1. Connecting structures that contain
additional comments or clarifications introduced in the middle
dina or at the end of the sentence. Such designs are usually used
connected by words even, especially, in particular, for example,
in particular, mainly, in particular, including, moreover, and moreover,
and (meaning “and besides”), yes, yes and, yes and in general, etc. For example: It was
very warm, even hot (Chakovsky); There is a lot of good in people
kinship, a lot of love, selflessness, especially in women
(A. Ostrovsky); ...It seemed that everything, including forests and fields, was moving
goes to the west, but it is impossible to go or go to the east (Kazakevich);
And Rudin started talking about pride, and spoke very effectively (Turgenev);
What can you tell a sculptor, and a bad one at that, to do? (Turge-
nev); Already in the Caucasus I learned, and not from the captain, that he was four-
seriously wounded several times... (L. Tolstoy); There was only one road
and, moreover, wide and surrounded by milestones, so that it was possible to get lost
impossible (Korolenko); Let these people, and many others, remember
no matter what happened; The fight for peace is important, and moreover,
a necessary task for all progressive people.
Punctuation also depends on the syntactic function of the word,
through which a revolution is added. Wed: Many developed
developing countries, and Algeria in particular, receive selfless
economic assistance from the Soviet Union (emphasized by commas)
the whole turn with words and in particular, a. not only with words in particular
ity, since in the sentence there are no homogeneous members that
could be united by a union and). - Some countries of the Front
Asia and, in particular, Algeria among the countries of North Africa have retained
whether there are traces of Arab rule (in particular - the introductory word,
and connects homogeneous members).
The connecting structure may not stand out from two
sides by commas, but only separated by a comma from the previous one
parts of a sentence, if this construction is closely related in meaning
with a subsequent part, from which it is not separated in pronunciation
pause, for example: It’s late now, and there’s nothing to come back to
to this question.
Note.
There is no comma before the conjunction and:
a) if it is used in a connecting meaning, for example:
So he went into the forest to hunt for nuts and got lost (Turgenev);
b) in combinations like took and said (with the same verb shape -
gola take and another verb to denote the unexpected
or voluntary action), for example: They lived a year soul
into the soul, and the next year it will die (Ch. Uspensky);
c) in combination no-no-yes and, for example: Such a smart couple-
Nishka, and suddenly he became quiet for something, thought and no, no, and looked
no on me (Sholokhov).
2. Connecting structures can be connected without connection
call. For example: The other day I saw “Crocodile Tears” - the most mediocre
five-act nonsense (Chekhov); I must have remained silent again
from amazement (Paustovsky).
Punctuation marks for words
grammatically unrelated to members
offers
§ 99
Introductory words and phrases
1. Commas highlight introductory words and phrases. Spilled
There are several main groups of introductory words according to their meaning:
1) introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings (joy,
regret, surprise, etc.) in connection with the message: fortunately,
unfortunately, fortunately, unfortunately, joyfully, unfortunately,
unfortunately, to annoyance, unfortunately, to surprise, to amazement,
for horror, for shame, for happiness, for joy, for misfortune, what good,
it’s no secret, it’s a strange thing, an amazing thing, the hour is uneven
etc. For example: ... Naydenov, to Nagulny’s amazement, in one second -
he shrugged off his leather jacket and sat down at the table (Sholokhov); Here, to the non-descriptive
to Petya's vain admiration, on the old kitchen table was arranged
an entire metalworking mechanical workshop (Kataev);
1. Introductory words and phrases are not members of the proposal. With their help, the speaker expresses his attitude to the content of the statement (confidence or uncertainty, emotional reaction, etc.):
Example: Unfortunately, he didn't have watercolors(Soloukhin).
Introductory sentences can also perform the same function.
For example: I dare say I was loved in the house(Turgenev) - the structure is a definite personal one-part sentence; In life, do you know, there is always room for exploits(M. Gorky) - the structure is a two-part sentence; We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov) - in structure, a conditional one-part clause.
In writing, introductory words, phrases and sentences usually separated by commas.
Classes of introductory words by meaning
| Meaning | Introductory Components | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Evaluation of what is being reported in terms of reliability, etc.: | ||
| 1.1. Confidence, authenticity | Of course, of course, indisputably, undoubtedly, without a doubt, certainly, indeed, in fact, truly, of course, of course, truly etc. | Undoubtedly, someone is sucking the life out of this strange girl who cries when others in her place laugh (Korolenko). The heroine of this novel, goes without saying, there was Masha (L. Tolstoy). Indeed, since my mother died... I was very rarely seen at home (Turgenev). |
| 1.2. Uncertainty, assumption, uncertainty, assumption | Probably, it seems, as it seems, probably, in all likelihood, right, tea, obviously, perhaps, perhaps, it is visible, apparently, as it seems, it is true, maybe, it should be, it seems, I think, I believe, one must believe, I hope , in some way, in some sense, suppose, suppose, let's say, if you want, one way or another etc. | She probably still drinks coffee and cookies in the morning.(Fadeev). Life, it seems, has not yet begun(Paustovsky). Apparently the free bread was to my liking(Mezherov). And he dreamed, perhaps, of approaching by a different route, knocking at the window with the expected guest, dear(Tvardovsky). I have a headache. Must be due to bad weather(Chekhov). |
| 2. Different feelings: | ||
| 2.1. Joy, approval | Fortunately, to happiness, to joy, to the joy, to the pleasure of someone, what is good, what is even better etc. | Fortunately, Alekhine left the house an hour earlier and caught the ship sailing to Frankfurt(Kotov). Here, to Petya's indescribable admiration, an entire metalworking workshop has been set up on an old kitchen table(Kataev). |
| 2.2. Regret, disapproval | Unfortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to the shame of someone, to regret, to annoyance, to misfortune, as if unfortunately, as if on purpose, by a sinful act, what is even worse, what is offensive, alas etc. | Unfortunately, I must add that in the same year Pavel passed away(Turgenev). |
| 2.3. Surprise, bewilderment | To surprise, amazing, amazing thing, to amazement, strange, strange thing, incomprehensible thing etc. | Naydenov, to Nagulny's amazement, in one second he shrugged off his leather jacket and sat down at the table(Sholokhov). |
| 2.4. Fear | The hour is uneven, God forbid, whatever happens etc. | Just look, the oar will rip out and he will be thrown into the sea(Novikov-Priboy). |
| 2.5. General expressive nature of the utterance | In conscience, in justice, in essence, in essence, in soul, in truth, in truth, in truth, one must tell the truth, if the truth is to be told, it is funny to say, to say in honor, between us, speaking between us, there is nothing to say in vain, I confess, except jokes, actually etc. | There were, however, some weaknesses behind him(Turgenev). I admit, I don’t really like this tree - aspen...(Turgenev). Nothing offends me more, dare I say, offends me so much, as ingratitude(Turgenev). |
| 3. Source of message | According to someone, according to someone, in my opinion, according to you, according to someone, according to someone, according to rumors, according to a proverb, according to legend, from the point of view of someone, I remember, one can hear, they say, they say, as one can hear, as I think, as I think, as I remember, as they say, as they believe, as is known, as was pointed out, as it turned out, as they said in the old days, in my opinion etc. | Pesotsky, they say, has apples as big as his head, and Pesotsky, they say, made his fortune from the garden(Chekhov). The calculation, in my opinion, was mathematically accurate(Paustovsky). Twenty years ago Line Lake was such a wilderness that, according to foresters, not every bird dared to fly there(Paustovsky). |
| 4. Order of thoughts and their connections | Firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, so, therefore, therefore, thus, on the contrary, on the contrary, for example, for example, in particular, in addition, in addition, to top it all off, in addition, moreover, on the one hand, on the other hand, however, by the way, in general, in addition, therefore, the main thing, by the way, by the way, by the way etc. | On the one hand, the darkness was saving: it hid us(Paustovsky). Forest air is healing, it lengthens life, it increases our vitality, and, finally, it turns the mechanical and sometimes difficult process of breathing into pleasure(Paustovsky). So, the next day I stood in this room behind the doors and listened as my fate was decided(Dostoevsky). |
| 5. Assessing the style of expression, manner of speech, ways of forming thoughts | In a word, in one word, in other words, in other words, directly speaking, roughly speaking, in fact, in fact, in short, in short, more accurately, better to say, directly to say, easier to say, so to speak, how to say, so to speak, what's called etc. | In a word, Storeshnikov was thinking more and more strongly about getting married every day.(Chernyshevsky). In short, this is not a master in science, but a worker(Chekhov). We got up and went to push ourselves to the well, or rather, to the fountain(Garshin). |
| 6. Assessment of the measure, the degree of what is being said; the degree of commonality of the facts stated | At least, at least to one degree or another, to a large extent, as usual, as usual, it happens, happens, as usual, as always, as it happens, as it happens, as it happens sometimes etc. | Talked to me at least like an army commander(Simonov). Behind the counter, as usual, Nikolai Ivanovich stood almost the entire width of the opening...(Turgenev) It happens that mine is luckier(Griboyedov). |
| 7. Drawing the interlocutor’s attention to the message, emphasizing, emphasizing | Do you see, know, remember, understand, believe, listen, allow, imagine, imagine, can imagine, believe, imagine, admit, believe, believe, not believe, agree, notice, do me a favor, if you want to know, I remind, we remind, I repeat, I emphasize what is important, what is even more important, what is essential, what is even more significant etc. | You were afraid, admit it, when my fellows threw a rope around your neck?(Pushkin). Imagine, our young people are already bored(Turgenev). We, if you want to know, we came to demand(Gorbatov). Where was this, please?(Pavlenko). |
2. In terms of their grammatical correlation, introductory words and constructions can go back to different parts of speech and different grammatical forms:
- impersonal offers;
It seemed to her that we all remember it well.
- vaguely personal proposals.
This is how they thought about him, how they usually talked about him.
nouns in various cases with and without prepositions;
Without a doubt, for joy, fortunately etc.
adjectives in short form, in various cases, in the superlative degree;
Right, guilty, the main thing, in general, the most important thing, the least.
pronouns in indirect cases with prepositions;
In addition, besides, meanwhile.
adverbs in the positive or comparative degree;
Undoubtedly, of course, probably, in short, more accurately.
verbs in various forms of the indicative or imperative mood;
I think, believe me, they seemed to say, imagine, have mercy.
infinitive or combination with an infinitive;
See, know, admit, funny to say.
combinations with participles;
To tell the truth, in short, to put it roughly.
two-part sentences with a subject - a personal pronoun and a predicate - a verb with the meaning of expression of will, speaking, thought, etc.;
For as long as I can remember, I often think.
That's why it is necessary to distinguish between introductory words and homonymous forms and constructions.
Pay attention!
Depending on the context, the same words act either as introductory words (hence, not members of the sentence), or as members of the sentence. In order not to make a mistake, you should remember that:
A) you can ask a question to a member of a sentence;
b) the introductory word is not a member of the sentence and has one of the meanings listed above;
V) the introductory word can usually (but not always) be removed from the sentence.
Compare the sentences given in pairs:
This is true(Dostoevsky). - True, sometimes... it’s not too fun to wander along country roads (Turgenev).
During the summer, he can become attached to this weak, talkative creature, get carried away, fall in love (Chekhov). - You may have thought that I was asking you for money!(Dostoevsky).
Listen, we right went? Do you remember the place? (Kassil). - Donkey shouts: we’ll probably get along if we sit next to each other(Krylov).
In a number of cases, the criterion for distinguishing between introductory words and sentence members is the possibility of adding the word speaking.
By the way, he never came(“by the way”); You really shouldn't have come("as a matter of fact"); In short, the book is useful("in short"); To be honest, I don’t want to go back to what was said.(“in truth”)
When determining syntactic function and placing punctuation marks, in some cases it is necessary to take into account several conditions.
1) The word probably is introductory in the sense of “probably, apparently”:
The sisters are probably already asleep(Korolenko).
The word probably is a member of a sentence in the meaning “undoubtedly, definitely”:
If I know(How?) Maybe that I have to die, then I’ll tell you everything, everything!(Turgenev).
2) The word is finally introductory:
if it indicates a connection of thoughts, the order of their presentation (in the meaning of “and also”) completes the enumeration:
Opekushin came from the common people, first a self-taught person, then a recognized artist and, finally, an academician(Teleshov).
Often a word is finally preceded by homogeneous members of the word firstly, secondly or on the one hand, on the other hand, in relation to which the word finally ends the enumeration;
if it gives an assessment of a fact from the point of view of the speaker’s face or is used to express impatience, to strengthen, emphasize something:
Yes, finally leave!(Chekhov).
Pay attention!
The word finally is not introductory and serves as a circumstantial meaning “at the end”, “finally”, “after everything”, “as a result of everything”.
Gave three balls every year and squandered it finally (Pushkin).
In this meaning, finally, the particle - can usually be added to the word (with an introductory word such an addition is impossible).
Wed: Finally got to the station (Finally got to the station). - You can finally turn to your father for advice(adding a particle -That impossible).
3) The distinction between the combination finally as an introductory one and as a member of a sentence is a circumstance similar in terms to the word finally.
Wed: After all, in the end, we haven’t decided anything yet! (in the end denotes not time, but the conclusion to which the speaker came as a result of a series of reasoning). - In the end agreement was reached(meaning of the circumstance “as a result of everything”).
4) The word, however, is introductory if it appears in the middle or at the end of a simple sentence:
The heat and fatigue took their toll, however.(Turgenev); How cleverly I did it, however(Chekhov).
At the beginning of a sentence (part of a complex sentence) or as a means of connecting homogeneous members, the word however has the meaning of an adversative conjunction (it can be replaced by the conjunction but), therefore a comma is placed only before this word:
However, it is desirable to know - by what witchcraft did a man gain such power over the entire neighborhood?(Nekrasov).
Note. In rare cases, however, the word is separated by a comma at the beginning of the sentence, approaching in meaning an interjection (expresses surprise, bewilderment, indignation), for example: However, what a wind!(Chekhov).
5) The word of course is usually separated by commas as an introductory word:
Fedor was still working in the rear, of course, he heard and read many times about “folk heroes”(Furmanov).
But sometimes the word of course, pronounced in a tone of confidence, takes on the meaning of an affirmative particle and is not punctuated:
Of course it's true!; Of course it is.
6) The word is indeed introductory in the sense of “yes, so, right, exactly” (usually it occupies a position at the beginning of a sentence):
Indeed, from the battery there was a view of almost the entire location of the Russian troops(L. Tolstoy).
As an adverb, it really means “really, truly, in fact” (usually it stands between the subject and the predicate):
I really just like you say(Dostoevsky).
7) A word in general is introductory if it is used in the meaning “generally speaking”:
In general, one could agree with this statement, but it is necessary to check some data; In general, I would like to know what really happened.
In other cases, the word is generally used as an adverb in different meanings:
- in the meaning of “in general”, “on the whole”:
Pushkin is for Russian art what Lomonosov is for Russian enlightenment at all (Goncharov);
- in the meaning “always”, “at all”, “under all conditions”:
He lights fires at all forbade it, it was dangerous(Kazakevich);
- in the meaning “in all respects”, “in relation to everything”:
He at all looked like a weirdo(Turgenev).
This provision also applies to the form in general.
Wed: In general, there is nothing to be sad about(introductory word, can be replaced - generally speaking). - These are the terms in general simple process(meaning “in the end”); I made a few comments regarding various little things, but All in all praised him very much(Garshin) (meaning “as a result”).
8) Combination anyway is introductory if it has a restrictive-evaluative meaning:
Anyway, his last name was not Akundin, he came from abroad and performed for a reason (A.N. Tolstoy); This information at least in the short term, it will be difficult to check (the entire turnover is highlighted).
In the meaning “under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory:
You anyway you will be informed about the progress of the case; I was firmly convinced that anyway I'll see him at my mom's today(Dostoevsky).
9) The combination, in turn, is not distinguished as occupied if it is used in a meaning close to direct, or in the meaning “in response”, “for its part”:
He in turn asked me(i.e. when it was his turn); The workers thanked their bosses for their help and asked to visit them more often; in turn, representatives of the patronage organization invited workers to a meeting of the theater’s artistic council.
In a figurative meaning, the combination, in turn, takes on the meaning of introduction and is punctuated:
Among newspaper genres, there are informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres; among the latter, in turn, the essay, feuilleton, and pamphlet stand out.
10) The combination in fact meaning “really” is not introductory. But if this combination serves to express bewilderment, indignation, indignation, etc., then it becomes introductory.
11) In particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, it is highlighted on both sides with commas:
He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words.
But if in particular it is part of a connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end), then it is allocated as occupied along with this structure:
Many will willingly take on this work, and in particular me; Many people will be willing to take on this work, and I in particular.
If in particular included in the design in general and in particular, then this construction is not separated by commas:
Over tea the conversation turned to housekeeping in general and in particular about gardening(Saltykov-Shchedrin).
12) The combination is mainly introductory if it serves to highlight a fact in order to express its assessment.
For example: There was a wide alley... and along it, mainly, the public was walking(Gorky) (it is impossible to form the combination “mainly for a walk”, so in this example the combination mainly is not a member of the proposal); The article should be corrected and, mainly, supplemented with fresh material (mainly meaning “the most important thing”). The combination mainly included in the connecting structure (at the beginning or at the end) is separated by commas along with it, for example: With fifty people mostly officers, crowded nearby(Pavlenko).
The combination is mainly not introductory in the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all”:
He achieved success mainly due to his hard work; What I like about him mainly is his sincerity.
13) The word main is introductory in the sense of “especially important”, “especially significant”:
You can take any topic for the story, but the main thing is that it is interesting; Details can be omitted, but the main thing is to make it entertaining(a comma cannot be placed after the conjunction a, and to enhance punctuation, a dash is placed after the introductory combination).
14) A word means is introductory if it can be replaced with introductory words therefore, it became:
People are born, get married, die; that means it’s necessary, that means it’s good(A.N. Ostrovsky); So, does that mean you can't come today?
If the word means is close in meaning to “means,” then the punctuation depends on the place it occupies in the sentence:
in the position between the subject and the predicate, it means that it serves as a means of connecting the main members of the sentence, a dash is placed before it, and no sign is placed after it:
To fight is to win;
in other cases it means that it is not separated or highlighted by any signs:
if the word means is located between a subordinate and main clause or between parts of a non-union complex sentence, then it is highlighted on both sides with commas:
If he defends his views so stubbornly, it means he feels he is right; If you didn’t save the child, then you have yourself to blame.
15) The word is the opposite meaning “in contrast to what is said or expected; on the contrary” is introductory and is separated by commas:
Instead of slowing down, he, on the contrary, stood on the box and desperately twirled his whip over his head.(Kataev).
If, on the contrary (after the conjunction and) is used as a word replacing a member of a sentence or a whole sentence, then the following punctuation is observed:
when a member of a sentence is replaced, no sign is placed before the conjunction:
In the picture, light tones turn into dark and vice versa(i.e. dark to light);
when, on the contrary, it is added to a whole sentence, a comma is placed before the conjunction:
The closer the light source, the brighter the light it emits, and vice versa(the whole sentence is replaced: The further away the light source is, the less bright the light it emits; a kind of compound sentence is formed);
when, and vice versa, it is attached to a subordinate clause, a comma is not placed before the conjunction:
This also explains why what was considered criminal in the ancient world is considered legal in the new and vice versa(Belinsky) (as if homogeneous subordinate clauses with a non-repeating conjunction are formed And: ...and why what was considered criminal in modern times was considered legal in the ancient world).
16) The combination is at least introductory if it has an evaluative-restrictive meaning, that is, it expresses the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed:
One person, driven by compassion, decided to at least help Akakiy Akakievich with good advice(Gogol); Vera Efimovna advised us to try to transfer her to a political position or, at least, to work as a nurse in a hospital(L. Tolstoy).
If the introductory combination is at least at the beginning of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas along with it:
Nikolai Evgrafych knew that his wife would not return home soon, at least five o'clock! (Chekhov).
The combination is at least not separated by commas if it means “no less than”, “at least”:
From his tanned face one could conclude that he knew what smoke was, if not gunpowder, then at least tobacco(Gogol); At least I will know that I will serve in the Russian army (Bulgakov).
17) The phrase including the combination from the point of view is separated by commas if it means “in opinion”:
Choosing a place to build a cottage, from my point of view, successful.
If such a combination has the meaning “in relation”, then the rotation is not separated by commas:
I know that a crime has been committed, if you look at things from the point of view of general morality; From the point of view of novelty, the book deserves attention.
18) The word approximately is introductory in the sense of “for example” and is not introductory in the sense of “approximately”.
Wed: I'm trying to think about her("For example"), not thinking is impossible(Ostrovsky). - We are approximately("approximately") in these tones and with such conclusions they conducted a conversation(Furmanov).
19) The word is for example associated with the following punctuation:
- separated by commas as introductory:
Nikolai Artemyevich liked to persistently argue, for example, about whether it is possible for a person to travel around the entire globe during his entire life(Turgenev);
- stands out together with the revolution, at the beginning or end of which there is:
requires a comma before itself and a colon after itself, if it is after a generalizing word before listing homogeneous members:
Some mushrooms are very poisonous, for example: toadstool, satanic mushroom, fly agaric.
Pay attention!
Never are not introductory and the words are not separated by commas:
as if, as if, hardly, barely, supposedly, almost, even, exactly, after all, only, certainly, just, after all, necessarily, suddenly.
3. General rules for placing punctuation marks for introductory words, combinations and sentences.
1) Basically, introductory words, phrases and sentences are separated by commas:
I admit, he didn't make a good impression on me(Turgenev); Yes, you probably saw her at that evening(Turgenev).
2) If the introductory word comes after the listing of homogeneous members and precedes the generalizing word, then only a dash (without a comma) is placed before the introductory word, and a comma after it:
Books, brochures, magazines, newspapers - in a word, all types of printed materials lay on his desk in complete disarray.
If the sentence is complex, then a comma is placed before the dash based on the general rule for separating parts of a complex sentence:
The men drank, argued and laughed - in a word, the dinner was extremely cheerful (Pushkin).
3) When two introductory words meet, a comma is placed between them:
What good, perhaps, and gets married, out of tenderness of the soul...(Dostoevsky); So, in your opinion Should everyone, without exception, engage in physical labor?(Chekhov).
Intensifying particles in introductory words are not separated from them by a comma:
This is probably true, since there are no contraindications.
4) If the introductory word is at the beginning or end of a separate phrase (isolation, clarification, explanation, accession), then it is not separated from the phrase by any sign:
The dark, stocky captain calmly sips his pipe, apparently Italian or Greek (Kataev); Among my comrades there are such poets, lyrics or what?, preachers of love for people(Bitter).
Introductory words are not separated from a separate phrase, even if they are at the very beginning or the very end of the sentence:
Apparently fearing snow drifts, the group leader canceled the climb to the top of the mountain; Leave these new arguments, unconvincing and far-fetched of course.
If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate phrase, then it is separated by commas on a general basis:
The child, apparently frightened by the horse, ran up to his mother.
Pay attention!
It is necessary to distinguish between cases when the introductory word is at the beginning of a separate phrase, and cases when it is located between two members of a sentence.
Wed: He had information seems to have been published recently (a separate phrase, the introductory word seems to be part of it). - In his hand he held a small, it seems, technical reference book(without the introductory word there would be no punctuation mark, since the definitions small And technical heterogeneous, the introductory word refers to the second of them).
In the presence of homogeneous definitions, when doubt may arise as to which of the homogeneous members, preceding or subsequent, the introductory word located between them refers to, the second definition, together with the introductory word, can form a clarifying construction.
This information was gleaned from new seems special for thiscase compiled, directory(without an introductory word, there would be a comma between homogeneous definitions); Silence and grace reigned in this, obviously forgotten by God and people, corner of the earth(clarifying definition for the demonstrative pronoun this).
If the introductory word is at the beginning of a phrase enclosed in brackets, then it is separated by a comma:
Both messages (apparently recently received) have attracted widespread attention.
5) If there is a coordinating conjunction before the introductory word, then the punctuation will be like this. Introductory words are separated from the preceding coordinating conjunction by a comma if the introductory word can be omitted or rearranged elsewhere in the sentence without disturbing its structure (as a rule, with conjunctions and, but). If the removal or rearrangement of the introductory word is impossible, then a comma is not placed after the conjunction (usually with the conjunction a).
Wed: The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will probably go on sale in a few days (The entire circulation has already been printed, and the book will go on sale in a few days.); This issue has already been considered several times, but, apparently, the final decision has not yet been made (This issue has already been considered several times, but a final decision has not yet been made.); It is not coal that can be used here, but rather liquid fuel (It is not coal that can be used here, but liquid fuel). - The calculations were made hastily and therefore inaccurately(impossible: The calculations were made hastily and inaccurately); Maybe everything will end well, or maybe vice versa(impossible: Maybe everything will end well, but vice versa).
Pay attention!
A homogeneous member of a sentence that comes after introductory words and therefore, and therefore, is not isolated, that is, a comma is not placed after it.
For example: As a result, the strength of the electromagnetic field of incoming signals, and therefore the strength of reception, increases many times; This scheme, and therefore the entire project as a whole, needs to be verified.
6) After an connecting conjunction (at the beginning of an independent sentence), a comma is usually not placed, since the conjunction is closely adjacent to the introductory word that follows it:
And imagine, he still staged this performance; And I dare to assure you, the performance turned out wonderful; And what do you think, he achieved his goal; But one way or another, the decision was made.
Less often (when intonationally emphasizing introductory words or introductory sentences, when they are included in the text through a subordinating conjunction), after the connecting conjunction, a comma is placed before the introductory construction:
But, to my great chagrin, Shvabrin, usually condescending, decisively announced that my song was not good(Pushkin); And, as usual, they remembered only one good thing(Krymov).
7) Introductory words standing before the comparative phrase (with the conjunction as), the target phrase (with the conjunction so), etc., are separated from them based on the general rule:
All this seemed strange to me, as did others; The son thought for a minute, probably to collect his thoughts(usually in these cases the introductory word refers not to the previous, but to the subsequent part of the sentence).
8) Instead of a comma, a dash can be used in introductory words, phrases and sentences.
A dash is used in the following cases:
if the introductory phrase forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is usually placed instead of one comma:
Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: on the one hand, to give the horses a rest, on the other, to rest and refresh himself.(Gogol) (the comma before the subordinate clause is absorbed by the dash);
a dash is placed before the introductory word as an additional sign after the comma if the introductory word stands between two parts of a complex sentence and in meaning can be attributed to either the preceding or subsequent part:
The dog disappeared - probably someone chased it out of the yard(the dash emphasizes that it is not “the dog probably disappeared”, but that “the dog was probably driven away”).
Sometimes an additional sign emphasizes cause-and-effect or connecting relationships between parts of a sentence:
It was difficult to verify his words - obviously, circumstances had changed a lot.
Sometimes a comma and a dash are placed before the introductory word at the beginning of a separate phrase, and a comma after it to avoid possible ambiguity:
Since there is still time, we will call someone additional to the exam - for example, those taking it again (let's say in the meaning of “suppose”, “say”);
a dash is placed before the introductory word after a comma if the part of the sentence following the introductory word summarizes what was said in the first part:
Chichikov asked with extreme precision who the city's governor was, who the chairman of the chamber was, who the prosecutor was - in a word, he did not miss a single significant person(Gogol);
using a dash, introductory sentences can be highlighted if they are quite common (have secondary members):
Suspect Yakov Lukich of sabotage - now it seemed to him- it wasn't easy(Sholokhov); Let the enemy leave, or - as they say in the solemn language of military regulations- letting him get away is a major nuisance for the scouts, almost a shame(Kazakevich).
Does "in particular" stand out at the end of a sentence? and got the best answer
Answer from Yergey Petrov[guru]
Look, here's a tip for not using commas:
And here's the commas:
h t t p: / / c l. u s - i n. ne t / t n _0 7 _ 6 7 _ 0 3. p h p
But, since the portrait depicts a military man, and even with such stupidity as “Dead Water,” we won’t trust him especially in matters of punctuation, in particular)))
Reply from Serendipity[guru]
9) The combination in particular, indicating the relationship between the parts of the statement, is separated by commas: He is interested, in particular, in the origin of individual words; These questions were discussed in a number of monographs and, in particular, in special articles.
If the combination in particular is part of a connecting construction (at the beginning or at the end), then it is separated by commas along with this construction (see § 24, paragraph 3): Many peoples and nationalities inhabiting Russia, in particular the peoples of the Far North , received writing relatively recently; Many people, including me in particular, would be willing to take on this work.
The construction in general and in particular is not distinguished by commas: Over tea the conversation turned to farming in general and gardening in particular (S. -Shch.).
Rosenthal, Handbook.
The Internet is full of links to this guide.
Reply from Alla Kaytamba[active]
No!!
Reply from Nikita Maximov[newbie]
“In particular” is isolated only at the beginning and in the middle of sentences. Sorry, no links
P.S.: in my opinion, it is better to write “lovers of world and military history,” but this is just my opinion!
Reply from 2 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: does “in particular” stand alone at the end of a sentence?
In particular
introductory word
Identified by punctuation marks, usually commas. For details on punctuation for introductory words, see Appendix 2. ()
Schellenberg in particular organized the supply of German units stationed on the Atlantic Wall with British automatic weapons. Yu. Semenov, Seventeen moments of spring. The desire for the complete destruction of failed life on the planet, which gripped his descendants, was realized, in particular, in the flight of the ancestors of the Tormancians. I. Efremov, Hour of the Bull.
The words “in particular” as part of the adjunct phrase are isolated together with the words related to them.
But interest in the outside world has weakened significantly, in particular to books, and my memory began to change greatly. A. Chekhov, Ward No. 6. I'm also used to writing down my thoughts on anything., in particular on cigarette boxes. K. Paustovsky, Golden Rose.
In the construction “...in general and...in particular,” punctuation marks are not required.
I thought about you, about attractiveness in general and yours in particular . I. Efremov, The Razor's Edge.
Dictionary-reference book on punctuation. - M.: Reference and information Internet portal GRAMOTA.RU. V. V. Svintsov, V. M. Pakhomov, I. V. Filatova. 2010 .
Synonyms:See what “in particular” is in other dictionaries:
Chapter 3. WHAT DOES THE HISTORY OF CULINARY AND, IN PARTICULAR, THE HISTORY OF MENU TEACH?- So, what conclusions can be drawn from a review of the development and changes in the lunch menu of different classes of the population of Russia over the past 150,200 years? What conclusions can be drawn from that comparison of dishes that differ in composition and nutritional nature... ... Great Encyclopedia of Culinary Arts
in particular- for example, so, namely, at least, especially, for example, approximately to say, at least, approximately, exactly, say, for example, to say Dictionary of Russian synonyms. in particular adverb, number of synonyms: 12 namely (10) ... Dictionary of synonyms
in particular- in particular, introductory sl. The comments, in particular, related to the style... Together. Separately. Hyphenated.
in particular- see in particular; in sign. introductory collocation Usage for clarification, clarification. in the sign: exactly, especially. Pay attention, in particular, to your gait. Change production technology, in particular the order of operations... Dictionary of many expressions
direct data exchange between bays, in particular for the implementation of high-speed functions such as online blocking- [Intent] Interface model of a substation automation system Logical interfaces at substation 1 ... Technical Translator's Guide
In particular- PARTICULARITY, and, g. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
MORAL PHILOSOPHY is a science, in particular in Catholicism. theology,- MORAL PHILOSOPHY is a science, in particular in Catholicism. theology is the same as ethics. Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. 2010… Philosophical Encyclopedia
in particular- in particular … Spelling dictionary-reference book
without going into particulars- adverb, number of synonyms: 5 galloping across Europe (17) without going into details (25) ... Dictionary of synonyms
In particular- adv. qualities circumstances 1. Used when highlighting a homogeneous member of a sentence, which is more specific in relation to a more general homogeneous member, corresponding in meaning to the following: in particular, especially. 2. Used as... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova
Books
- Thoughts on history in general and Russian history in particular, Yu. Venelin. 1847, University Printing House, Moscow. Original cover. The condition is good. Owner's notes on the cover. Thoughts about history in general and Russian history in particular, and about the time of birth... Buy for 11471.6 rubles
- A note on judicial reform in the Western Territory in general and in particular in the Kyiv province, Kolmakov. Note on judicial reform in the Western Territory in general and in particular in the Kyiv province / Comp. N. M. Kolmakov U 425/75 E 85/187: Kyiv: typ. M. P. Fritz, 1872: Comp. N. M. Kolmakov Reproduced in...
In the first two parts, we have already discussed many punctuation issues with introductory words and phrases. In the third part of the article you will learn about the features of punctuation in constructions in particular, mainly, most importantly, means, on the contrary, for example and at least. They can act not only as introductory sentences, but also as regular members of a sentence, depending on which punctuation marks are placed. Let's look at these words and phrases in more detail.
!!! Introductory words and phrases are separated by commas on both sides.
Combination in particular may indicate the relationship between the parts of a statement, and in this case it is introductory.
We have discussed the topic “Phrase Combination” in several articles, in particular, in the article “Subordinate relations in phrases.”
However, the combination in particular may be part of the connecting structure. If it is at the beginning or end of this construction, then in this case it is separated by commas along with it.
I love Italian cuisine in particular spaghetti
!!! Design at all And in particular is not separated by commas.
We talked about education in general and in particular about school education.
Mainly is introductory if this combination is used to evaluate a fact or to highlight it. Moreover, if the combination mainly is part of the connecting structure, they stand out together.
There are many rooms in the house, but we mainly, we gather in the living room.
A man of three hundred young people, mainly students gathered in the square(included in the connecting structure).
If the combination mainly has the meaning “most of all”, “first of all”, then it is not introductory.
Students achieve good results mainly thanks to your hard work.
Word The main thing is introductory if relevant “especially significant”, “particularly important”.
To pass exams successfully, you need to prepare a lot, The main thing, on one's own.
If the word means can be replaced with synonyms "therefore", "therefore", then it is introductory. 
If people are born, get married, die, Means, it's necessary Means, This is good.
Often the word Means has a value close to " means", in this case, punctuation marks depend on the place occupied by the word means in the sentence.
1. If Means is between the subject and the predicate, then a dash is placed before it, and no punctuation mark is placed after it.
To love - Means understand and forgive.
2. Between parts of a non-union complex sentence or between parts of a complex sentence, the word means is highlighted with commas on both sides.
Spring will come soon, Means, it will be sunny and warm.
If he is so stubborn in his mistrust, Means, he has reasons for this.
3. In other cases, this word is not distinguished by any symbols.
You came and this Means very much for me.
If the word on the contrary is used as an introductory word, then it is separated by commas.
Instead of repenting, he vice versa, took an even more defiant pose.
Combination and vice versa can replace parts of sentences and entire sentences.
This combination is highlighted with commas if it replaces an entire sentence, not joining a subordinate clause (we can assume that it is replacing part of a complex sentence).
The more we teach, the more we know and vice versa (the part “the less we teach, the less we know” is replaced)
If replacing 
If a member of a sentence or combination is added and vice versa is added to a subordinate clause, then in these cases commas are not needed.
We know that there are holidays when women congratulate men and vice versa (men congratulate women).
This knob can be turned from left to right and vice versa (from right to left).
Word For example as an introduction, it is separated by commas on both sides.
I'm ready for you For example, explain the rule about alternating roots.
If the word For example stands at the beginning or end of a whorl, then it stands out along with the whorl.
I was lucky enough to visit many countries, For example in Croatia.
Many people were interested in this question, Socrates For example.
If a list of homogeneous members begins after a given word, then a colon is placed after it and a comma before it.
We know that there are many names for tea, For example: white, black, yellow, green, red.
Combination at least is not introductory if it means “at least”, “no less than”. If this combination helps the speaker express his attitude to the statement and has a restrictive and emphatic meaning, then it acts as an introductory one and is separated by commas.
At least one someone at least, decided to do a manly thing(grade)
She looked forward to these meetings, and he, by region
at least, tried not to be late(grade).
At least I will know what to do in such situations.
Like other introductory words and combinations, the combination at least, being at the beginning or end of a whorl, it stands out along with the whorl.
I know that if they come to arrest me, I will not surrender alive and will have time to take many policemen with me, at least seven, that's for sure.
Punctuation in introductory words and combinations, as you can see, has many features, which is why difficulties often arise when taking tests or writing exam papers. Don't be upset if something doesn't work out for you right away! Desire and practice will bear fruit!
Good luck to you and enjoy the beautiful, competent Russian language!
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