advisable to make a weather forecast for several of them simultaneously.

International Ground-to-Air Signal Code Table:
1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury; 2 - Need medications; 3 - Unable to move; 4 - Need food and water; 5 - Weapons and ammunition required; 6 - Map and compass required; 7 - You need a warning lamp with a battery and a radio station; 8 - Specify the direction to follow; 9 - I am moving in this direction; 10 - Let's try to take off; 11 - The ship is seriously damaged; 12 - It is safe to land here; 13 - Fuel and oil required; 14 - Everything is fine; 15 - No or negative; 16 -Yes or positive; 17 - I don’t understand; 18 - Mechanic required; 19 - Operations completed; 20 - Nothing was found, we continue searching; 21 - Information has been received that the aircraft is in this direction; 22 - We found all the people; 23 - We found only a few people; 24 - We are unable to continue, we return to base; 25 - Divided into two groups, each following in the indicated direction.

Signs of persistent good weather

• It is quiet at night, the wind picks up during the day, and subsides in the evening. The direction of the wind near the ground coincides with the direction of movement of the clouds.
• When the sun sets, the dawn is yellow, golden or pink with a greenish tint in the distance. At night, fog accumulates in the lowlands.
• After sunset, dew appears on the grass; with sunrise it disappears. In the mountains, haze covers the peaks.
• Cloudless at night, clouds appear in the morning, increase in size by midday and disappear in the evening.
• Ants do not close the passages in the anthill. Hot during the day, cool in the evening.

Signs of approaching bad weather

• The wind intensifies, becomes more even, blows with equal force both during the day and at night, and suddenly changes direction.
• Cloudiness is increasing. Cumulus clouds do not disappear in the evening, but increase in number.
• Evening and morning dawns are red.
• In the evening it seems warmer than during the day. In the mountains the temperature drops in the morning.
• At night there is no dew or it is very weak.
• Near the ground, fog appears after sunset and dissipates towards sunrise.
• During the day the sky becomes cloudy and whitish.
• The crowns around the Moon are getting smaller.
• The stars twinkle strongly.
• Chickens and sparrows bathe in dust.
• Smoke begins to spread across the ground.

Signs of persistent bad weather

• Light continuous rain.
• There is fog and dew on the ground.
• It is moderately warm both at night and during the day.
• There is dampness in the air day and night, even in the absence of rain.
• Small crowns close to the Moon.
• When stars twinkle, they cast a red or bluish light.
• The ants are closing the passages.
• The bees do not leave the hive.
• The crows scream heart-rendingly.
• Small birds huddle in the middle of the tree crowns.

Signs of the weather changing for the better

• The rain stops or falls intermittently, in the evening a creeping fog appears and dew falls.
• The difference between day and night temperatures increases.
• It's getting sharply cold.
• The air becomes drier.
• The sky at its zenith is clear.
• The crowns around the Moon are increasing.
• The twinkling of stars decreases.
• The evening dawn is yellow.
• Smoke from the chimneys and from the fire rises vertically.
• The bees in the hives are noisy. Swifts and swallows rise high into the sky.
• Mosquitoes swarm.
• The coals in the fire quickly become covered with ash.

Signs of persistent partly cloudy weather

• Predominance of north or northeast wind.
• The wind speed is low. Creeping fog at night.
• Abundant frost on dry grass or tree branches.
• Rainbow pillars on the sides of the sun or a reddish pillar across the solar disk.
• Sunset with a yellowish tint.

Signs of change to cloudy, snowy weather

• Wind direction changes to southeast, then southwest.
• A change in wind from south to north and its intensification means a blizzard.
• Increased cloudiness.
• Light snow begins.
• The frost is weakening.
• Blue spots appear over the forest.
• Dark forests are reflected in low dense clouds.

Signs of persistent cloudy, snowy weather without severe frosts

• Light frost or, with a south-west wind, a thaw.
• As the thaw approaches, the blue spots over the forest intensify.
• Steady southeast or northeast wind.
• The direction of cloud movement does not coincide with the direction of the wind near the ground.
• Light continuous snow.

Signs of a change to frosty weather without precipitation

• The wind moves from the southwest to the west or north-west, and the frost intensifies.
• Cloudiness is decreasing.
• Frost appears on dry grass and trees.
• The blue spots over the forest weaken and soon disappear completely.

The weather demands certain requirements to the organization of a bivouac, temporary housing, everyday life and recreation during multi-day RPS. Taking this into account, rescuers organize a bivouac. It should be located in avalanche- and rockfall-proof areas, close to a source of drinking water, and have a supply of dead wood or firewood. You cannot set up a bivouac in dry beds of mountain rivers, near shallows, in dense bushes, coniferous thickets, near dry, hollow, rotten trees, or in thickets of flowering rhododendron. After removing stones, branches, debris from the site and leveling it, rescuers can begin setting up the tent.

Setting up a tent

Tents differ in design features (frame, frameless), capacity, and material. Despite this, all of them are designed to protect people from cold, rain, wind, dampness, and insects.

The procedure for setting up a tent is as follows:

• unfold the tent;
• stretch and secure the bottom;
• install racks and tighten guy ropes;
• fasten the exit and tighten the roof braces;
• eliminate folds on the roof by tensioning (loosening) the guy wires;
• dig a ditch around the tent 8-10 cm wide and deep to drain water in case of rain.

Dry leaves, grass, ferns, reeds, and moss can be placed under the bottom of the tent. When setting up a tent on snow (ice), empty backpacks, ropes, windbreakers, blankets, and polyurethane foam mats should be placed on the floor.

The pegs are driven at an angle of 45° to the ground to a depth of 20-25 cm. Trees, stones, and ledges can be used to secure the tent. The back wall of the tent should be positioned towards the prevailing winds.

If you don’t have a tent, you can spend the night under a piece of tarpaulin, polyethylene, or build a hut from scrap materials (branches, logs, spruce branches, leaves, reeds). It is installed on a flat and dry place, in a clearing or the edge of a forest.

In winter, the overnight site must be cleared of snow and ice.

In snowy winter conditions, rescuers must be able to arrange shelters in the snow. The simplest of them is a hole dug around a tree, the size of which depends on the number of people. The top of the hole must be covered with branches, dense fabric, and covered with snow for better thermal insulation. You can build a snow cave, a snow dugout, a snow trench. When entering a snow shelter, you should clear your clothing of snow and dirt, and take with you a shovel or knife that can be used to make ventilation holes and passage in the event of a snow collapse.

For cooking, heating, drying clothes, signaling, rescuers use fires of the following types: “hut”, “well” (“log house”), “taiga”, “no-dya”, “fireplace”, “Polynesian”, “star” , "pyramid".

Types of fires: a - “hut”; b - “well”; c - “taiga”; g - “nodya”; d - “fireplace”; e - “Polynesian”; g - “star”; z - “pyramid”.

The “hut” is convenient for quickly making tea and lighting the camp. This fire is very “gluttonous” and burns hot. The “well” (“log house”) is lit if you need to cook food in a large bowl or dry wet clothes. In the “well” the fuel burns more slowly than in the “hut”; a lot of coals are formed, which create high temperature. In the “taiga” you can cook food in several pots at the same time. On one thick log (about 20 cm thick) several thinner dry logs are placed, which are brought together at an angle of 30°, always on the leeward side. The fuel burns for a long time. You can camp for the night near such a fire. “Nodya” is good for cooking, heating during an overnight stay, drying clothes and shoes. Two dry logs up to 3 meters long are placed close to each other, flammable fuel (thin dry twigs, birch bark) is lit in the gap between them, after which a third dry log of the same length and thickness of 20-25 cm is placed on top. To prevent the logs from rolling out, On both sides of them, flyers are driven into the ground. They will simultaneously serve as stands for the stick on which the pots are hung. The “nodya” flares up slowly, but burns with an even flame for several hours.

Any fire must be lit only after careful preparation of the site: collecting dry grass and dead wood, making a hole in the ground, fencing the place where it will be lit with stones. The fuel for the fire is dry wood, grass, reeds, and shrubs. It has been noticed that burning spruce, pine, cedar, chestnut, and larch give off a lot of sparks. Oak, maple, elm, and beech burn calmly.

To quickly light a fire, you need kindling (birch bark, small dry branches and firewood, a piece of rubber, paper, dry fuel). It is tightly packed into a “hut” or “well”. To make the kindling ignite better, place a piece of candle in it or add dry alcohol. Thicker dry branches are placed around the kindling, then thicker firewood. In wet weather or during rain, the fire must be covered with a tarpaulin, backpack, or thick cloth.

Making fire by friction

You can light a fire using matches, a lighter, sunlight and a magnifying glass, friction, flint, or a shot. In the latter case it is necessary:

• open the cartridge and leave only gunpowder in it;
• place dry cotton wool on top of the gunpowder;
• shoot into the ground, while observing safety precautions;
• smoldering cotton wool will ensure further lighting of the fire.

To set up a fire in winter, it is necessary to clear the snow to the ground or build a deck of thick logs on the snow, otherwise the melted snow will extinguish the fire.

To prevent a fire from causing a fire, it should not be lit under low-lying tree branches, near flammable objects, on the leeward side of the bivouac, on peat bogs, near reed and reed thickets, dry grass, moss, in spruce and pine small forests. In these places, fire spreads at high speed and is difficult to extinguish. In order to prevent the spread of fire, the fire must be surrounded by a ditch or stones.

The safe distance from the fire to the tent is 10 meters.

To dry clothes, shoes, and equipment by the fire, they should be hung on poles or ropes located on the leeward side at a sufficient distance from the fire.

A mandatory rule is to extinguish the fire (with water, earth, snow) when leaving the bivouac.

Successful completion of the tasks assigned to them by rescuers is possible only if they restore and maintain high mental and physical performance of the body throughout the entire period of work. The basis for this is a balanced diet. It is important not only the correct ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in food, but also the mandatory presence of vitamins and other biologically active substances in it. A rescuer’s daily diet should include at least 1.5 g of protein per kilogram of his body weight, almost the same amount of fat and 4 times more carbohydrates, as well as about 30-35 g of table salt, vitamins, water, etc.

The average daily requirement of an adult for nutrients is presented in the table.

The average daily requirement of an adult for nutrients (balanced nutrition formula according to A.A. Pokrovsky)

Diet of a rescuer performing work in difficult conditions (energy consumption 4150 kcal)

The energy consumption of the human body at average and above average intensity of loads ranges from 3200 to 4000 kcal per day. Under extreme loads, energy consumption increases to 4600-5000 kcal. The diet should consist of a variety of foods containing all the elements necessary for the body. An example of a balanced diet is presented above.

This list can be supplemented with forest products (mushrooms, berries, fruits of wild trees), hunting, and fishing.

Food consumption is carried out in a set mode, which includes two or three hot meals a day, if possible, every day at the same time. 40% of the daily diet is spent on lunch, 35% on breakfast and 25% on dinner.

To maintain high level To ensure performance, the rescuer must adhere to the optimal drinking water consumption regimen.

Water lost by the body must be replaced, otherwise the process of dehydration begins. Loss of water in the amount of 1-2% of body weight causes a person to become very thirsty; at 3-5% nausea, fever, apathy, fatigue occur; at 10%, irreversible changes appear in the body; at 20% the person dies. The need for water depends on the intensity of work, air temperature and humidity, and human body weight. With relatively limited physical mobility, the need for water ranges from 1.5-2.0 liters per day in areas with moderate temperatures, to 4-6 liters or more per day in deserts and tropics. With high physical and nervous stress, the need for water increases by 2-3 times.

In natural and artificial reservoirs, the water quality often does not meet the requirements for safe use. Therefore, it is advisable to boil it before use. Contaminated or swamp water must be treated with potassium permanganate or special preparations before boiling. Water can also be filtered using depressions in damp soil, thick fabric, or special filters. If the water is oversaturated with salt (sea, salt lakes), then it must be desalinated by evaporation and condensation. Water with a lack of salt (high mountain reservoirs, mountain rivers) can be salted.

When conducting RPS in the natural environment, rescuers may encounter poisonous snakes and blood-sucking insects. The ability to behave in such situations is a professional integral feature of rescuers.

In the CIS, of the 56 species of snakes, cobra, viper, efa, copperhead and all types of vipers are dangerous to humans. The latter are most often found in Russia. You need to be guided by the rule - treat every snake you encounter as if it were poisonous and avoid it.

There are many means to protect against mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects. Creams “Taiga”, “Taboo”, liquid “At a halt”, etc. are quite reliable. Ordinary petroleum jelly mixed with substances containing naphthalene can be successfully used. Good remedy- 10% alcohol solution of dimethyl phthalate. The gauze canopy reliably protects open areas of the body from mosquito bites during sleep. Unfortunately, rescuers often do not attach importance to protection against mosquitoes and forget that these insects are carriers of pathogens of many diseases that are dangerous to human health and life. Every rescuer needs to be able to protect themselves from bites of blood-sucking insects and ticks. Preventive vaccinations against tick-borne encephalitis should be done and renewed in a timely manner.

The most accessible measure of protection against ticks is wearing clothes with tight-fitting cuffs on the arms and legs and a hood, and boots on the legs. You can enhance the protective properties of clothing by impregnating it with repellents. You should periodically inspect the body and if ticks are found, remove them immediately.

Reasons for the duration autonomous existence:

Remoteness of the search and rescue operations area from populated areas;

Disruption or complete absence of radio communications and other types of communication;

Unfavorable geographical, climatic and meteorological conditions in the area where search and rescue operations are carried out;

Availability of food supplies (or lack thereof);

Availability of additional search and rescue forces and equipment in the search and rescue area.

Goals and objectives of survival rescuers

The purpose of training rescuers in survival is to develop in them stable skills to act in various environmental conditions, to develop high moral and business qualities, self-confidence, reliability of rescue equipment and equipment, and the effectiveness of search and rescue support.

The basis of survival is solid knowledge in a variety of fields, from astronomy and medicine to recipes for preparing dishes from caterpillars and tree bark.

Survival techniques are different in each climatic and geographical region. What can and should be done in the taiga is unacceptable in the desert and vice versa.

A person must know how to navigate without a compass, give a distress signal, go to locality, obtain food through gathering, hunting, fishing (including without a gun and the necessary equipment), provide yourself with water, be able to protect yourself from natural disasters, and much more.

Practical development of survival skills is extremely important. You must not only know how to behave in a given situation, but also be able to do it. When the situation becomes threatening, it is too late to start learning. Before trips involving increased risk, it is necessary to conduct several emergency field exercises that are as close as possible to the real situation of future routes. It is necessary to theoretically calculate in advance and, if possible, check almost all possible emergencies.

The main tasks of training rescuers in survival are to provide the necessary volume theoretical knowledge and teach practical skills in:

Orientation in various physical and geographical conditions;

Providing self- and mutual assistance;

Construction of temporary shelters and the use of available means of protection from the effects of adverse environmental factors;

Obtaining food and water;

The use of communications and signaling equipment to bring additional forces and resources into the search and rescue area;

Organization of crossings over water barriers and swamps;

Use of emergency rescue craft;

Preparation of sites for helicopter landing;

Evacuation of victims from the disaster area.

Factors influencing survival

Learning to survive is the main factor that determines the favorable outcome of autonomous existence.

Risk factors

Climate. Unfavorable weather conditions: cold, heat, strong wind, rain, snow can reduce the limit of human survival many times over.

Thirst. Lack of water entails physical and mental suffering, general overheating of the body, rapidly developing thermal and sunstroke, dehydration in the desert means inevitable death.

Hunger. A long-term lack of food depresses a person morally, weakens him physically, and increases the impact of unfavorable environmental factors on the body.

Fear. Reduces the body's resistance to thirst, hunger, and climatic factors, leads to making wrong decisions, provokes panic, and mental breakdowns.

Overwork. Appears as a result of strenuous physical activity, insufficient food supply, difficult climatic and geographical conditions, due to lack of proper rest.

Natural disasters: hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, sandstorms, fires, avalanches, mudflows, floods, thunderstorms.

Diseases. The greatest threat comes from injuries, illnesses associated with exposure to climatic conditions, and poisoning. But we should not forget that in an emergency, any neglected callus or microtrauma can lead to a tragic outcome.

Factors that ensure survival

Will to live. In the event of a short-term external threat, a person acts on a sensory level, obeying the instinct of self-preservation. Bounces off a falling tree, clings to stationary objects as it falls. Long-term survival is another matter. Sooner or later, a critical moment comes when excessive physical and mental stress and the seeming pointlessness of further resistance suppress the will. Passivity and indifference take possession of a person. He is no longer afraid of the possible tragic consequences of ill-conceived overnight stays and risky crossings. He does not believe in the possibility of salvation and therefore dies without fully exhausting his reserves of strength.

Survival based only on the biological laws of self-preservation is short-lived. It is characterized by rapidly developing mental disorders and hysterical behavioral reactions. The desire to survive must be conscious and purposeful. You can call it the will to live. Any skill and knowledge become meaningless if a person resigns himself to fate. Long-term survival is ensured not by the spontaneous desire “I don’t want to die,” but by the set goal - “I must survive!” The desire to survive is not an instinct, but a conscious necessity! Survival tools - various standard and homemade emergency kits and emergency supplies (for example, a survival knife). If you are going on a dangerous journey, you need to complete emergency kits in advance, based on the specific conditions of the trip, terrain, time of year, and number of participants. All items must be tested in practice, checked many times, and duplicated if necessary. General physical training does not require comment. Psychological preparation consists of the sum of such concepts as the psychological balance of each group member, the psychological compatibility of the participants, the similarity of the group, a realistic representation of the conditions of the future route, training trips that are close in loads and climatic-geographical conditions to those actually to come (or better yet, twice their maximum). Of no small importance is the correct organization of rescue work in the group, a clear distribution of responsibilities in travel and emergency modes. Everyone should know what to do in the event of a threatened emergency.

Naturally, the above list does not exhaust all the factors that ensure long-term survival. If you find yourself in an emergency situation, first of all you need to decide what tactics to follow - active (going out to people on your own) or passive (waiting for help). In case of passive survival, when there is absolute confidence that the missing person or group is being searched for, that the rescuers know their location, and if there is a non-transportable victim among you, you need to immediately begin building a capital camp, installing emergency signals around the camp, and providing food on site.

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Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Yakutsk 2014

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "North-Eastern" federal university named after M.K. Ammosova"

Mining Institute

Department of Emergency Protection

COURSE WORK

on the topic: “Basics of survival for rescuers in extreme situations”

Completed by: student gr.PB-11

Dmitriev A.G.

Checked by: Tarskiy V.V.

Introduction

1.4 Special signals

1.6 Organizing a bivouac

1.8 Obtaining food and water

rescuer survival rescue disease

Introduction

Survival is active, expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence. It is for people whose lives are constantly fraught with danger that preliminary preparation, both physical and psychological, is very important. Rescuers must first go through complete process adaptation, as a result of which the body gradually acquires previously absent resistance to certain factors environment. Thus, it becomes possible to “live in conditions previously incompatible with life,” which means complete adaptation to the conditions of polar cold, sultry deserts or lack of oxygen in mountain heights, fresh water in the salt sea. People who have undergone full adaptation have a chance not only to preserve life itself, but also to solve problems that were previously unsolvable.

An extreme situation is an event (or sequence of events) in which a person, through his own preparedness, the use of equipment and equipment, as well as the involvement of additional, pre-prepared resources, has the opportunity to prevent an emergency, and, if necessary, provide assistance to himself and others after an emergency.

1. Actions of rescuers in extreme conditions

1.1 Goals and objectives of survival rescuers

The purpose of training rescuers in survival is to develop in them stable skills to act in various environmental conditions, to develop high moral and business qualities, self-confidence, reliability of rescue equipment and equipment, and the effectiveness of search and rescue support.

The basis of survival is solid knowledge in a variety of fields, from astronomy and medicine to recipes for preparing dishes from caterpillars and tree bark.

Survival techniques are different in each climatic and geographical region. What can and should be done in the taiga is unacceptable in the desert and vice versa.

A person must know how to navigate without a compass, give a distress signal, go to a populated area, obtain food through gathering, hunting, fishing (including without a gun and the necessary equipment), provide himself with water, be able to protect himself from natural disasters, and much more. other.

Practical development of survival skills is extremely important. You must not only know how to behave in a given situation, but also be able to do it. When the situation becomes threatening, it is too late to start learning. Before trips involving increased risk, it is necessary to conduct several emergency field exercises that are as close as possible to the real situation of future routes. It is necessary to theoretically calculate in advance and, if possible, check almost all possible emergencies.

The main tasks of training rescuers in survival are to provide the necessary amount of theoretical knowledge and teach practical skills in:

Orientation in various physical and geographical conditions;

Providing self- and mutual assistance;

Construction of temporary shelters and the use of available means of protection from the effects of adverse environmental factors;

Obtaining food and water;

The use of communications and signaling equipment to bring additional forces and resources into the search and rescue area;

Organization of crossings over water barriers and swamps;

Use of emergency rescue craft;

Preparation of sites for helicopter landing;

Evacuation of victims from the disaster area.

1.2 Factors influencing survival

Learning to survive is the main factor that determines the favorable outcome of autonomous existence.

Risk factors:

1. Climate. Adverse weather conditions: cold, heat, strong wind, rain, snow can reduce the limit of human survival many times over.

2. Thirst. The lack of water entails physical and mental suffering, general overheating of the body, rapidly developing heat and sunstroke, dehydration of the body in the desert - inevitable death.

3. Hunger. A long-term lack of food depresses a person morally, weakens him physically, and increases the impact of unfavorable environmental factors on the body.

4. Fear. Reduces the body's resistance to thirst, hunger, and climatic factors, leads to making wrong decisions, provokes panic, and mental breakdowns.

5. Overwork. Appears as a result of strenuous physical activity, insufficient food supply, difficult climatic and geographical conditions, due to lack of proper rest.

6. Natural disasters: hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, sandstorms, fires, avalanches, mudslides, floods, thunderstorms.

7. Diseases. The greatest threat comes from injuries, illnesses associated with exposure to climatic conditions, and poisoning. But we should not forget that in an emergency, any neglected callus or microtrauma can lead to a tragic outcome.

Factors ensuring survival

Will to live. In the event of a short-term external threat, a person acts on a sensory level, obeying the instinct of self-preservation. Bounces off a falling tree, clings to stationary objects as it falls. Long-term survival is another matter. Sooner or later, a critical moment comes when excessive physical and mental stress and the seeming pointlessness of further resistance suppress the will. Passivity and indifference take possession of a person. He is no longer afraid of the possible tragic consequences of ill-conceived overnight stays and risky crossings. He does not believe in the possibility of salvation and therefore dies without fully exhausting his reserves of strength.

Survival based only on the biological laws of self-preservation is short-lived. It is characterized by rapidly developing mental disorders and hysterical behavioral reactions. The desire to survive must be conscious and purposeful. You can call it the will to live. Any skill and knowledge become meaningless if a person resigns himself to fate. Long-term survival is ensured not by the spontaneous desire “I don’t want to die”, but by the set goal - “I must survive.” The desire to survive is not an instinct, but a conscious necessity. Survival tools - various standard and homemade emergency kits and emergency supplies (for example, a survival knife).

If you are going on a dangerous journey, you need to complete emergency kits in advance, based on the specific conditions of the trip, terrain, time of year, and number of participants. All items must be tested in practice, checked many times, and duplicated if necessary. General physical training does not require comment. Psychological preparation consists of the sum of such concepts as the psychological balance of each group member, the psychological compatibility of the participants, the similarity of the group, a realistic representation of the conditions of the future route, training trips that are close in loads and climatic-geographical conditions to those actually to come (or better yet, twice their maximum).

Of no small importance is the correct organization of rescue work in the group, a clear distribution of responsibilities in travel and emergency modes. Everyone should know what to do in the event of a threatened emergency.

Naturally, the above list does not exhaust all the factors that ensure long-term survival. If you find yourself in an emergency situation, first of all you need to decide what tactics to follow - active (going out to people on your own) or passive (waiting for help). In case of passive survival, when there is absolute confidence that the missing person or group is being searched for, that the rescuers know their location, and if there is a non-transportable victim among you, you need to immediately begin building a capital camp, installing emergency signals around the camp, and providing food on site.

1.3 Life support. Assessing the situation and making an informed decision

How to behave in extreme cases? Let's start with the basics and remember the key word for this situation: “SURVIVAL”:

S - assess the situation, recognize dangers, look for ways out of a hopeless situation.

U - excessive haste is harmful, but make decisions quickly.

R - remember where you are, determine your location.

V - conquer fear and panic, constantly control yourself, be persistent, but if necessary, submit.

I - improvise, be inventive.

V - value your means of existence, recognize the limits of your capabilities.

A - act like local resident, know how to evaluate people.

L - learn to do everything yourself, be independent and independent.

A group of people. First of all, it is necessary to choose an elder, a person who knows and is able to take all the necessary measures aimed at survival. If your group takes the following tips into account, your chances of being rescued and returning home will increase significantly. You should:

· decisions can be made only by the senior group, regardless of the situation;

· follow orders only from the group leader;

· develop a sense of mutual assistance in the group.

All this will help organize the group’s actions so that in the best possible way ensure survival.

First of all, it is necessary to assess the current situation, which in turn consists of an assessment of the factors influencing survival.

1. health status of group members, physical and mental condition;

2. influence of the external environment (air temperature and atmospheric conditions in general, terrain, vegetation, presence and proximity of water sources, etc.).

3. availability of emergency supplies of food, water and emergency equipment.

Provide self- and mutual assistance (if necessary) and draw up an action plan based on specific conditions, which should include:

1. conducting terrain orientation and determining your location;

2. organization of a temporary camp. Choice suitable place for the construction of a shelter taking into account the terrain, vegetation, water sources, etc. Determining the place of food preparation, food storage, placement of latrines, location of signal fires;

3. provision of communications and signaling, preparation of radio equipment, operation and maintenance of them;

4. distribution of responsibilities between group members;

5. establishing duty, tasks of duty officers and determining the order of duty;

6. preparation of visual signaling means;

As a result, an optimal mode of behavior in the current situation should be developed.

1.4 Special signals

Rescuers must know and be able to apply special signals in practice. Rescuers can use fire smoke during the day and bright light at night to indicate their location. If you throw rubber, pieces of insulation, or oily rags into a fire, black smoke will be released, which is clearly visible in cloudy weather. To obtain white smoke, which is clearly visible in clear weather, green leaves, fresh grass, and raw moss should be thrown into the fire.

To send a signal from the ground to an air vehicle (airplane), you can use a special signal mirror (Fig. 1). It is necessary to hold it at a distance of 25-30 cm from the face and look through the sighting hole at the plane; turning the mirror, align the light spot with the sighting hole. If a signal mirror is not available, objects with shiny surfaces can be used. To sight, you need to make a hole in the center of the object. The light beam must be sent along the entire horizon line even in cases where the noise of the aircraft engine is not heard.

Rice. 1 Special signal mirror

At night, the light of a hand-held electric flashlight, a torch, or a fire can be used for signaling.

A fire lit on a raft is one of the distress signals.

Good signaling means are brightly colored objects and special coloring powder (fluorescein, uranine), which are scattered on snow, ground, water, ice when an aircraft (helicopter) approaches.

In some cases, sound signals (scream, shot, knock), signal flares, and smoke bombs can be used.

One of the latest advances in targeting design is a small rubber balloon with a nylon shell, covered with four luminous colors, under which a light bulb flashes at night; the light from it is clearly visible at a distance of 4-5 km. Before launch, the balloon is filled with helium from a small capsule and held at a height of 90 m by a nylon rope. The weight of the set is 1.5 kg.

In order to facilitate the search, it is advisable to use the International Code Table of Airborne Signals “Ground - Air” (Fig. 2). Its signs can be laid out using available means (equipment, clothing, stones, trees), directly by people who must lie on the ground, snow, ice, trampled on the snow.

Rice. 2 International code table of air signals "Ground - Air"

1 - Need a doctor - serious bodily injury;

2 - Need medications;

3 - Unable to move;

4 - Need food and water;

5 - Weapons and ammunition required,

6 - Map and compass required:

7 - You need a warning lamp with a battery and a radio station;

8 - Specify the direction to follow;

9 - I am moving in this direction;

10 - Let's try to take off;

11 - The ship is seriously damaged;

12 - It is safe to land here;

13 - Fuel and oil required;

14 - Everything is fine;

15 - No or negative;

16 - Yes or positive;

17 - I don’t understand;

18 - Mechanic required;

19 - Operations completed;

20 - Nothing was found, we continue searching;

21 - Information has been received that the aircraft is in this direction;

22 - We found all the people;

23 - We found only a few people:

24 - We are unable to continue, we return to base;

25 - Divided into two groups, each following in the indicated direction.

1.5 Determining weather conditions

Along with the ability to give signals, rescuers must be able to work and live in field conditions, taking into account meteorological (weather) factors. Weather conditions and forecasts are monitored by special weather services. Weather information is transmitted via communications, in special reports, and plotted on maps using symbols.

In the absence of information about the weather, rescuers must be able to determine and predict it based on local signs. To obtain reliable information, it is advisable to make a weather forecast for several of them simultaneously.

Signs of persistent good weather :

1. It is quiet at night, the wind increases during the day, and subsides in the evening;

2. The direction of the wind near the ground coincides with the direction of movement of the clouds;

3. When the Sun sets, the dawn is yellow, golden or pink with a greenish tint in the distant space;

4. At night, fog accumulates in the lowlands;

5. After sunset, dew appears on the grass; with sunrise it disappears.

6. In the mountains, haze covers the peaks;

7. Cloudless at night, clouds appear in the morning, increase in size by noon and disappear in the evening;

8. Ants do not close the passages in the anthill;

9. It’s hot during the day, cool in the evening.

Signs of approaching bad weather :

1. The wind intensifies, becomes more even, blows with equal force both during the day and at night, and abruptly changes direction;

2. Cloudiness is increasing. Cumulus clouds do not disappear in the evening, but increase;

3. Evening and morning dawns are red;

4. It seems warmer in the evening than during the day. In the mountains the temperature drops in the morning;

5. At night there is no dew or it is very weak;

6. Fog appears near the ground after sunset, and dissipates towards sunrise;

7. During the day the sky becomes cloudy and whitish;

8. The crowns around the Moon become smaller;

9. The stars twinkle strongly;

10. Chickens and sparrows bathe in dust;

11. Smoke begins to spread across the ground.

Signs of persistent bad weather :

1. Light continuous rain ;

2. There is fog and dew near the ground;

3. It is moderately warm both at night and during the day;

4. There is dampness in the air day and night, even in the absence of rain;

5. Small crowns, close to the Moon;

6. When stars flicker, they cast a red or bluish light;

7. Ants close the passages;

8. Bees do not leave the hive;

9. Crows scream heart-rendingly;

10. Small birds huddle in the middle of the tree crowns.

Signs of the weather changing for the better

1. The rain stops or falls intermittently, in the evening a creeping fog appears and dew falls;

2. The difference between day and night temperatures increases;

3. It gets cold sharply;

4. The air becomes drier;

5. The sky is clear;

6. The crowns around the Moon increase;

7. The twinkling of stars decreases;

8. The evening dawn is yellow;

9. Smoke from the chimneys and from the fire rises vertically;

10. The bees in the hives are noisy. Swifts and swallows rise higher;

11. Mosquitoes swarm;

12. The coals in the fire quickly become covered with ash;

Signs of persistent partly cloudy weather

1. Predominance of north or northeast wind;

2. Wind speed is low;

3. Creeping fog at night;

4. Abundant frost on dry grass or tree branches;

5. Rainbow pillars on the sides of the Sun or a reddish pillar across the solar disk.

6. Sunset with a yellowish tint;

Signs of change to cloudy, snowy weather

1. Wind direction changes to southeast, then southwest;

2. A change in wind from south to north and its intensification - to a blizzard;

3. Increase in cloudiness;

4. Light snow begins;

5. Frost weakens;

6. Blue spots appear over the forest;

7. Dark forests are reflected in low dense clouds.

Signs of persistent cloudy, snowy weather without major frosts

1. Light frost or, with a south-west wind, a thaw;

2. As the thaw approaches, the blue spots over the forest intensify;

3. Steady southeast or northeast wind;

5. Light continuous snow;

Signs of a change to frosty weather without precipitation

1. The wind moves from the southwest to the west or north-west, the frost intensifies;

2. Cloudiness decreases;

3. Frost appears on dry grass and trees;

4. The blue spots over the forest weaken and soon disappear completely.

1.6 Organizing a bivouac

The weather places certain demands on the organization of a bivouac, temporary housing, life and recreation during multi-day search and rescue operations. Taking this into account, rescuers organize a bivouac. It should be located in avalanche- and rockfall-proof areas, close to a source of drinking water, and have a supply of dead wood or firewood. You cannot set up a bivouac in dry beds of mountain rivers, near shallows, in dense bushes, coniferous thickets, near dry, hollow, rotten trees, or in thickets of flowering rhododendron. After removing stones, branches, debris from the site and leveling it, rescuers can begin setting up the tent. (Fig. 3)

Tents differ in design features, capacity, and material. Despite this, all of them are designed to protect people from cold, rain, wind, dampness, and insects.

The procedure for setting up a tent is as follows:

1. unfold the tent;

2. stretch and secure the bottom;

3. install the racks and tighten the guy wires;

4. fasten the exit and tighten the roof braces;

5. eliminate folds on the roof by tensioning (loosening) the guy wires;

6. dig a ditch around the tent 8-10 cm wide and deep to drain water in case of rain.

Dry leaves, grass, ferns, reeds, and moss can be placed under the bottom of the tent. When setting up a tent on snow (ice), empty backpacks, ropes, windbreakers, blankets, and foam rubber should be placed on the floor.

The pegs are driven at an angle of 45° to the ground to a depth of 20-25 cm. Trees, stones, and ledges can be used to secure the tent. The back wall of the tent should be positioned towards the prevailing winds.

If you don’t have a tent, you can spend the night under a piece of tarpaulin, polyethylene, or build a hut from scrap materials (branches, logs, spruce branches, leaves, reeds). It is installed on a flat and dry place, in a clearing or the edge of a forest.

Rice. 3 Options for installing tents

In snowy winter conditions, rescuers must be able to arrange shelters in the snow. The simplest of them is a hole dug around a tree, the size of which depends on the number of people. The top of the hole must be covered with branches, dense fabric, and covered with snow for better thermal insulation. You can build a snow cave, a snow dugout, a snow trench. When entering a snow shelter, you should clear your clothing of snow and dirt, and take with you a shovel or knife that can be used to make ventilation holes and passage in the event of a snow collapse.

1.7 Using a fire as a means of escape

For cooking, heating, drying clothes, signaling, rescuers use fires of the following types: “hut”, “well” (“log house”), “taiga”, “Nodya”, “fireplace”, “Polynesian”, “star”, “ pyramid".

The “hut” is convenient for quickly making tea and lighting the camp. This fire is very “gluttonous” and burns hot.

The “well” (“log house”) is lit if you need to cook food in a large bowl or dry wet clothes.

In the “well” the fuel burns more slowly than in the “hut”; A lot of coals are formed, which create high temperatures.

In the “taiga” you can cook food in several pots at the same time. On one thick log (about 20 cm thick) place several thinner dry logs, which are brought together at an angle of 30°. necessarily on the leeward side. The fuel burns for a long time. You can camp for the night near such a fire.

“Nodya” is good for cooking food, heating during an overnight stay, drying clothes and shoes. Two dry logs up to 3 m long are placed close to each other, flammable fuel (thin dry twigs, birch bark) is lit in the gap between them, after which a third dry log of the same length and thickness of 20-25 cm is placed on top. To prevent the logs from rolling out, with On two sides of them, flyers are driven into the ground. They will simultaneously serve as stands for the stick on which the pots are hung. The “nodya” flares up slowly, but burns with an even flame for several hours. Any fire must be lit only after careful preparation of the site: collecting dry grass and dead wood, making a hole in the ground, fencing the place where it will be lit with stones. The fuel for the fire is dry wood, grass, reeds, and shrubs. It has been noticed that burning spruce, pine, cedar, chestnut, and larch produce a lot of sparks. Oak, maple, elm, and beech burn calmly.

To quickly light a fire, you need kindling (birch bark, small dry branches and firewood, a piece of rubber, paper, dry fuel). It is tightly packed into a “hut” or “well”. To make the kindling ignite better, place a piece of candle in it or add dry alcohol. Thicker dry branches are placed around the kindling, then thicker firewood.

In wet weather or during rain, the fire must be covered with a tarpaulin, backpack, or thick cloth. You can light a fire using matches, a lighter, sunlight and a magnifying glass, friction, flint, or a shot. In the latter case it is necessary:

1. open the cartridge and leave only gunpowder in it;

2. Place dry cotton wool on top of the gunpowder;

3. shoot into the ground, while observing safety precautions;

4. Smoldering cotton wool will light the fire.

To set up a fire in winter, it is necessary to clear the snow to the ground or build a deck of thick logs on the snow, otherwise the melted snow will extinguish the fire.

To prevent a fire from causing a fire, it should not be lit under low-lying tree branches, near flammable objects, on the leeward side of the bivouac, on peat bogs, near reed and reed thickets, dry grass, moss, in spruce and pine small forests. In these places, fire spreads at high speed and is difficult to extinguish.

In order to prevent the spread of fire, the fire must be surrounded by a ditch or stones. The safe distance from the fire to the tent is 10m. To dry clothes, shoes, and equipment by the fire, they should be hung on poles or ropes located on the leeward side at a sufficient distance from the fire. A mandatory rule is to extinguish the fire (with water, earth, snow) when leaving the bivouac.

1.8 Obtaining food and water

A person who finds himself in conditions of autonomous existence must take the most energetic measures to provide himself with food by collecting edible wild plants, fishing, hunting, i.e. use everything that nature provides.

Over 2000 plants grow on the territory of our country, partially or completely edible.

When collecting plant gifts, you must be careful. About 2% of plants can cause severe and even fatal poisoning. To prevent poisoning, it is necessary to distinguish between such poisonous plants as crow's eye, wolf's bast, poisonous weed (hemlock), henbane, etc. Food poisoning is caused by toxic substances contained in some mushrooms: toadstool, fly agaric, false honey fungus, false chanterelle, etc. .

It is better to refrain from eating unfamiliar plants, berries, and mushrooms. If you are forced to use them for food, it is recommended to eat no more than 1 - 2 g of food mass at a time, washing it down if possible a large number water (plant poison contained in this proportion will not cause serious harm to the body). Wait 1-2 hours. If there are no signs of poisoning (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, intestinal disorders), you can eat an additional 10 - 15 g. After a day, you can eat without restrictions.

An indirect sign of the edibility of a plant can be: fruits pecked by birds; a lot of seeds, scraps of peel at the foot of fruit trees; bird droppings on branches, trunks; plants gnawed by animals; fruits found in nests and burrows. Unfamiliar fruits, bulbs, tubers, etc. it is advisable to boil it. Cooking destroys many organic poisons.

In conditions of autonomous existence, fishing is perhaps the most affordable way to provide yourself with food. Fish has greater energy value than plant fruits and is less labor intensive than hunting.

Fishing tackle can be made from available materials: fishing line - from loose shoe laces, thread pulled out of clothes, unbraided rope, hooks - from pins, earrings, pins from badges, “invisibility”, and spinners - from metal and mother-of-pearl buttons, coins and etc.

It is permissible to eat fish meat raw, but it is better to cut it into narrow strips and dry them in the sun, so it will become tastier and last longer. To avoid fish poisoning, certain rules must be followed. You should not eat fish covered with thorns, spines, sharp growths, skin ulcers, fish that are not covered with scales, lack lateral fins, have an unusual appearance and bright color, hemorrhages and tumors of internal organs. You cannot eat stale fish - with gills covered with mucus, with sunken eyes, flabby skin, with an unpleasant odor, with dirty and easily separated scales, with meat that easily separates from the bones and especially from the spine. It is better not to eat unfamiliar and questionable fish. You should also not eat fish caviar, milt, or liver, because... they are often poisonous.

Hunting is the most preferable and the only way to provide food in winter. But unlike fishing, hunting requires a person to have sufficient skill, skill, and a lot of labor.

Small animals and birds are relatively easy to catch. To do this, you can use traps, snares, loops and other devices.

The obtained animal meat and birds are roasted on a primitive spit. Small animals and birds are roasted on a spit without removing the skin or plucking. After cooking, the charred skin is removed and the insides of the carcass are cleaned. After gutting and cleaning, it is advisable to roast the meat of larger game over high heat, and then finish frying it over coals.

Rivers, lakes, streams, swamps, and accumulation of water in certain areas of the soil provide people with the necessary amount of liquid for drinking and cooking.

Water from springs and springs, mountain and forest rivers and streams can be drunk raw. But before you quench your thirst with water from stagnant or low-flowing reservoirs, it must be cleaned of impurities and disinfected. For cleaning, it is easy to make the simplest filters from several layers of fabric or from an empty tin can, punching 3-4 small holes in the bottom and then filling it with sand. You can dig a shallow hole half a meter from the edge of the reservoir, and after a while it will be filled with clean, clear water.

The most reliable way to disinfect water is boiling. If there is no vessel for boiling, a primitive box made from a piece of birch bark will do, provided that the flame touches only the part filled with water. You can boil water by lowering heated stones into a birch bark box with wooden tongs.

1.9 Prevention and treatment of diseases

In conditions of autonomous existence, when a wide variety of injuries, bruises, burns, poisoning, diseases, etc. are possible, knowledge of self-help techniques is especially necessary, because you have to rely on your own strength.

To protect against mosquitoes and midges, it is necessary to lubricate exposed areas of the body with a thin layer of clay. Smoking fires are widely used to repel insects. To drive insects out of a hut before going to bed, burning coals are placed on a thick piece of bark and covered with damp moss on top. The smoker is brought into the shelter, kept there until it is filled with smoke, and then it is well ventilated and the entrance is tightly closed. At night, the smoker is left at the entrance on the leeward side so that the smoke, repelling insects, does not penetrate into the shelter.

During crossings, care must be taken not to step on the snake. If you unexpectedly encounter a snake, you must stop, let it crawl away and not chase it. If the snake shows aggressiveness, immediately deal a strong blow to the head and then finish it off. When bitten by a poisonous snake, you must carefully suck out the poison (if there are no cracks in your mouth or lips) and spit it out. Wash the wound and apply a bandage.

Some plants should be widely used in the treatment of diseases.

Ash bark has an anti-inflammatory effect. To do this, remove the bark from a branch that is not very young, but also not very old, and apply the juicy side to the wound. Fresh crushed nettle leaves help a lot. They promote blood clotting and stimulate tissue healing. For the same purposes, the wound can be sprinkled with greenish-brown pollen of a mature puffball mushroom, tightly clamping the cut with the velvety skin of the same mushroom turned inside out.

Fireweed fluff, reeds, flax and hemp tow can be used as cotton wool.

The burning reddish juice of lungwort can replace iodine. And white moss is used as a dressing with a disinfectant effect. Fresh juice of plantain and wormwood stops bleeding and disinfects wounds, has an analgesic and healing effect. This remedy is also indispensable for severe bruises, sprains, as well as for wasp and bumblebee bites. Plantain and wormwood leaves are crushed and applied to the wound.

List of used literature

1. Accidents and disasters. M., Publishing House of the Association of Construction Universities, 1998.

2. Military topography. M., Voenizdat, 1980.

3. Survival. Mn., “Lazurak”, 1996.

4. Disasters and people. M., Publishing House AST-LTD, 1997.

5. First aid for injuries and other life-threatening situations. St. Petersburg, DNA Publishing House LLC, 2001.

6. Search and rescue operations. M., Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, 2000.

7. Self-rescue without equipment. M., “Russian Journal”, 2000.

8. Tutorial“Fundamentals of military topography” Svetlaya Roshcha, IPKM EMERCOM of the Republic of Belarus, 2001.

9. http://www.geoenv.ru/science/osipov_paper/osipov_paper-rus.htm.

10. http://www.ecosafe.nw.ru/Danger/mainDang.htm.

11. www.bgd-ru.ru.

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Life safety

Survival Basics

Prepared

Aniskovich I.I.

Gomel 2009

Basic Survival Concepts

Human life has always been fraught with danger. It is no coincidence that our distant ancestors, taking their first steps along the path of evolution, learned to use stone not only as a tool, but also as a weapon.

The struggle for existence forced people to cling to life by hook or by crook, to adapt to any adversity, no matter how difficult they were, to boldly go towards dangers. The desire to achieve the seemingly impossible, which permeates the entire history of mankind, helps to understand the incredible efforts made by people in various parts of the world in order to adapt to harsh conditions. natural conditions. Man has always had the ability to adapt to the natural and artificial environment - from primitive hunters who went out to hunt animals with a stone ax in their hands, to space travelers of the second half of our century, who spent a long time in a state of weightlessness, mobilizing all their physical and mental capabilities. Survival is active, expedient actions aimed at preserving life, health and performance in conditions of autonomous existence. It is for people whose lives are constantly fraught with danger that preliminary preparation, both physical and psychological, is very important. Rescuers, military personnel of many branches of the military, tourists going on long routes, many scientists and researchers must first undergo a complete adaptation process, as a result of which the body gradually acquires previously absent resistance to certain environmental factors and, thus, gets the opportunity to “live in conditions previously incompatible with life,” which means complete adaptation to the conditions of polar cold, sultry deserts or lack of oxygen at mountain heights, fresh water in the salt sea. People who have undergone full adaptation have a chance not only to preserve life itself, but also to solve problems that were previously unsolvable.

The adaptation process is very complex and multi-stage. At its first stage, the stage of adaptation to any new factor, the body is close to the maximum of its capabilities, but it does not solve the problem that has arisen completely. However, after some time, if the person (or animal) does not die, and the factor requiring adaptation continues to operate, the capabilities of the living system increase - the extreme, or urgent, stage of the process is replaced by the stage of effective and sustainable adaptation. This transformation is the key link in the entire process, and its consequences are often astounding. Extreme conditions are an event (or sequence of events) in which a person, through his own preparedness, the use of equipment and equipment, as well as the involvement of additional, pre-prepared resources, has the opportunity to prevent an emergency, and, if necessary, provide assistance to himself and others after an emergency. An extreme situation is an event outside of personal human experience, when a person is forced to act (or fail to act) in the complete absence of equipment, equipment and initial training . (Basic information about ways to overcome emergency situations cannot be formalized in principle, based on the very definition of an extreme situation). Most people and animals placed in extreme situations from which there is no way out do not die, but acquire one or another degree of adaptation to them and preserve their lives until better times. Such stressful situations - long periods of hunger, cold, natural disasters, interspecific and intraspecific conflicts - are always widely represented in the natural habitat of animals. In the social environment of a person, the same scheme operates. During a relatively short period of its history, humanity went through periods of slavery, serfdom, world wars, but did not degrade, demonstrating high efficiency in adaptation to extreme situations. Of course, the cost of such adaptation is unjustifiably high, but these indisputable facts inevitably lead to the conclusion that the body must have fairly effective specialized mechanisms that limit the stress response and prevent stress damage and, most importantly, allow one to preserve life and health. In general, all this corresponds to the well-known everyday observation - people who have gone through severe life trials acquire a certain resistance to damaging environmental factors, i.e. resilient in any extreme situation. Imagine that a miracle happened, and today’s man suddenly found himself in the primitive conditions of human existence. Making his way along the wet walls of the cave, to the ringing chatter of his own teeth, our hero remembers the fire with unexpected joy. Just what to chop wood with? Well, okay, you can break the branches. He habitually hits himself in the pocket. Oh, horror, there are no matches! At first, our time traveler does not realize the full depth of the catastrophe that has befallen him. But after a minute he breaks out in a cold sweat. He can’t imagine how to make a fire without matches! Feverish attempts to make fire by rubbing wooden sticks against each other and striking sparks lead nowhere - the kindling stubbornly refuses to flare up. Then, with inexorable consistency, it becomes clear that a representative of our time cannot hunt without a gun, fish without fishing lines and hooks, cannot build even the most primitive shelter, and has no idea how to protect his mortal body from hundreds of dangers lurking on all sides. Looking around hauntedly, he rushes through the ancient forest, occasionally pouncing on berries that do not satisfy him at all. Our contemporary is doomed. He will have to survive in conditions of autonomous existence. Autonomous existence is the activity of a person (a group of people) without outside assistance. The only chance to prolong its existence is to turn to the local aborigines for help. There's nothing you can do about it! And then he meets the real masters of that era: the genius of getting food, the genius of making fire. With enormous effort, starting from the very basics, the unlucky traveler comprehends the science of “survival,” barely catching up to the level of development primitive man. There is nothing exaggerated in this fantasy. Even astronauts, before taking their place in spaceship, travel hundreds of kilometers along survival paths - forest wilds, hot desert sands. Modern man, and even more so a professional rescuer, regardless of the planned actions and route of movement in earthly and unearthly space, timing and geographical location, must be ready to act in an emergency, without communication with outside world when you can only rely on yourself. For a person who finds himself in an extreme situation due to unforeseen circumstances, such as an airplane crash, a shipwreck, military personnel, or lost tourists, survival is mainly a psychological issue, with the most important factor in this case being the desire to survive. Regardless of whether a person is left alone or as part of a group, emotional factors may manifest themselves - experiences due to fear, despair, loneliness and boredom. In addition to these mental factors, the desire to survive is influenced by injuries, pain, fatigue, hunger and thirst. How long will a person in trouble have to live autonomously in extreme conditions? This depends on a number of reasons determining the duration of autonomous existence.

Reasons determining the duration of autonomous existence:

Remoteness of the search and rescue operations area from populated areas;

Disruption or complete absence of radio communications and other types of communication;

Unfavorable geographical, climatic and meteorological conditions in the area where search and rescue operations are carried out;

Availability of food supplies (or lack thereof);

Availability of additional search and rescue forces and equipment in the search and rescue area.

Goals and objectives of survival rescuers

The purpose of training rescuers in survival is to develop in them stable skills to act in various environmental conditions, to develop high moral and business qualities, self-confidence, reliability of rescue equipment and equipment, and the effectiveness of search and rescue support.

The basis of survival is solid knowledge in a variety of fields, from astronomy and medicine to recipes for preparing dishes from caterpillars and tree bark.

Survival techniques are different in each climatic and geographical region. What can and should be done in the taiga is unacceptable in the desert and vice versa.

A person must know how to navigate without a compass, give a distress signal, go to a populated area, obtain food through gathering, hunting, fishing (including without a gun and the necessary equipment), provide himself with water, be able to protect himself from natural disasters, and much more. other.

Practical development of survival skills is extremely important. You must not only know how to behave in a given situation, but also be able to do it. When the situation becomes threatening, it is too late to start learning. Before trips involving increased risk, it is necessary to conduct several emergency field exercises that are as close as possible to the real situation of future routes. It is necessary to theoretically calculate in advance and, if possible, check almost all possible emergencies.

The human species has settled in almost every corner of the Earth. Even in areas too inhospitable to provide permanent habitation, mankind has found ways to exploit their resources, either by hunting or by obtaining what they need directly from the land, and often employ their methods of exploiting nature simply for the pleasure of employing them.

Almost everywhere in nature there is what is necessary for survival. In some places food is abundant, in others food resources are very scarce and it will take common sense, knowledge and ingenuity to take advantage of the available opportunities. But even more important is the will to live. Men and women have proven that they can survive in the most hostile environments, but they have done so only through their determination to win - without this, all knowledge will do little if you find yourself in a difficult situation.

Survival is the art of staying alive. All pieces of equipment that you have should be considered only as a head start, which may not exist. You must know how to take everything possible from nature and use it one hundred percent, how to attract attention to yourself so that rescuers can find you, how to move through unfamiliar territory towards civilization (if there is no hope of rescue from the outside) without a map and compass. You must know how to keep good physical fitness or to heal yourself and others if you are sick or injured. You must be able to maintain a strong morale both in yourself and in others who share with you the adversity of the situation.

But survival methods are relevant not only in extreme situations of a disaster on the top of a mountain, a shipwreck in the tropics or in the middle of the desert. Every time you wear a seat belt in your car, you increase your chances of survival. Whether you look around when crossing the street or make sure your fireplace is functioning properly before going to bed, you instinctively use survival techniques. It is this mindset that you must develop along with skills and abilities.

The basic elements of survival are food, fire, shelter, water, location and medicine. The abbreviation is used to determine their priority. Regardless of where on Earth we are, the priority does not change - be it in the Arctic, in the desert, in the jungle, in the open ocean or on the shore.

P — patronage (protection)

You must ensure that you are protected from possible subsequent hazards, i.e. aftershocks with landslides, forest fire or fuel explosion. Always remain at the scene for as long as is safe and then protect yourself from the elements. This means setting up shelter and often lighting a fire. There are several reasons why you should not leave the scene of an accident.

• You can use the wreckage to create shelter, alarms, etc.
• The place itself is a big “sign”, a “signal” that is easier to detect.
• There may be wounded people who cannot be moved.
• By staying in place, you conserve strength.
• If you are registered somewhere (at a hotel, at work at a business trip, etc.) and remain on the established route, then minimal time will be required for rescue.

L — localization (location determination)

The next step after creating a shelter or shelter is to set up signals that localize your location. You must draw attention to your location. Do this as quickly as possible to help your rescuers.

A — adaptation (search for food and water)

While waiting for help, look for water and food to replenish your emergency supplies.

N — navigation (route selection)

Good navigation—figuring out where you're going in the right direction—can get you out of a dangerous situation. But if you are limited in this, stay where you are.

Medicine

You must become your own doctor and constantly monitor your condition. Treat scratches, calluses, and blisters immediately, without allowing them to become infected or inflamed. Monitor the condition of your comrades and solve problems as they arise. If they are limping, lagging behind, or acting strangely, stop and take immediate action.