Essay based on the text:

Famous Russian linguist V.V. Kolesov reflects on the fate of foreign words in the Russian language. Why do some words “take root” and become part of the vocabulary of a language, while others disappear soon after their appearance?

The author develops his idea using the example of the word “intelligent”, which is foreign to the Russian language. He notes that this word became a replacement for lost ancient Russian words and images in new historical conditions and combined concepts that were important for people: “kind”, “smart”, “moral”. V. Kolesov notes that the people themselves included in the concept of “intelligent” positive qualities- “not a jerk”, “not a talker”, “not a drunkard”.

The main idea of ​​the text is that foreign words become stronger in the Russian language if they meet some important need of the people.

Let us turn to literary examples that confirm the idea expressed. In the novel by A.S. Pushkin's "Eugene Onegin" the author uses a lot of foreign words: "knickers, tailcoat, vest - all these words are not in Russian." Meanwhile, they are actively used by people. The fashion dictated by Europe is accepted by Russia, and the words denoting the corresponding concepts enter the language and live in it.

The main character of the novel I.S. Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons” Yevgeny Bazarov said that such foreign words as “constitution”, “liberalism”, “progress”, “Russian people do not need for nothing.” However, he was wrong. Society developed, and new social phenomena needed to be designated with new words. Today we can no longer live without a “constitution”, “liberalism” and “progress”.

In conclusion, we emphasize that if a foreign word meets a social need, if people need it, it enters the Russian language and takes its place in its vocabulary.

Text by V.V. Kolesov:

(1) The 17-volume academic dictionary says about the word intelligent: mentally developed, educated, cultural. (2) Here are three signs that seem to absorb three previous words and associated concepts of all three levels at once: culture is only a particular sign of intelligence. (3) These words are still connected with each other by some mysterious threads: educated, cultured, intelligent. (4) But there was also some kind of need in social life, so that concepts about all shades of personality, invading Russian reality, would establish themselves in it and finally form a term. (5) Life has changed radically in a hundred years, and a new term has become inevitable.

(6) But there were people, uncultured, unintelligent, who wanted to abolish from the very beginning: other people’s words, to ban them and the concepts hidden behind them, to stop the living flow

social thought, inquisitively making its way through the rubble of words, expressions and confused journal articles.
(7) Why did it become possible for someone else’s words to take root? (8) And why have not all of them survived?
(9) Yes, because in Russian words, indigenous and ancient, the special attitude of the Russian was preserved

a person who is both smart and kind - to the people's intercessor. (10) No borrowed word, no matter how beautiful and precise, will resonate with the soul or resonate with its fundamental meaning until it has gone through the fire and water of decisive social tests.

(11) Judge for yourself how selective the Russian language is. (12) Civilized is a word that is understandable, but rarely used. (13) Cultural and intelligent - we use it very often.

(14) This term has incorporated into its content the age-old Russian tradition - to designate an intelligent person, evaluating him from a moral point of view. (15) Not just smart - kind. (16) In the smart, our ancestors, first of all, valued the ability for emotional impulse, the spiritual essence of knowledge, the requirements for which were constantly increasing, becoming more and more complex over time. (17) Intelligence and knowledge are two-valued. (18) They can be both evil and good, but a good mind is valuable for a person. (19) It turns out that the people’s idea of ​​the good and the smart has imperceptibly entered into the concept of the Russian intellectual.

(20) The word intelligent has become a kind of replacement for ancient Russian words and images in new historical conditions. (21) The national consciousness slowly, but irrevocably filled it with its own special content, which was not found in any other language. (22) Not enough intelligence - you need kindness, spiritual delicacy. (23) This is Russian performance about an intelligent person. (24) “We are wondering what he is like, intelligent person? (25) And his image was created long ago by the people themselves. (26) Only he calls him - good man. (27) Smart person. (28) Respectful. (29) Not a spendthrift, not a drunkard. (30) Clean. (31) Not a talker. (32) Not a jerk. (33)Worker. (34) Master." (35) This is what Vasily Shukshin says, and he says it correctly. (36) The artist’s instinct told him the historical truth, because a historian can only confirm the truth of these words. (37) “Let’s start with this,” added Shukshin, “this phenomenon - an intelligent person - is rare. (38) This is a restless conscience, a mind, a complete absence of a voice, when it is necessary - for consonance - to “sing along” to a powerful bass strong peace this, bitter discord with oneself because of the damned question “what is truth?”, dignity... (39) And - compassion for the fate of the people. (40) Inevitable, painful. (41) If all this is in one person, he is an intellectual.”

(According to V.V. Kolesov)

What is "copy-paste"
“Hulkenberg (copy-paste is prohibited on Lente.Ru, but I honestly copy his last name).” Lenta.ru
"At a press conference, Guttenberg was asked if he perceived freedom on the Internet as 'copy-paste for everyone.'" Lenta.ru
Kommersant Publishing House filed a lawsuit against the Israeli newspaper Vesti in connection with copyright infringement. An international precedent is needed to solve the copy-paste problem. “We don’t expect to make money, rather we want to achieve an educational effect... We decided to fight “copy-pasters” and intend to put the process on a grand scale.” Gazeta.ru
“Most infotainment sites are filled with 20 to 80% copy-paste.” Technical service

Copy-paste, copy-paste, copy-paste (eng. copy - copy and paste - paste) - use by mechanically copying information from other people's web resources on your web pages.

Formally, these words are not a borrowing, but rather a neologism based on borrowed words. If I'm not mistaken, there is no word for "copypaste" in the English-American language.
The etymology of this word, as you understand, stems from the peculiarity of the process of transferring information or illustrative computer material from one place to another (file, storage medium, etc.). Before the era of computer information preparation, there was a single and inseparable transfer process - copying or reproducing the original. But on a computer, this process turned out to be divided into two parts: copying into some internal system buffer and then pasting what was copied to a specified location. Since computer information processing programs were originally in English, this is what happened: copy-paste. And this feature of working on a computer hurt users so much that they began to replace the word meaning the result - copying - with a word representing the process - copy-paste.
But copy-paste, unlike neutral word“copy” is often used to imply special meanings. Words meaning these meanings have been in the language for a long time - these are quoting and plagiarism.

Copying (from Latin copia - set) is the process of making a copy, that is, reproducing an object, process, phenomenon, information.
Quote (from the Latin cito - I call, I quote) is a verbatim excerpt from a work, put in “quotes” (explicit or implied) and, if possible, provided with a link to the work or the author.
Plagiarism is the borrowing, in whole or in part, of someone else’s works without indicating the source of the borrowing, and in such a way (either intentionally or unintentionally) that the consumer of the information has no doubt that the authorship does not belong to the author of the final work.
The word “copy-paste” (for now), being taken out of context, does not allow us to determine these shades: is it a quotation or plagiarism. And thus, unlike other borrowings and neologisms, it does not clarify words existing in the Russian language, but, as it were, introduces general concept for the words “quote” and “plagiarism”.

One of the features that is attributed specifically to copy-paste - the resulting copy-paste text usually contains logical leaps and gaps at the boundaries of quotes - has also been known for a long time without the word “copy-paste”. For example: “...the phenomenon of borrowing [of text fragments] acquired anecdotal forms when borrowings from the Yuzhakov encyclopedia of 1896 and the TSB of 1926 were mixed: “The Tatev Monastery is located in the village of Tatev. To this day it is a major cultural center with a university, scriptorium and library. Abolished in 1917." Russian Wikipedia

So, there would be no need for this word “copy-paste”. It does not give anything to our language, especially if it begins to displace the words “copying”, “quoting” and “plagiarism”.

The number of foreign words in everyday speech increases from year to year geometric progression. The frustrating fact is that equivalent words exist in the Russian language and are used less and less often. The situation is getting worse thanks to the means mass media, as well as the policies pursued by Russian ministries and departments in this direction. Increasingly, on TV screens we hear newly introduced words from the predominantly Germanic group of languages ​​(mostly English), such as " manager", "campus", "shopping", "creativity", "digger" and other similar words. It is worth noting that presidents, prime ministers and other high-ranking officials set a bad example in the use of the above words.

Below is a list of foreign words with their equivalent meanings in Russian. The list is formed in alphabetical order. If you have any additions or want to discuss this article, you can leave your messages in specially created topic on our forum.

About the list

The Russian language is deliberately polluted, and ordinary people forget that there are words with the same meaning in their native language. Therefore, the question comes to mind: “Where is this rich and powerful Russian language?” We began to forget about the formation of words in our language. Where did such richness come from in our language? Separate articles can be devoted to this and other similar issues.

In some countries, special institutions are created at the government level that protect the pristine native language. For example, the population in France is very attentive and attentive to their language everyday communication. At the same time, it is interesting that the residents of the country are primarily concerned not with the effect obtained in response to the linguistic policy of official Paris, but with the problem of the possible gradual simplification of French, and as a consequence, the impoverishment and degradation of its potential. On December 1, 1975, French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing signed a law protecting the French language from the invasion of English and any other language, and therefore foreign culture. Similar measures need to be taken in Russia.

The purpose of this article is to write equivalent Russian words to English, German and others that have become embedded in our everyday use, as well as to highlight the misuse of words by celebrities and high-ranking officials.

The following words are widely used by the media in Russia and in speeches famous people at a time when there are original Russian meanings. If there are no such words or expressions in the list, then anyone can add them to this list by first registering in Wikijournal.

A

• Authoritative - significant,
• Alphabet - (came from Greek language- ἀλφάβητος). The original word " ABC", also has the meaning " Glagolitic".
• Accent - equivalent meaning emphasis.
• Emphasize - Pay attention.
• Analogy, Analogue, Similar - (in English and French"analogue"). Has equivalent meaning in Russian " similarity"or as an adjective" like" or " the same".
• Abstract - (in English"annotation"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " content".
• Aristocracy (from Greek - αριστοκρατία). Equivalent word in Russian " know".

D

AND

TO

L

• Legitimate - (from English "legitimate") - original Russian equivalent meaning - " law".

M

• Market - (from English "market"). Equivalent value " market".
• Manager is the most commonly used word in English meaning " manager" / "control" or " supervisor". Often used in phrases office manager - in English it means " secretary".
• Message - (from English "message") - given word often used in Russian media. Equivalent value " message".
• Method - (from ancient Greek "μέθοδος" - the path of knowledge, in English "method") - means in Russian nothing more than " way".
• Moment - (with Latin language momentum - means driving force, but has no independent meaning. In English "moment" means a short period of time) - the equivalent meaning in Russian " moment".
• Monitoring - (from the Latin word "monitor") - today this word is often used as a verb "to monitor". Russian equivalent word " track", "track".

N

• Nick or Nickname - (from English "nick" or "nickname") - it is best to say " nickname", "nickname" or " pseudonym".

ABOUT

• Okay - (from English "ok"). Frequently occurring word in everyday life, while in Russian there are many equivalent meanings such as " Fine", "OK", in other cases you can also say " Great", "agree", "coming", many words can be chosen, but the use is probably due to the brevity of the English version.

P

• Person - (from Latin "persōna", in English "person") - equivalent meaning in Russian - " personality".
• Positive - (from English "positive"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " positive". In different variations it may carry other meanings.
• Prolong (from English "prolong"). No other way than " prolong" in Russian. Used in relation to the renewal of any contracts.

R

• Reception - (from English "reception" - reception, accept) equivalent word in Russian " reception" (most often in hotels).
• Real - (in English "real") means nothing more than " valid".

WITH

• Synchronously - (with English word"synchronously" means "simultaneously", "at the same time").
• Selfie - (from the English word "self" - means "himself" or "oneself"). This word has become widely used to mean “taking a photograph of oneself (or a group of people with oneself).” They couldn’t figure out how to take this word from the English language, whereas how can one express “ selfish". Quite understandable and in Russian.
• Sketch - (from English "scatch" is translated as " sketch"). This term is widely used in construction industry and architecture. It is interesting that in the Russian language there has long been an equivalent word " sketch", and in common people you can say " underpainting".
• Speechwriter - (from English "speech" - speech and "writer" - writer) - a person who writes a speech for someone. An equivalent meaning could be the word " author" or " author of the text". This word is increasingly included in the vocabulary of central television channels and magazines.
• Stagnation - (from Latin stagno - to make motionless) - equivalent meaning in Russian " stop", "slow down"or as a noun" slowdown".
• Storedzh - (from English storage - storage, keep in stock) - equivalent meaning in Russian " storage".
• Soldier - (from Latin "Soldus", "Solidus", in English "soldier") - the original Russian equivalent meaning " warrior", "warrior" or " howls".

T

• Tolerance - (from the Latin tolerantia) an equivalent word in Russian " tolerance".
• Traffic - (from English "traffic" - movement). In Russian, this word began to be used mainly in two meanings. 1) In cases of describing the transport situation on the roads - “heavy traffic” - when one can say nothing more than “ traffic congestion" or " loaded stream"(cars) or even simpler - " traffic jams". 2) In a technical sense, about the number of users who visited a particular site - “large/small traffic”, when equivalent definitions can be said " high/low attendance"(site).
• Tradition - (from the Latin language "traditio" - legend, in English "tradition"). Unambiguous meaning in Russian " custom".
• Trading - (from English "trade" - trade). This word is being used more and more often on the Internet. Equivalent meaning in Russian " trade".
• Tour - (from English "tour"). The equivalent value is " journey".

U

• Weekend - (from English "weekend"). Literally means "end of the week", no less than in Russian " weekends".
• Unique (from Latin "unicus", in English "unique"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " special", "exceptional", "unique".

F

• Fake - (from English "fake"). Equivalent meaning in Russian " fake".

X

• Hobby - (from English "hobby") - equivalent meaning " enthusiasm".

Sh

• Shopping - (from English "shop" - store) - also means " purchase"or verb" do shopping". On the sign of one of the large stores in Moscow there was the inscription "pleasant shopping" - one might say "pleasant shopping."
• Show - (from English "show" - show) - equivalent meaning " show", also used in the phrases "TV show" - with the equivalent meaning " TV show" or " television program".

E

• Equivalent - (comes from the Latin word "aequivalens", in English "equivalent") - in Russian means nothing more than " equivalence".
• Experiment - (comes from the Latin "experīmentum", in English "experiment") - equivalent meanings in Russian - experience, trial.
• Existential - (in English the verb "exsist") - equivalent meaning " existing"

Conclusion

The list, as we see, is quite impressive and other words will gradually be added to it. Dear readers, if you have additions to this article, other foreign ones with equivalent meanings, then leave your examples on