“Knight's castle in the Middle Ages” - The dwelling of the owner of the castle. Knight. Donjon. Code of Knightly Honor. Lock. Feudal lord. Tournament. Establishment of feudal society. Coat of arms. Spear. Let's work with the textbook. Chain mail. The dwelling of a feudal lord. Feudal lords. In the knight's castle.
"Chivalry" - Customs and morals. Horse warrior. Lock. Coat of arms. Chivalry. Origins of medieval chivalry. Components of the coat of arms. Courtliness. Knighting ceremony. Friedrich Nietzsche. Chain mail. Stages of becoming a knight. Knight's coats of arms.
“The Times of Knights” - New gods appeared, the old ones were forgotten. Polytheism, or polytheism, gave way to monotheism-monotheism. The Middle Ages were a time of knights and castles. Knighting. Middle Ages. Knightly Orders. The emergence of Chivalry. Chivalry. Sailors discovered America and Australia. Tournaments. And at the same time, massive buildings rooted in the ground are being built nearby. It seems that the huge cathedral is weightless. Many cities were formed: Berlin, Amsterdam, Moscow, which still exist today.
“Castles” - Usually a castle was built on a hill or high rock. Only after long service were those who distinguished themselves knighted. Knight tournament. Knight equipment. Knight's code of honor. At first, castles were built from wood, and then they began to be built from stone. A drawbridge was often thrown across the moat. Tournaments were organized by kings and noble feudal lords. In the knight's castle. Interior of the castle. A knight is a mounted warrior.
"Knights and castles in the Middle Ages" - Middle Ages. Giotto statue. The rise of wall painting. Knight tournament. Branle. Portrait of Johannes Gutenberg. Portrait of Giotto. Printing press. Esau before Isaac. Miniature. B. Thorvaldsen.
“Medieval Knights and Castles” - To get to the castle, you had to cross a suspension bridge. The knights covered 24 km on day 3. Crosses made of red material were sewn onto the clothes of the participants in the campaigns. The blades of these weapons. Chain mail is a shirt made of iron rings. Knightly virtues. Our king Charles, the great emperor. The castle was built from wood, and later from stone. Armor. The dwelling of the feudal lord and his fortress. Weapon. The main part of the medieval castle was the central tower.
THE WORD “KNIGHT” ORIGINALLY MEANT “HORSEMAN.” Knights could only be people of “noble” origin, rich enough to purchase a horse and weapons - a sword, shield, armor. Knights served in the army of the king or other noble people, owners of large land holdings - dukes, counts, barons. In order to become a real warrior knight, it took a lot of time and effort. Knights prepared for military service from childhood. At the age of seven, boys left their parents' home and became pages (personal servants) of noble feudal lords (landowners) or the king. There they learned fencing, wrestling, horse riding, javelin throwing, singing and dancing. The ability to read and write was not considered mandatory for a knight.
WHEN THE YOUNG TURNED 15 YEARS OLD, HE ENTERED THE SERVICE OF A KNIGHT AND BECAME A Squire. His duties included caring for the knight's horses and dogs. He greeted guests and served them at table. During the campaign, the squire carried the armor (equipment) of the knight, and during the battle he had to be behind the knight in order to give him a spare weapon at the right time. And only after several years of service, squires who distinguished themselves in battle were knighted. This usually happened on a holiday, in the presence of other knights, squires and, of course, beautiful ladies.
And so that their military art would not be dulled in peacetime, the knights participated in specially organized military competitions, which were called tournaments. At the tournament, two knights rode towards each other on horseback and, striking with long spears, tried to knock the enemy out of the saddle.
Knights lived in castles. A castle is a palace and fortress of a feudal lord. Castles in Europe, the Middle East, the Caucasus, and Central Asia were built in well-protected places: the main tower was surrounded by ramparts, ditches, and walls. Severe, powerful castles from the 11th – 12th centuries. became more picturesque, free in layout, from the 13th – 14th centuries. turn into complex complexes of buildings, and, finally, into palace ensembles.
The castles of the nobility were not very comfortable homes. They were damp, cold, and drafty. The first castles did not have glass in the windows or running water. The premises were illuminated with torches made from tree branches or bundles of reeds. Kings and nobles built castles for themselves to protect themselves from enemies.
The main reason for the construction of castles was the feudal system itself. Possessive sovereigns reigned over the lands that belonged to them and controlled the destinies of the people living on them. In an effort to increase the size of their possessions and strengthen their power, feudal lords often attacked the territory of their near or distant neighbor. And of course, the neighbors were not in debt either. That is why the gentlemen had to turn their houses into impregnable fortresses. This is how castles arose.
The double walls of this fortress were 6 meters thick, and even thicker at the corners. In the center of the castle there is a huge hall two floors high. Light enters here only through several small windows located high under the ceiling. Bird's eye view of the castle
ARCHITECTS, WHEN STARTING THE CONSTRUCTION OF CASTLES, ALWAYS, FOR MILITARY PURPOSES, INITIALLY PROVIDED FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF NARROW AND SMALL WINDOWS, THROUGH SUCH WINDOWS WARRIORS COULD HIT THE ENEMY, WHILE REMAINING SAFE. THIS IS WHAT HEDDINGHAM CASTLE LOOKS LIKE TODAY.
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Presentation on the world around us in 4th grade, primary school teacher of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 11 Zelenova Elena Valentinovna Nizhny Novgorod 2011
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Knight (German Ritter, originally horseman) is a medieval noble honorary title in Europe. The main virtues were considered loyalty to the lord, courage, protection of the offended and weak, respect for the enemy and generosity. The motto of all knights is: “God, woman and king.”
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A young man of a noble family, before becoming a knight, for some time performed the duties of a squire at the court of a lord. The Knight worships the Beautiful Lady. Medieval miniature.
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When he came of age, the young man received a sword as a symbol of his new position. The ceremony of presenting the sword ended with the lord striking the back of the young man's head with his fist, which was very honorable. In addition to the sword, the initiate received a shell, helmet, and spear. It was necessary that the new knight, immediately after the end of the ceremony, jump on his horse and show everyone present his dexterity and courage.
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The knight had to selflessly serve the Church, protect orphans and the poor, and be a valiant warrior. The patron saint of chivalry was considered the holy Archangel Michael, the slayer of the dragon and the leader of the angelic army surrounding the throne of the Lord. In their activities, the knights saw the embodiment of the principles of Christian chivalry. They sought to create the image of an ideal knight - an honest and pious warrior of Christ. “It is great happiness to die in God, but happier is he who dies for God!” they said about them.
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The exercises of the knights in peacetime gradually turned into ceremonial events with complex rules. The tournament could have been organized by the king or any sufficiently rich and noble feudal lord. Rivals, dressed in the colors of their clan or their lady, with a coat of arms and a motto on the shield, had to knock each other out of the saddle, strictly observing the rules. On the first day of the tournament, single combats were held, when everyone could choose an opponent and challenge him to battle, then a battle between two squads took place. The winner received a reward from the hands of the tournament organizers or the lady he had chosen.
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Troubadours, trouvères, minnesingers - these were the names in different countries of the poets of chivalric times who devoted themselves to singing the praises of beautiful ladies and the exploits of noble warriors. Without them it is impossible to imagine the life of medieval society.
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Each knight had the right to initiate any person into knighthood with a blow of the sword flat on the shoulder, but they tried to carry out the initiation rite - acolada - with great solemnity and according to the established ritual. Before initiation, the future knight had to bathe, put on a white shirt, beautiful clothes, golden spurs, one of the oldest knights girded him with a sword, which was the main part of the ritual. After this, the dedicator struck the young man with his palm on the back of the head, or neck, cheek with the instruction: “Be brave” - the only blow in life that the knight could not return. Then the knight had to show everyone his strength and dexterity. Mounted knights were the strongest part of the medieval army. They especially distinguished themselves in battles with mounted detachments of capacins during the Reconquista and Crusades. Miniature 13th century.
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The rise of knighthood occurred during the Crusades, when monastic and at the same time knightly brotherhoods (Orders) arose in Palestine and Spain in the 11th and 12th centuries. These were the Knights Templar, Knights of the Sword, Hospitallers (Johnnites, later Knights of Malta) who fought in Palestine against infidels, Muslims, and defended pilgrims to the Holy Places. Those who entered the Order took four vows (oath promises): poverty, obedience, celibacy, personal perfection. A knight could not fight a weaker opponent, a weak one or an old man, and killing an unarmed person covered the knight with indelible shame.
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The squire received initiation during a magnificent ceremony sanctified by the church. He spent the previous night in prayer. The next day he put on a brown cloak, confessed, received communion and washed. After that, he put on armor. Kneeling down, he swore an oath to defend the faith, orphans and the oppressed without sparing his life and property. After this, he was given gilded spurs, a sword and a baldric. After the church service, the knight, kneeling and uttering the second oath of allegiance, received two or three blows on the shoulders with the flat of the sword and became a knight.
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Only a paternal nobleman who had reached the age of 21 could be knighted. However, this was also considered insufficient to admit a young man to knighthood. Anyone who wanted to receive the rank had to first prove his courage, generosity, honesty and valor at the lower levels of military rank.
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“Black Knight” - in the Middle Ages, a knight who does not have heraldic identification marks on him, which could be due either to the knight’s lack of such, or to the desire to hide his own identity or the identity of his lord.
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Knightly virtues - courage loyalty generosity prudence (in the sense of moderation) refined sociability, courtly sense of honor Knightly commandments - be a believing Christian, protect the church and the Gospel, protect the weak, love the homeland, be courageous in battle, obey and be faithful to the lord, tell the truth and keep your word, maintain purity of morals, be generous, fight against evil and defend good, etc.
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A castle is a building (or complex of buildings) that combines residential and defensive-fortification functions. In the most common meaning of the word - a fortified dwelling of a feudal lord in medieval Europe. A large number of castles have survived to this day and are recognized historical and cultural monuments.
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Medieval castles, powerful fortresses, impregnable Burgs, beautiful Chateaus, formidable Citadels, majestic Kremlins - all this belongs to the rich heritage that the Middle Ages brought to us. These structures of the genius of human thought still take us back to a time when a warrior could only rely on the strength of his hands and courage. They are one of the few things from antiquity that have come down to us almost unchanged.
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The first predecessors of castles were fortifications of the 8th-7th centuries. BC e., erected on the territory of Assyria. Prototypes of castles can then be seen in the architecture of Ancient Rome. During this era, for example, the country palaces of the Roman emperors were strengthened (the palace of Emperor Diocletian in the now Croatian city of Split). Ancient Roman fortifications had a significant influence on the architecture of European castles of the Middle Ages. Fortifications became widespread in Byzantium, from where they penetrated into Western Europe by the 9th century.
