The nature of the Crimean peninsula is rich and unique. Many articles have been written about the beauty of the Black Sea coast, but not everyone knows that these lands are carriers of valuable minerals. The unusual topography and specific climate led to the formation of a wide variety of soils, of which there are now more than 20 types, including rich black soil.

Relief features

The entire territory is divided into 3 ridges, 9% of the area is occupied by the mountain surface. The main ridge is located in the south of the peninsula and occupies the sea coast. It extends about 4 km from the sea in the western region. The main ridge is formed by massifs that are unbroken lines.

Among them we can highlight Yalta yayla, Nikitskaya yayla, Ai-Petrinskaya yayla. These relief features play an important role in the formation of minerals. On Bubugan-yayla is located Roman-Kosh – this is the name of the highest point of the Crimean ridge; its height is more than 1.5 thousand meters above sea level.

Ai-Petri, exceeding 1200 meters in height, is another peak that deserves special attention. It is located in the southwest. The peak is famous for its giant trident - this is what the unusual natural formation looks like. The local lands also contain valuable rocks. The slopes characteristic of local massifs have a steep surface.

The Ayu-Dag mountain range in Gurzuf, the Diva rock in Simeiz, Cape Fiolent on the outskirts of Sevastopol, Cape Ai-Todor– amazing nature has endowed these places not only with incredible beauty, but also enriched them with minerals. The Karabi-yayla ridges are separated by deep depressions and are 6-7 km away from the sea. The majestic Chatyr-Dag massif is also a relief landmark of Crimea.

The diversity of the relief became the starting point for the natural formation of useful lands.

Not far from Sudak, the mountains are located closer to the sea, and this is important for the formation of minerals in the area. Mainly sedimentary rocks (clay, sandstone, limestone) are mined here. Due to frequent changes in salt levels, the sea also changed. animal world, which, accordingly, led to the formation of various minerals on the remains of the soil. Many valuable rocks were formed after a volcanic eruption.

Therefore, Crimean resources are mainly rich in fossils of sedimentary, volcanic and marine origin.

Varieties

Minerals - valuable natural resources, representing mineral or organic parts of the earth's crust. These substances are used in numerous fields of activity, and their importance is especially great in the construction industry. Some varieties are found in many regions of Crimea, while other specimens are considered rare. The well-being of the entire peninsula depends on the extraction of many elements.

The most important minerals for a comfortable life in the depths of Crimea are contained in large quantities and mostly not high quality, but there are also very valuable breeds.

Flammable

Combustible minerals are usually classified into liquid, gaseous and solid. The first category includes, for example, oil. The first well for oil production was drilled in the 60s of the 19th century. In those years, “black gold” was most often mined from the Chokrak and Karagan deposits of the Neogene period. In addition to oil, they also extracted gas. In general, it is believed that these finds do not bring much profit when mined in Crimea, since their reserves are very small.

Exploration for oil in the Crimean lands continues. Approximately 5 tons of this fuel are produced per year, which is a very small amount. Another problem is that in local lands oil can move between rock layers, which significantly complicates its extraction. Natural gas, which is a fossil fuel gas, doesn't fare much better.

Crimea cannot boast of coal deposits, although they are actively trying to find this solid substance here. It is mined on Mount Beshui in the Bakhchisarai region. Under Baron Wrangel, the peninsula supplied itself with this fuel until the Germans burned these lands. After the war, coal mining resumed, however, the quality of the substance was inferior to alternatives from other lands, and mining became less and less profitable and more and more dangerous.

Nowadays, only occasionally the most desperate adventurers dare to “walk” through the mines - the mines are almost not fixed, they contain weak soil.

Ore

Ores are actively mined in the Kerch iron ore basin. The field area is about 250 square kilometers. The total ore reserve here is about two billion tons. The extraction of ore minerals, in contrast to the above-mentioned fuels, is much simpler, since these substances do not lie so deep. However, the find cannot boast of excellent quality, and therefore the raw materials are not exported.

In total, 3 types of ores are found here: loose brownish-brown (oolites from limonite and hydrogoethite), dense types (small oolites and hydrosilicates of iron and siderite) and “caviar” (oolites with manganese hydroxides). Low quality is due to low iron content (33-40%). But the manganese content makes the find a little more valuable. The substance is low-melting and therefore widely used in industry.

The formation of ore here began at the bottom of bays and straits, so the substance contains elements of clay, phosphates, and barite. In mountainous areas, ore with inclusions of cinnabar is found, however, these species do not have any particular industrial value. Other ore minerals that are found in the Crimea include zinc blende, cadmium blende, and lead luster.

Gold also belongs to the ore metals. The deposit of this value is kept secret, although there is information that small reserves are mined at Cape Fiolent. In the 80s of the last century, gold elements were discovered in Nizhnezamorsky Leninsky district, they came here through the river of the northern Azov region. A jewel was also found at Cape Frantsuzhenka off the Sudak coast. In general, the republic's gold resources are small.

Nonmetallic

As a rule, construction raw materials are classified as nonmetallic metals. Perhaps, this group is most common in Crimea. The most valuable is considered to be bryozoan limestone, also called Inkerman stone. This substance has been mined since antiquity. Roman roads and houses in Alexandria were built from this unusual stone. Sevastopol itself was once built from limestone.

The White Livadia Palace was also built from Inkerman stone. It is possible to use this raw material for finishing work. For example, this is how the Palace of Culture “Ukraine” in Kyiv or the “Stalinist” towers in the capital of Russia are designed.

Some quarries on the peninsula contain marble-like limestone, which can be seen on the walls of Moscow metro stations. Shell rock is another fairly common raw material used in the construction industry. It can be found, for example, in the area of ​​Evpatoria, the village of Oktyabrskoye, in the Starokrymsky quarry on Agarmysh. Sand mining is also developing here, although environmentalists are now raising the issue of environmental disaster, which can result from illegal sand mining in coastal areas.

The list of other valuable gifts of nature in Crimea is very diverse. For example, in demand are Crimean gems. They are found on the Kara-Dag volcano. Among the most common varieties are agate, chalcedony, opal, onyx, amethyst, rock crystal. These are semi-precious minerals that are widely used in jewelry. Currently, Kara-Dag is a protected area, and the extraction of native stones is prohibited here, although earlier, at the beginning of the 20th century, there was a jewelry workshop here, where jewelry was created from carnelian and agate.

Cornelian belongs to the most popular Crimean gems. Under the tsar, the annual production of carnelian amounted to 16 pounds; Faberge himself made his famous jewelry from the stones. Mount Kara-Dag turned into a protected area after lone searchers headed here in search of stones. They blew up the slopes, wielded sledgehammers and crowbars, extracting chalcedony and agates, and then removed the find from the peninsula. Only after the public, including Soviet writers, opposed such actions, Kara-Dag was declared a nature reserve.

Popular on the South Coast diorite. This rock was obtained after a volcanic eruption. Diorite is found between Alushta and Gurfuz. You can find it near the Lozovoye and Ukrainka districts in the south of Simferopol. By external signs this stone resembles granite and can also be used in the construction industry. Its surface is gray in color with a greenish tint.

High performance strength allow the mineral to be used as a raw material for cladding. Diorite is often used in the design of stairs and streets.

Another result of the volcanic eruption was the appearance in the depths of the Crimean peninsula of such a stone as routes It is called rock made from ash. The main purpose of the mineral is economic. Most often, trails can be found in Karadagskoye, which is located 20 km from Feodosia and in the village of Planerskoye. Other valuable materials are also concentrated on the peninsula, including quartz sand and gravel used in construction.

Typically, deposits of this construction raw material are found near Sevastopol and Simferopol, as well as on the Black Sea coast near the Saki region.

Where is it mined?

As already mentioned, most of the ore metals are found on the Kerch Peninsula. The hunt for them is going on in the Kamysh-Burunskoye and Eltigen-Ortelskoye fields. Oil and gas are usually produced on the Kerch and Tarkhankut peninsulas. Large fuel deposits also include Tobechikskoye, Mysovoye, Belokamenskoye, located in the east of the territory, as well as Glebovskoye, Kirovskoye, Olenevskoye, Chernomorskoye fields, located in the west.

The southern shores and alluring mountain peaks are characteristic features many Crimean regions. Created by nature, they have a fairly complex topography and varied landscape. Mineral resources should also be noted separately - Crimea is full of mineral wealth, so it is simply impossible not to consider the peninsula in more detail in this aspect.

Mountain ranges in Crimea and relief features

The whole can be divided into 3 ridges, with approximately 9% allocated to mountainous areas. The first to be identified is the Main Ridge. Its possessions are located in the southern part of the peninsula and run along the sea coast. It originates in the southwest, at the foot of Mount Kush-kaya (not far from Cape Aya), and reaches what is located in the northeast.

In the west, it has to move away from the sea by about 4 km. It is formed by arrays that resemble boards (the so-called yayls), which are unbroken lines. Such, for example, as Ai-Petrinskaya yayla, Yalta yayla, Nikitskaya yayla, Babugan-yayla. It is important to note that such features geological structure are largely determined by the relief and mineral resources of Crimea.

On the Bagugan-yayla massif there is the highest point of the Crimean ridge. It is called Roman-Kosh and has an altitude of more than one and a half thousand meters above sea level.

Remarkable relief places in Crimea

In the southwest of the peninsula, above the old resort town of Alupka, one cannot help but notice one of the natural Crimean mountain peaks - Ai-Petri. More than 1200 meters in height is not the main advantage of the mountain. It attracts special attention with its original peak, on which there is a unique formation resembling a real giant trident. Ai-Petri is also considered the rightful mistress of the South Coast in the western part of the coastal lands. Here, by the way, natural reserves are concentrated (what minerals are mined in Crimea will become known later).

Most of the territory of these massifs is characterized by steep slopes. A rather spectacular and memorable view can be observed in this place: hanging cliffs, the edges of which are located at too short a distance from the sea. Among such places, the most famous and popular for tourists are the Ayu-Dag (Bear Mountain) mountain range in Gurzuf, the amazing rock with the romantic name Diva in Simeiz, Cape Fiolent on the outskirts of Sevastopol and others. Well, who doesn’t know Cape Ai-Todor? From millions of postcards and traditional souvenirs, even a child knows about it, because there, on one of the rocks leading along a steep cliff into the sea, stands the legendary “Swallow’s Nest”.

From here you can also enjoy the picturesque horizon overlooking Karabi-yayla. Separated by deep depressions, these ridges have an impressive distance from the sea of ​​six to eight kilometers. In sunny, clear weather, from the south-eastern part of Simferopol you can easily see the Chatyr-Daga (Tent Mountains) massif, which stands out for its majesty.

Earthquakes on the peninsula

Thanks to soil studies, it became clear that the subsidence of the continental ledge at the bottom of the Black Sea continues to this day. Earthquakes are one of the components of the development of Crimea in modern level. They are often accompanied by landslides, which affect the continental ledge of the southern part of the coast.

Strong earthquakes are a rare phenomenon in Crimea. One of these is the 1927 earthquake. As a result of his action, the Monk rock located near Simeiz collapsed, and Cape Ai-Todor, located near the Swallow's Nest, also suffered partial destruction. There is also information about cracks that covered the earth’s crust in Balaklava.

Resources of the Crimean territory

Not far from Sudak, the mountains again come closer to the sea surface, which significantly affects what minerals are mined in Crimea. The main components of these mountain ranges are sedimentary rocks such as limestone, clay, sandstone and many others. Since the salt level changed very often, the marine fauna also changed. This had a wide impact on the remaining soil and affected minerals. Crimea has ample opportunities for independent internal provision of natural raw materials precisely thanks to numerous resources, which will be discussed further.

Not all indigenous residents know what minerals there are in Crimea. And there really is something to be proud of. Among the many natural resources, the main minerals of Crimea can be briefly identified:

• fossils of sedimentary origin;
• fossils of volcanic origin;
• fossils of marine origin.

For industrial purposes inside and outside the peninsula, the needs of the population were almost completely covered by their own reserves.

Iron Ore Reserves

Crimean ore minerals not so long ago occupied a leading place in the USSR in terms of production volumes. One of the first places in the Union was occupied by the Kerch iron ore deposit. As for the global scale, it was the largest in terms of industrial reserves.

This iron ore deposit has about 38% iron. As for phosphorus and arsenic, their percentage content is noticeably higher than in other deposits. Also here, geologists have long noticed large reserves vanadium The cost of ores mined in the Kerch iron ore deposit is not high. This fact is explained by the fact that the costs of their extraction are minimal, since ore minerals are located almost on the surface. Although Crimea is famous for its riches of iron, this, as is already known, is not all that can be found in the bowels of the earth.

Nonmetallic salt deposits

The variety of salt lakes (including Sivash) is distinguished by a high content of table salt, Glauber's salt, as well as magnesium chloride, potassium salts and medicinal silt. Non-metallic minerals of Crimea are largely concentrated in Lake Sivash. Scientists previously measured its salt reserves in millions of tons. This is due to the fact that sea water flows there constantly and continuously, so they can be considered inexhaustible. At the same time, Lake Sivash and other salty reservoirs do not have impressive depth. The exception is which is located on the Tarkhankut Peninsula.

Mining of Crimean minerals is an important industry for the economy of the region and the state as a whole. Potassium and magnesium salts are widely used in agriculture. Potassium salts are in particular demand due to the fact that several decades ago they successfully found their use as a fertilizer. Therefore, at the moment approximately 94% of total number Crimea sends extracted resources from salt mineral deposits to the needs of agriculture the whole country.

Healing Crimean lakes

Saki, Chokrak and the group of Prisivash lakes, as well as many other reservoirs, occupy far from the last place in economic activity peninsula. For example, lakes such as Saki and Moinak are considered resort and treatment areas, where many come to undergo mud therapeutic courses. If we take everything as a basis chemicals, which make up most of the salt lakes of Crimea, it is possible to establish constant production of magnesium oxide. The main part of this production process is limestone.

The production of magnesium oxide is due to the need to obtain such an irreplaceable material in the economy as gypsum. In addition, gypsum on saline soils increases yields by up to 70%.

Natural reserves for the construction industry

Materials intended for construction did not bypass the peninsula. The leading place is rightfully occupied by bryozoan limestone, also known as Inkerman stone. In appearance, this stone contains pores and is creamy in color. Its weight is insignificant, but in terms of strength it is not inferior to a simple brick. There are no problems working with it, it is easy to process. has proven itself in the construction industry. Its main direction is the facing sphere.

But, in addition to bryozoan, Crimea is also rich in such types of limestone as nummulitic, shell rock, marble-like and many others. Limestone, regardless of its type, has found its wide application in construction industry. Many other minerals are used just as frequently. Crimea, with the help of natural reserves, fully meets the needs of the local population for building materials.

Tras and diorite

On the South Coast, such natural rock as diorite, which was obtained as a result of a volcanic eruption, is very popular. Its largest locations can be called the territories between Alushta and Gurzuf. Also, a considerable amount of diorite was discovered near Lozovoy and Ukrainka, which are located on the southern side of Simferopol. Crimean diorite can be completely compared with granite. Significant differences in their external similarity, as well as construction qualities, are not easy to identify. Diorite is a gray stone with a slight green tint. It is very durable. Most often it is used in facing works, as well as for decorating steps and streets.

Tras, like diorite, was formed as a result of a volcanic eruption. Ash rock, as it is often called, is widely used on the farm. Its largest deposit is considered to be Karadag. It is located 20 kilometers from Feodosia, in the village of Planerskoye. This volcanic rock boasts its greatest reserves.

Construction materials such as quartz sand and gravel mined in the mountains are of particular value. Their main mining sites can be found near Sevastopol and Simferopol, as well as on the Black Sea coast, near the Saki region.

Fuel resources

Fuel minerals of Crimea represent a separate group valuable resources. For example, the Kerch Peninsula is characterized by an abundance of oil. Thanks to oil fields, there is a constant eruption of natural gases that can be burned. This peninsula is also rich in sulfur formations.

Boasts coal. But its deposits are insignificant, so it is used only for local use. But in the foothill areas you can find quite decent deposits of bleaching clay.

Mineral waters in Crimea

Recent years have been spent in thorough research of the entire peninsula. Based on them, we can conclude that Crimea has a variety of mineral springs. For example, near Feodosia there is a spring with salt-alkaline water.

In some, springs were found that produce mineral water, the composition of which is practically no different from the legendary “Essentuki”. For example, sources of warm nitrogen-alkaline water were discovered near and near Chatyr-Dag. Hydrogen sulfide water was also found near Feodosia, and carbon dioxide water was found in Bakhchisarai.

Conclusion

The useful resources of Crimea are rich and varied, and their places of accumulation can be found in various parts of the entire peninsula. All natural resources can be combined into several groups according to economic affiliation and geography:

1. The steppe Crimea is rich in limestone for construction and large reserves of salt.
2. In the mountainous areas and on the South Coast, sources of mineral waters and a lot of raw materials for building materials.
3. The Kerch Peninsula is an iron ore region and also has promising fuel and energy reserves.

Crimea is a unique place, richly endowed with everything. It combines amazing historical and cultural monuments, and the presence of minerals is no less impressive. Crimea has almost all minerals, but in tiny quantities, says Anatoly Pasynkov, Candidate of Geological Sciences. “There are many deposits in Crimea, but most of them do not have industrial significance, the reserves are too small,” Lyudmila Kirichenko, candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences, agrees with her colleague. Although hundreds of years ago the main wealth of Crimea was considered not the climate, landscapes or fruits, but minerals. Clay. During the time of the Crimean Khanate, one of the main export items (along with slaves and fruits) was fatty and soapy bentonite clay, all wealthy people of a huge 30- millionth Ottoman Empire used it instead of soap and shampoo. One of the places where this clay is mined is Sapun Mountain, which means “Soap Mountain”.

Clay was mined by open-pit mining in keel pits. One of the mining sites was Sapun Mountain (translated as “Soap Mountain”) on the territory of present-day Sevastopol. In Crimea, keel was used not only for washing, but also for degreasing sheep wool and washing clothes. Clay was used to clarify wine and fruit juices and purify water.

By the end of the 19th century, the demand for keel decreased, and at the beginning of the 20th century, production increased again during the years of devastation, keel replaced expensive and scarce soap and tooth powder. Industrial development of unique raw materials began in 1931 at two deposits: Kurtsovskoye in the Simferopol region and Kudrinskoye in the Bakhchisarai region. Later, the properties of Crimean clay were studied by geologist and science fiction writer Vladimir Obruchev. On an industrial scale, this unique raw material began to be mined in 1931 in the Simferopol and Bakhchisarai regions. The extracted clay was mixed with soda and made into washing powder.

Crimean clay was considered the best in the entire USSR. At the end of the USSR, clay mining was considered unprofitable and all its development was stopped. It was even used for medicinal purposes, for varicose veins, arthritis and radiculitis. Healing mud.

A unique recreational resource of Crimea is therapeutic mud. Currently, two deposits of silt mud are being exploited: Chokrakskoye (Kerch Peninsula) and Sakiskoye.

Crimea has been known as a healing place since antiquity thanks to its healing mud. It has been established that in ancient times there were hospitals on the Kerch Peninsula located on the coast of lakes Chokrak, Tobechik, and Churbash. Archaeologists here have discovered traces of ancient social and religious buildings and fragments of inscriptions indicating the use of these reservoirs for treatment. The healing power of Crimean mud became widely known in the last century. There is information that Chokrak mud was exported to Italy and France.

The healing qualities of the Chokrak mud lake, located in the north of the Kerch Peninsula, have been known since ancient times. The wounded soldiers of Alexander the Great were treated here, Crimean khans used Chokrak mud and water not only for treatment, but also to increase male strength before visiting their famous harems. The first officially known health resort was built here 140 years ago - in 1859, and they say that its biggest attraction was the mountains of crutches left behind by healed people who left here on their own. The sanatorium was destroyed during the Second World War. Today, the unique mud of Lake Chokrak, the only deposit of mud containing silver, is used for mud therapy in the sanatoriums of Feodosia.

The healing properties of brine and mud from the Crimean estuaries have no analogues in the world. In Crimea, 26 deposits of medicinal mud and highly mineralized brine (brine) from salt lakes of marine and continental origin have been explored and exploited. Based on their location, they are divided into five groups: Evpatoria (the largest is Lake Sasyk-Sivash with an area of ​​7,500 hectares), Tarkhankut (the largest is Lake Kyrkskoye, 3,700 hectares), Chongaro-Arabat (the largest is Lake Genicheskoe, 980 hectares) and Kerch ( the largest is Aktash Lake, 2500 ha). Bryozoan limestone.

The oldest natural fossil in Crimea was probably Bryozoan limestone. .Inkerman stone is a bryozoan limestone from the vicinity of Inkerman, easy to process.

Since ancient times, Inkerman stone has been widely used in construction and exported to ancient rome. In terms of its construction and architectural properties, Inkerman stone is durable, soft, homogeneous, monolithic, and has thermal insulation properties.

It is durable and retains the edge well in hewn products. Thanks to the properties of Inkerman stone, it became possible to build cave cities and monasteries in Crimea in the strip from Sevastopol to the interfluve of the Alma and Bodrak rivers.

Many buildings in Sevastopol were made from Inkerman stone; it was also used in Alexandria and Marseille. Salt is “white gold”.

A separate historical milestone in the history of the peninsula is occupied by “white gold” - salt. There are many places to mine this mineral. It was here that the largest saltworks in the entire Black Sea region were located

Crimea provided salt and Kievan Rus. To obtain salt, the waters of salt lakes in the east of the peninsula were diverted into shallow pools, where the water evaporated, leaving a crust of salt. The largest salt mines are located on Lake Sivash. Pink salt.

Pink Crimean sea salt contains almost all elements of the periodic table. During the Great Patriotic War, brine from lakes was administered to the wounded as a blood substitute - its composition is close to plasma. Workers at the salt mine have long forgotten about colds, sore throats and bronchitis. Over the past 20 years, no funds have been allocated for the development of the salt industry, so the production of pink salt has sharply decreased, and was used only for technical purposes. The lakes of Crimea (between Evpatoria and Saki) are one of four places on planet where this unique mineral is mined, which contains a huge amount of useful trace elements. The method of growing salt was invented 10 centuries ago. In spring, the pools are filled with sea water, the sun evaporates the moisture, and the crystals settle to the bottom. The unusual pink color of salt is given by the algae Dunaliella salina. She lives in salt pools and fills the salt with beta-carotene. Production Director Valery Starodubtsev spoke about how production almost died during the “Crimean Spring.” The former owner, originally from Western Ukraine, ordered the water to be drained and the salt pools to be broken up. However, the fishery was saved by workers. At the moment, the extraction of pink salt is being restored, and production will soon begin to operate at full capacity.

10 interesting facts about salt1. Salt can be red, brown, pink and even black.2. White salt is the most harmful.3. The most expensive salt in the world is lilac in color, it costs 40 euros per kilogram.4. There is no salt in plants.5. Nutritionists advise salting food only after cooking.6. Since ancient times, oaths of allegiance have been made on salt, because salt is immutable, it can be dissolved in water indefinitely, and when the water evaporates, salt crystals will appear again.7. Salt is the only food product that does not spoil itself and protects everything else from spoilage.8. Salt draws out moisture, and without moisture bacteria cannot multiply.9. Salt is the only edible mineral in the world.10. It is impossible to artificially reproduce the shape and color of a salt crystal. In it, Sodium ions and Chlorine ions are arranged strictly in the shape of an inverted prism at an angle of 90 degrees.

There is gold, gems, coal, and oil in Crimea, but there is not much of this wealth there. There are very decent deposits of iron ore in Crimea. For example, Kerch stands on iron ore beds. Enough good quality sand - and these are also natural resources.

Gold is the most ancient metal. People began to mine gold almost simultaneously with copper, back in the Neolithic era. But at the same time, gold is a rather rare metal. The earth’s crust contains 20 times less gold than silver, and 200 times less than mercury. The uneven distribution of gold in different parts of the earth's crust makes it difficult to study its geochemical features. The seas and oceans contain about 10 billion tons of gold. Approximately the same amount of gold is contained in river and underground waters. Increased gold content is found in the waters of springs and rivers flowing in gold-bearing areas. In nature, gold is found mainly in native form. Gold deposits were formed in different geological eras at different depths - from tens of meters to 4 - 5 km from the surface of the earth. Primary deposits are represented by veins, vein systems, deposits and zones of veinlet-disseminated ores ranging from tens to thousands of meters in length. Over a long period of earth's history, mountains eroded and water carried away everything that did not dissolve in rivers. At the same time, heavy minerals were separated from light ones and accumulated in places where the flow velocity is low. This is how placer deposits with a concentration of relatively large gold were formed.

The reserves of construction sands are associated with placer deposits of ilmenite, magnetite, rutile, zircon and fine dispersed gold. “Gold was mined on the peninsula, although its reserves are small,” but no one now knows where exactly the precious metal was mined: data on gold is classified. However, it is known that there is a small gold deposit on Cape Fiolent. In the 1980s, while developing quartz glass sand quarries in Nizhnezamorsky, Leninsky district, workers found spools brought millions of years ago by the rivers of the northern Azov region. Gold was also discovered near Sudak. The amount of gold, unfortunately, that could hypothetically be found in Crimea cannot be compared with the damage that would be caused to the ecology of the peninsula.

Oil, gas.

The first mentions of oil and gas are in written sources from the period of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. Long before the arrival of civilized industrialists on the Kerch Peninsula, people knew about this oil. Crimean Tatars, and even Panticapaean Greeks. They noticed that a layer of “earth oil” formed on the surface of the Chongelek puddles. And the savvy Tatars got it with the help of... their tail! This is the way of true nomads. The horse's tail was spread over the surface of the puddle and then the absorbed oil was squeezed out of it into available containers. They sold this oil to the Zaporozhye Cossacks at a very favorable price. Oil was in particular demand among the Chumaks. And why do the Chumaks need “earth oil”? For lubrication! They lubricated the axles of their carts with it, and also impregnated their Chumatsky clothes.

Combustible minerals are divided into liquid (oil), gaseous (natural combustible gases) and solid (coal, etc.).Oil outputs in Crimea have been known for a long time on the Kerch Peninsula. The first wells were drilled here in the 60s of the 19th century. Limited volumes of oil were obtained mainly from the Chokrak and Karagan deposits of the Neogene period. Systematic exploration for oil began here after October Revolution. All wells drilled for oil usually produced associated natural gas. After the Great Patriotic War, search work on the Kerch Peninsula was resumed. Small reserves of oil were discovered here and in the Maikop clay deposits.

The field on the Kerch Peninsula was exploited by private entrepreneurs. The deposit began to be studied in detail only after the revolution, and serious exploration and exploitation began after the Great Patriotic War. “There is not much oil there, it seeps to the surface near mud volcanoes. Both before the revolution and now, people collect it and use it for their needs. Free,” says Anatoly Pasynkov. Until recently oil field were also developed at Tarkhankut. A joint venture of the association "Krymgeology" and "Texasnafta".

Iron ores. Iron ore is the name given to natural mineral formations which contain iron in large quantities and such chemical compounds that its extraction is possible and advisable. The most important minerals are: magnetite, magnetite, titanomagnetite, hematite, hydrohematite, goethite, hydrogoethite, siderite, ferruginous chlorites. Iron ores differ in mineral composition, iron content, useful and harmful impurities, conditions of formation and industrial properties. Iron ores are divided into rich (more than 50% iron), ordinary (50-25%) and poor (less than 25% iron) Depending depending on their chemical composition, they are used for smelting cast iron in natural form or after enrichment. Iron ores used to make steel must contain certain substances in the required proportions. The quality of the resulting product depends on this. Some chemical elements (besides iron) can be extracted from the ore and used for other purposes.

Teacher Shiyan Galina Vladimirovna

The world around us

Subject: Native land

Minerals of Crimea

Goals : form a conceptminerals of the native land (Crimea) ;

Develop practical skills in working with a map, research skills;

develop cognitive interest, observation, ability to draw conclusions;

to cultivate love for the native land and respect for its riches.

Equipment: globe, physical cards, Crimea, maps of mineral resources

Crimea, contour maps, limestone samples, computer, presentation “Minerals of Crimea”.

Lesson on communicating new knowledge

Lesson progress

Organizational moment.

1.Motivation.

The teacher shows the globe.

We will mentally rise high above the earth and begin to descend down and examine the surface of the Earth.

Students find on the globe

Eurasia

Europe

Russia

Native land (Crimea)

Today we will talk about Crimea. What colors is it depicted on the physical

map? Why?

2 Communicate the topic and expected learning outcomes.

We will continue to study Crimea and even look into its depths and talk about the mineral resources of our native land.

What are minerals?

What groups are they divided into? Give examples.

What group of minerals do you think predominate in Crimea?

on the blackboard

Ore Nonmetallic Combustible

3.Providing the necessary information.

The teacher's story is accompanied by a presentation

"Minerals of Crimea"

Once upon a time, millions of years ago, when dinosaurs lived on earth, there was a huge Tethys ocean at the location of Crimea. In different geological eras, the sea either covered the peninsula or exposed it, leaving sediments - clayey, limestone, sand and other sedimentary rocks (sedimentary, meaning those that settle). Due to the dissolution of limestones by water, karst phenomena have developed on the highlands of the first ridge (shown on the map of Crimea): funnels, sinkholes, caves.

In a very distant era, volcanoes (Karadag) were active in Crimea. In a number of places on the slopes of the first and second mountain ranges, volcanic rocks (laccoliths) that have a dome-shaped shape come to the surface of the earth (demonstration of the Ayudaga view, Mount Kastel).

In continuation of the long geological history of the peninsula, various riches were created in its depths. The most important of them is the iron ore deposit on the Kerch Peninsula (shown on the map). The ore lies on the surface of the earth, which allows it to be mined in open pits, in quarries, and with excavators. But unfortunately, this deposit is not developed on an industrial scale, because this ore has a low metal content.

In different places of the peninsula there are limestones from which building stone is extracted. They are mined in the mountains and steppe Crimea. This is a sedimentary rock. If you examine it, you can see the remains of living organisms that lived in the mining areas many millions of years ago (they examine samples of white limestone and shell rock and prove their origin). Limestones come in various types. The most common are shell rock (Evpatoria), white (Inkerman). The largest deposits of building limestone are in the Sevastopol and Bakhchisarai regions and in the north-west of Crimea, in its steppe part). On the northern and southern slopes of the mountains, marble-like limestones and crystalline volcanic rocks come to the surface, providing excellent facing material. Crimea is also rich in high-quality fluxing limestones, used in metallurgical production (between Sudak and Feodosia). At the foot of the northern part of the Crimean Mountains, cement marls are mined, which serve as raw materials for cement production (Bakhchisarai region). It is this mineral that is used at our Stroyindustry plant for the production of cement.

There are also oil deposits in Crimea, natural gas, coal, ceramic clay, sand, gypsum, chalk.

On the territory of Karadag, precious stones are mined: jasper. agates, carnelian, etc.

5. Assimilation of new knowledge. Interactive exercises.

- Now you, working in pairs, will find the largest mineral deposits on the territory of Crimea and put them on your contour maps, but to make it easier for you to search on the map and you can imagine where they are mined, we will distribute minerals into groups according to the place of extraction.

1. Distribution of Crimean minerals by place of their extraction.

sand limestone table salt

clay volcanic rocks ← natural gas

marl ← oil

iron ore

Physical education pause

2. Work in pairs. Children have three maps on their desks: a physical map of Crimea, a map of the mineral resources of Crimea, and an outline map.

Physical map of Crimea

Map of mineral resources of Crimea

Students in pairs find mineral deposits on a mineral map → find a given deposit (settlement or city) on a physical map of Crimea → plot this deposit on an outline map.

The Bakhchisarai region is also being considered.

On the protection of mineral resources.

People learned to use minerals in their economic activities a long time ago.

Nature has large reserves of sand and clay. They are the main raw material for making bricks. Brick is used in construction. Sand is used to make excellent crystal glassware. Clay is the main raw material for the production of porcelain and ceramic products.

Is it possible to imagine our life without metals? Metals are dishes, cars, railways, bridges over rivers, jewelry and much more.

No construction project is complete without limestone. It is used to produce cement. Lime obtained from limestone is used to whiten walls and ceilings. The chalk you use to write on the blackboard. Polished marble is beautiful and is used as a finishing material. Marble is also limestone.

If you can add more information about the use of Crimean minerals, please add more.

So, a person cannot help but use minerals. But he must think not only about how to obtain and use them, but also about taking them from nature for as long as possible. The mineral deposits in the earth are not limitless. A special law on the protection of subsoil limits the extraction of mineral resources. They need to be mined only in such quantities as is necessary for the farm.

When processing minerals, waste is generated. It turned out that many waste materials can be used to produce useful things. Plastics are obtained from the waste generated during the processing of coal. When oil is processed into gasoline, gas is formed, from which synthetic fibers and polyethylene film can be produced.

Complete these examples.

Mineral resources must be treated with care and used sparingly. You too can take part in this. Pay attention to whether the gas or electrical appliance is burning in vain. After all, they consume minerals! You look around and see a lot of metal objects that no one needs. People collect scrap metal. From which metal is smelted in factories. Using scrap metal allows you to mine less iron ore.

6. Reflection.

What mineral resources is our Crimea rich in?

Children fill out the table

ore

nonmetallic

flammable

iron ore

sand

clay

limestone

marble

chalk

table salt

marl

oil

natural gas

Which group of minerals predominate in Crimea?

on the blackboard

Ore Nonmetallic Combustible

1_______________________________2___________________________3_____________

Students attach their answer to the selected column.

For what purposes are they used?

(Non-metallic, used as building material).

Evaluation of results.

What will you tell your family and friends about the mineral resources of Crimea?

Giving points to students for their work during the lesson.

Homework: find material about minerals of the Bakhchisarai region;

bring samples of minerals from our area

(if possible).

Lesson #5

Topic: Mineral resources of the Crimean Peninsula

Goals:

Educational: Review concepts "mineral resources", "deposit", to form in students ideas about the connection between mineral resources and geological history, deep structure and relief, Concretize students’ ideas about the most important areas where mineral deposits are located

Developmental: promote development cognitive activity students and interest in the subject being studied with the help of new information technology

Educational: nurturing love and respect for one’s homeland

Equipment: map, TSO, globe, physical maps of Crimea, maps of mineral resources of Crimea, contour maps, limestone samples, computer, presentation “Minerals of Crimea”.

Lesson progress

Organizational stage

Knowledge motivation

We will mentally rise high above the earth and begin to descend down and examine the surface of the Earth.

We will continue to study Crimea and even look into its depths and talk about the mineral resources of our native land. What group of minerals do you think predominate in Crimea?

Updating knowledge

Tell us about the administrative and territorial structure of Crimea

Features of the EGP of the Dzhankoy district

4.Learning new material

Let's remember what minerals are

mineral and organic formations, chemical composition and physical properties which allow them to be effectively used in the sphere of material production (for example, asor). There are solid, liquid and gaseous minerals.

Minerals are found in the earth's crust in the form of accumulations of various types (, , , nests, etc.). Accumulations of minerals form, and when large areas distribution - regions, provinces and basins.

( , , , , )

(ores , And )

Hydromineral(underground mineral and fresh waters)

- ( , , etc.), building stones ( ) etc.

( , , , , , , etc.) and precious stones ( , , , ).

( , , , , etc.)

Let's look at what minerals there are in Crimea

Once upon a time, millions of years ago, when dinosaurs lived on earth, there was a huge Tethys ocean at the location of Crimea. In different geological eras, the sea either covered the peninsula or exposed it, leaving sediments - clayey, limestone, sand and other sedimentary rocks (sedimentary, meaning those that settle). Due to the dissolution of limestones by water, karst phenomena have developed on the highlands of the first ridge (shown on the map of Crimea): funnels, sinkholes, caves.

In a very distant era, volcanoes (Karadag) were active in Crimea. In a number of places on the slopes of the first and second mountain ranges, volcanic rocks (laccoliths) that have a dome-shaped shape come to the surface of the earth (demonstration of the Ayudaga view, Mount Kastel).

As the long geological history of the peninsula continued, various riches were created in its depths. The most important of them is the iron ore deposit on the Kerch Peninsula (shown on the map). The ore lies on the surface of the earth, which allows it to be mined in open pits, in quarries, and with excavators. But unfortunately, this deposit is not developed on an industrial scale, because this ore has a low metal content.

In different places of the peninsula there are limestones from which building stone is extracted. They are mined in the mountains and steppe Crimea. This is a sedimentary rock. If you examine it, you can see the remains of living organisms that lived in the mining areas many millions of years ago (they examine samples of white limestone and shell rock and prove their origin). Limestones come in various types. The most common are shell rock (Evpatoria), white (Inkerman). The largest deposits of building limestone are in the Sevastopol and Bakhchisarai regions and in the north-west of Crimea, in its steppe part). On the northern and southern slopes of the mountains, marble-like limestones and crystalline volcanic rocks come to the surface, providing excellent facing material. Crimea is also rich in high-quality fluxing limestones, used in metallurgical production (between Sudak and Feodosia). At the foot of the northern part of the Crimean Mountains, cement marls are mined, which serve as raw materials for cement production (Bakhchisarai region). It is this mineral that is used at our Stroyindustry plant for the production of cement.

Crimea also has deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, ceramic clay, sand, gypsum, and chalk.

On the territory of Karadag, precious stones are mined: jasper. agates, carnelian, etc.

The depths of the Crimean peninsula contain industrial deposits of many minerals, but the most great value have iron ores, deposits of building and fluxing limestones, salt riches of Sivash and lakes, as well as gas deposits in the plain Crimea and in (Part , between the northwestern coast and the mainland coast. It extends 118.5 km into the land. The depth in the western part is up to 36 m, in the eastern part up to 10 m. It freezes in severe winters. Ports: , . There are cities on the shores of the bay , etc.)

The iron ores of the Kerch iron ore basin, which is part of the huge Azov-Black Sea iron ore province, were formed in the second half of the Neogene period, in the so-called Cimmerian Age, which began approximately 5 million years ago and lasted at least 1.5-2 million years. On modern territory ore deposits then existed in the shallow Cimmerian Sea, or more precisely, in the delta region of the paleo-Kuban, paleo-Don, paleo-Molochnaya and other rivers. The rivers brought here a large amount of dissolved iron, which they extracted (leached) from the rocks of the drainage area. At the same time, the rivers brought a mass of sand and clay particles into the sea basin in suspension. Due to a change in the reaction of the environment, iron formed compounds here that enveloped grains of sand that were in suspension. This is how concentric shell-like glandular formations of round or ellipsoidal shape, called oliths, appeared. The diameter of oolites (beans) ranges from fractions of millimeters to 4-5 mm or more. They are held together by sandy-clay cement and form ore deposits.

Rice. 9.Minerals of Crimea

In post-Cimmerian times, ore deposits were subject to severe erosion. They were preserved only in deep synclinal folds (troughs), as they were covered by later sandy-clayey rocks. On Nine such large iron ore troughs are known (Fig. 10). Due to different rates of neotectonic movements, ore deposits are now located at different depths: in some places they come to the surface, in some places they lie at a depth of 30-70 m, and in the area of ​​Lake Aktash they were found at a depth of 250 m.

WITH The average thickness of the ore layers is 9-12 m, the maximum is 27.4 m, and the iron content in the ores ranges from 33 to 40%. In general, the ores are poor in iron content, but their shallow occurrence, which allows for open-pit mining, and their high (1-2%) manganese content largely compensates for this deficiency.

Chemical composition Kerch ores are quite variegated. In addition to iron and manganese, they contain vanadium, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, arsenic and a number of other elements. During metallurgical processing, vanadium, which is rare in nature, can be extracted from ores. Its increase gives steel high strength and viscosity, so necessary for the manufacture of critical machine parts. Phosphorus, the content of which in ore is 1%, makes the metal brittle, therefore, when melting steel, they achieve its complete conversion into slag. Phosphorous slags are used to make fertilizers, which successfully replace superphosphate. Sulfur (0.15%) and arsenic (0.11%) are among the harmful impurities in Kerch ores, but their small amount does not significantly affect the quality of the metal. Among the Kerch iron ores There are three main types: tobacco, brown And caviar ore.

Tobacco ores, so named because of their dark green color, are durable and lie quite deep. They account for 70% of proven reserves.

Brown ores lie on tobacco plants and were formed from them as a result of their weathering. By appearance they resemble brownish-brown clay.

Caviar ores their structure resembles granular caviar, they contain quite a lot (sometimes 4-6%) of manganese oxides, which give the ore a black and brownish-black color. In this regard, these ores are classified as manganese-iron ores. Based on explored ore reserves, Kerch deposits occupy a significant place in the country's iron ore industry.

Non-metallic minerals

Among non-metallic minerals, the most important economically important ones in Crimea are various types , which are used as natural building materials, fluxes, chemical raw materials. About 24% of Ukraine's building limestone reserves are concentrated in Crimea. They are developed in more than a hundred quarries, the total area of ​​which is 13 thousand hectares (0.5 the area of ​​the peninsula). Among building limestones, several varieties are distinguished primarily by physical and technical properties.

Marble-like limestones used in road construction as a concrete filler. Polished slabs of them are used for interior decoration of buildings, and multi-colored chips are used for mosaic products. Limestones often have a delicate reddish or creamy color with beautiful design along the cracks of white calcite. The original contours of mollusk shells and corals give them a special flavor. Of all the varieties of Crimean limestones, they are chemically the purest. Marble-like Upper Jurassic limestones stretch in an intermittent strip from Balaklava to , forming the upper horizons . They get them from , the village of Gaspra, the village of Marble, as well as on the mountain (y ). Their extraction in resort areas violates the soil and water protection, sanitary, hygienic and aesthetic properties of landscapes.

Bryozoan limestones consist of the skeletons of the smallest colonial marine organisms - bryozoans, which lived here at the very end of the Cretaceous period. These limestones are known in Crimea under the name Inkerman, or Bodrak stone. They are easy to saw and are similar in strength to red brick. They are used for the manufacture of wall blocks, facing slabs, and architectural details. Most of the houses are built from them , many buildings in and in others populated areas Crimea and beyond.

Deposits of bryozoan limestone are concentrated in the Inner Ridge of the foothills in the area from the city. to r. .

Nummulite limestones consist of the shells of simple organisms (in Greek “nummulus” - coin) that lived in the sea in the Eocene era of the Paleogene period. Limestones are used as wall and rubble stones, as well as for burning lime. They form a ridge almost along its entire length. They are mined mainly in the area And .

Limestone-shell rocks consist of cemented whole and crushed shells of mollusks. They were formed in the coastal zones of the Sarmatian, Maeotic and Pontic seas, which existed on the site of the foothills and plains of Crimea in the Neogene period. These are light, porous (porosity up to 50%) rocks; they are suitable for producing small wall blocks. Yellow pontic shells are mined in the area , the village of Oktyabrsky and in many other places of the Crimean plain. At the same time, the land resources used are not always rationally spent and optimally reclaimed.

When extracting limestone, a lot of crumbs (sawdust) are formed, which are now often successfully used as filler in high-strength reinforced concrete structures.

Flux limestones used in ferrous metallurgy. They must be of high quality, contain at least 50% calcium oxide, and no more than 4% insoluble residue. The content of at least a small (3-4%) amount of magnesium oxide is important. These requirements on the peninsula are best met by marble-like limestones from deposits in the surrounding area. and mountains . Balaklava Mining Administration supplies fluxes to many metallurgical plants in Ukraine. For fluxing the agglomerate at the Kamysh-Burun plant, it turned out to be more advantageous to use local chemically suitable Sarmatian, Maeotic and Pontic shell limestones. Currently, Pontian limestone from the Ivanovskoye deposit is mined for these purposes.

Complex chemical use of salt resources and lakes required a sharp increase in lime production. The deposit of dolomitized limestone and dolomite, a mineral consisting of calcium and magnesium carbonates, discovered in the area of ​​the village of Pervomaisky, is most suitable for these purposes.

The demand for limestone mining is great, and therefore there is a need for more rational use and land reclamation.

Marls- These are sedimentary rocks of white, gray and greenish color, consisting of a mixture of approximately equal proportions of carbonate and clay particles. They were formed in the seas of the Late Cretaceous and in the Eocene era of the Paleogene periods. They are most widespread in the foothills.

Marls - valuable raw material for the production of Portland cement. The best varieties of Eocene marls are found in the area . They are being developed by a building materials plant that grew out of an inter-collective farm cement plant. Marl reserves in Crimea are large.

Combustible minerals

Combustible minerals divided into liquid (oil), gaseous (natural flammable gases) and solid (coal and others).

Oil seeps in Crimea have been known for a long time . The first wells were drilled here in the 60s of the 19th century. Limited volumes of oil were obtained mainly from the Chokrak and Karagan deposits of the Neogene period. Systematic exploration for oil began here in the first half of the 20th century. All wells drilled for oil usually produced associated natural gas.

In 1954, exploration work was extended to the Crimean plain. From a number of wells that exposed Paleocene sandstones at depths from 400 to 1000 m, near the villages of Olenevka, Krasnaya Polyana, Glebovka, and Zadorny Chernomorsky district, gas fountains erupted with a flow rate of 37 to 200 cubic meters or more per day.

In 1962 and 1964 Dzhankoyskoye and Strelkovskoye were discovered ( ) industrial gas fields. Sandy layers in the Maikop clays, located at depths from 300 to 1000 m, turned out to be gas-bearing.

1966 is an important date in the history of the industrial use of local gas: the construction of the first gas pipeline from the Glebovsky field to Simferopol, with branches to Yevpatoria and Saki, was completed. In subsequent years, gas pipelines to Sevastopol, Yalta and other cities were put into operation. With the construction of the gas pipeline in 1976 - Crimea was connected to Unified system gas supply to the country.

As explored onshore gas fields were depleted, offshore ones were developed - Strelkovoye in the Sea of ​​Azov and Golitsynskoye, Arkhangelskoye, Shtormovoe in Black Sea. In 1983, the construction of a gas pipeline from the Golitsynskoye field was completed, and in 1994, from the Shtormovoye fields to the Glebovskoye field. Blue fuel goes through a 73-kilometer underwater pipeline, first built in Crimea, and then another 43 km overland to apartments and industrial enterprises. .

Coal forms three layers in Middle Jurassic shaly clays with a total thickness of up to 3-3.5 m. It belongs to gas coals.

The quality indicators of coal are low. It has a high ash content (from 14 to 55%), relatively low specific heat combustion (from 14.7 to 21.84 MJ/kg) and burns with a smoky flame. Reliable reserves of the Beshuiskoye coal deposit are 150 thousand tons, and possible reserves are up to 2 million tons. Since 1949, its mining has been discontinued due to unprofitability. In addition to this deposit, minor coal deposits are found in many places in the mountainous Crimea.

Mineral salts of Sivash and salt lakes of Crimea - an important raw material base for the country's chemical industry. Thanks to favorable natural conditions in the lagoon , V and in salt lakes a concentrated brine is formed - brine. The salt content in it reaches 12-15%, and in some places even 25%. The average salinity of ocean waters (for comparison) is about 3.5%. Scientists have found that at least 44 substances can currently be extracted from the waters of the seas and oceans. chemical elements. In brine, the greatest quantities contain salts of sodium, magnesium, bromine, potassium, calcium, etc.

The salt resources of Crimea have been used since time immemorial.

However, almost until the end of the 20s of the 20th century, only table salt was mined here. It was transported throughout Russia first by Chumaks on oxen, and from 1876. - By. railway, IN late XIX V. about 40% of the salt produced in Russia was mined in Crimea. Currently, little of it is produced here, since production at other deposits is cheaper.

Now we're talking about on the integrated use of salt resources of Crimea. The production of brine magnesium hydroxide, a refractory raw material for the metallurgical industry, is very promising. As a by-product of this production, gypsum is obtained, which in a calcined state (alabaster) is widely used in construction. Currently, due to the desalination of the Sivash brine with water coming from rice paddies and drainage systems, the concentration of mineral salts has decreased.

The Saki chemical plant, which worsens the conditions for the formation of medicinal mud in Lake Saki and the environmental situation at the resort as a whole, should be repurposed for environmentally friendly production.

Industrial stockstripelov are available on the Kerch Peninsula near the villages of Glazovki and Korenkovo. Due to their high porosity, tripoli, consisting of rounded grains of aqueous silica (opal), have high adsorbing (absorbing) properties. They are used for thermal and sound insulation, for the production of liquid glass, as an additive to Portland cement and as a filter material.

Clubroots are widespread in Crimeaused in the metallurgical industry, for the preparation of solutions used in drilling wells, as an absorbent in the chemical industry. It is used for decolorization of fuels and lubricants, vegetable oils, wine, fruit juices, in the pharmaceutical industry, in soap making, in the production of artificial fibers, plastics, etc. Deposits of the highest quality clays (clue) of the Late Cretaceous period are located near the village of Ukrainka (near ) and at Mr. . On Keel-like clays are common, overlying layers of iron ore.

Jewelry stones are rare for Crimea. You can find single specimens of amethyst and rock crystal, as well as agate, onyx, opal, jet, and brocade jasper. But there are so few of them that reserves of colored stones have never been calculated and industrial mining has not been carried out. The most famous and popular jewelry stone in Crimea is carnelian. “Under the tsar, in the bay at the foot of Karadag, up to 16 pounds of carnelian were mined per year,” says Anatoly Pasynkov.  “They took them around Mother Russia, Faberge made handicrafts.” In 1915, a small workshop appeared on the slope of Karadag, the owner of which was engaged in processing carnelian, agate, and before the Great Patriotic War, production was expanded - jewelry from Crimean gems began to be made in Simferopol. The fame of colored stones thundered throughout the Union, and in the late seventies, single miners descended on Karadag. They destroyed the slopes of an extinct volcano with explosions, agates and chalcedony were uprooted from the blocks with sledgehammers and crowbars, and then taken out of Crimea in backpacks and bags. Soviet writers, who took a liking to the village of Koktebel near Karadag, made a fuss in the press in defense of the unique corner of Crimea, and Karadag was declared a nature reserve.

5. Systematization of knowledge

1.The place where mineral deposits occur is called.

2. Minerals that burn well and at the same time release a lot of heat are called 3. List what minerals there are in Crimea