Hello, dear graduates! The sad fact is that all problems with a short answer in the exam itself (profile level) are solved accurately by only a small part of those taking it, namely about 25 percent of schoolchildren. Unfortunately, for some reason, it was not possible to find statistics for Russia, maybe you have accurate data or an official analysis, you can write in the comments.
But the fact remains a fact, and a very unpleasant one at that. Yes! Sometimes, right after the exam, insight comes - you realize your mistakes and want to hit a nearby tree out of indignation, but what’s the point. Precious points have already been wasted...
Even trained guys make “ridiculous” mistakes, or waste an unreasonably long time on a simple example. Why? As they say, there are reasons and nuances.
Let's look at a few “tricky” tasks. Of course, in reality, the writers of the tasks did not plan any traps for you, that’s just what they are called in everyday life.
This article focuses on some of them separately. They are simple, but for some reason the guys often make mistakes when solving them. So!
26644. Income tax is 13% of wages. After withholding income tax, Maria Konstantinovna received 9,570 rubles. How many rubles is Maria Konstantinovna’s salary?
Please note that 9570 rubles is the salary after deduction of 13%. This means that by dividing 9570 by 87 we will find out how many rubles correspond to 1 percent, then all that remains is to multiply the result by 100, and we will determine the salary before deduction:
Many people are used to solving things through drawing up proportions.
The entire salary (and it is unknown to us) is X rubles are accepted as 100%. 9570 rubles is the salary after deduction and corresponds to 87 percent. Proportion:
9570 rubles - 87%
X rubles - 100%
We calculate:
Answer: 11000
*What is the mistake made and why?
Many people are very accustomed to the type of tasks where the value given in the condition is exactly the one that needs to be taken as 100 percent. And they begin to “come up with” proportions such as:
9570 rubles - 100%
X rubles - 87%
As a result, they get a value less than 9570 and write it down as the answer. Just estimate initially - if it is said that this is the salary after withholding, then it is clear that in the end we should get a number greater than 9750.
77349. In September, 1 kg of grapes cost 60 rubles, in October the price of grapes increased by 25%, and in November by another 20%. How many rubles did 1 kg of grapes cost after the price increase in November?
25 percent of 60 is:
This means that in October grapes began to cost 60+15=75 rubles.
20 percent of 75 is:
This means that in November it began to cost 75+15=90 rubles.
*Can be solved using the following notation (the essence is the same):
Let's determine the price of a kilogram after the first price increase:
Let’s determine the price after the second price increase, and we will calculate it relative to the price of 75 rubles:
*Where do they make a mistake?
After the first price increase, it is believed that the second price increase occurs relative to the initial price of 60 rubles. And they get that the second time the price increased by
As a result, they get 75+12=87 rubles.
Guys, forget about the starting price! That's it: the second price increase is about 75 rubles. This seems understandable, but for some reason we are starting to get weird.
77368. Solve the equation
We use the formula for the square of the sum (difference) of two numbers (expressions):
We calculate:
Examination:
Answer: -1.5
*What to say?…
After the example appeared before my eyes, I just want to equate the expressions under the square signs (and some do this):
What do we get? There is no solution! Why not? This doesn’t happen... And we begin to think - how can this be? Maybe the writers of the assignments made a mistake? And then panic begins.
If you see that your expressions are squares, then immediately apply the abbreviated multiplication formulas.
By the way, such a mistake is fraught. For example, you will have a task:
Solve (2x+5) 2 = (6x+1) 2. If an equation has more than one root, answer with the smaller one.
You equate the expressions under the roots and get 1. But the correct answer is a completely different number.
**There is another solution. You can move the expression on the right to the left and use the difference of squares formula:
77382. Solve the equation log x–5 49=2. If an equation has more than one root, answer with the smaller one.
Everything seems simple. By the property of the logarithm:
Solving the quadratic equation:
*It was possible to immediately determine that the expression under the square sign is equal to 7 or –7, since only these two numbers, when squared, give 49 and could be solved like this:
the roots are 12 and –2.
Important! Note that at x = –2 the base of the logarithm is negative (we know that its base must be positive). If you simply choose the smaller root without checking it against the condition for determining the logarithm, then write down the answer as incorrect. The solution is root 12.
*Where do they make a mistake? The roots are not checked for compliance with the logarithm condition. We got two roots and chose the smaller one, and we got an error.
27437. In parallelogram ABCD sin A = (√21)/5. Find cos B.
It is known that the sines of adjacent angles are equal. This means that the sines of any two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are equal, that is:
Now from the main trigonometric identity it remains to find cos B. From sin 2 B+ cos 2 B=1 follows that
*We put a “–” sign in front of the root. Why?
From the figure it can be seen that angle B is obtuse (it is more than 90 degrees). And the cosine of an angle from 90 to 180 degrees is negative (see trigonometric circle).
*Where do they make a mistake?
The minus sign is left out before the root and a positive number is obtained. This is due to the fact that the basic trigonometric identity is often used when solving a right triangle and we get so used to having a plus in front of the root that apparently this is somehow imprinted in our consciousness.
**It is clear that in a right triangle the angles are acute, therefore the values of the trigonometric functions of the angles are positive. But you remember! When expressing a number (expression) under the square sign in front of the root there will always be “±” and as for the trigonometric identity, we get:
That is, immediately when reading the conditions, look at which trigonometric function of which angle (acute or obtuse) needs to be found.
If this is an obtuse angle, then the cosine, tangent and cotangent should be negative.
If it is an acute angle, then all trigonometric functions must be positive.
*Another solution
Answer: –0.4
There are no tricks in the next task, but it raises questions. Do not panic! Remember that almost all logarithmic equations are solved by applying the basic properties of the logarithm.
315121. Find the root of the equation
Tell me how many of you know this property:
If you are familiar, then great! Feel free to use it:
*Just don’t forget that the expression under the logarithm sign is greater than zero, that is, check the root.
But what if you don’t know this property? Let’s solve it step by step using “ordinary” properties (they should be familiar to you):
Let's check the expression under the logarithm sign:
There are also a number of tasks without any “tricks”. And the likelihood that you will get them on the Unified State Exam is small, but it is there. These formulas are rarely used in school courses, so keep them in mind.
27923. The sides of an isosceles triangle are 40 and the base is 48. Find the circumradius of this triangle.
But you need to remember the formulas below!
1. Area of a triangle (Heron’s formula):
2. Formula for the radius of a circumscribed circle:
3. Formula for the radius of an inscribed circle:
These tasks are included in the book “The Trickiest Unified State Exam Problems in Mathematics.” There are more than 180 tasks collected there that should be given special attention. We recommend you study!
1. First, study the criteria for assessing concise presentation.
№ |
Criteria for evaluating concise presentation |
Points |
|---|---|---|
IR1 |
||
The examinee accurately conveyed the main content of the text he listened to, reflecting all the micro-topics that were important for his perception. |
2 |
|
Butmissed or added 1 micro-topic |
1 |
|
The examinee conveyed the main content of the text he listened to,Butmissed or added more than 1 microtheme |
0 |
|
IR2 |
Source text compression |
|
The examinee used 1 or more text compression techniques, using them throughout the text |
3 |
|
The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress 2 text microtopics |
2 |
|
The examinee applied 1 or more text compression techniques, using them to compress 1 micro-topic of text |
1 |
|
The examinee did not use text compression techniques |
0 |
|
IR3 |
Semantic integrity, speech coherence and consistency of presentation |
|
The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, verbal coherence and consistency of presentation:- there are no logical errors, the sequence of presentation is not broken;- there are no violations of paragraph division of the text in the work |
2 |
|
The work of the examinee is characterized by semantic integrity, coherence and consistency of presentation,But1 logical error was made,and/orthere is 1 violation of paragraph division of the text in the work |
1 |
|
The examinee’s work reveals a communicative intent,Butmore than 1 logical error was made,and/orthere are 2 cases of violation of paragraph division of the text |
0 |
|
MAXIMUM POINTS FOR CONCRETE PRESENTATION |
7 |
2. Secondly, remember that the volume of presentation should not be less than 70 words, and the number of microtopics should correspond to the number of paragraphs (there are always three).
3. Third, learn ways to compress text.
-Exclusion: you can exclude details, minor facts, fragments with descriptions, repetitions, synonyms, clarifying constructions, etc.
-Generalization: when generalizing, homogeneous members of the sentence should be replaced with a generalizing word, etc.
- Simplification: when simplifying, you should replace a complex sentence with a simple one, combine several sentences, break a complex sentence into simple ones, replace direct speech with indirect speech.
Each paragraph should use one or more text compression methods.
4. Fourthly, read 35 texts from the FIPI website. You will come across one of these texts at the real OGE in 2018.
35 texts for writing a concise summary.
No. 1 About friendship
Listen to the text
Friendship always faces challenges. The main one today is the changed way of life, a change in the way and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, came an understanding of the importance of time. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that hosts were burdened by guests. Now that time is the price of achieving your goal, relaxation and hospitality have ceased to be significant. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends become rare.
But here’s a paradox: previously the circle of communication was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, to choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of a library.
No. 2 About friendship
Listen to the text
What is friendship? How do you become friends? You will most often meet friends among people with a common destiny, the same profession, and common thoughts. And yet it cannot be said with confidence that such a community determines friendship, because people of different professions can become friends.
Can two opposite characters be friends? Certainly! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always receive equal amounts from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other is enriched by experience in friendship. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength and maturity. Another, weak one, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one gives in friendship, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, but manifests itself in differences, contradictions, and dissimilarities.
A friend is someone who asserts that you are right, your talent, your merits. A friend is one who lovingly exposes you in your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.
No. 3 About friendship
Listen to the text
Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You cannot force yourself to be a friend to someone or force someone to be your friend.
Friendship requires a lot, first of all mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? This means taking into account his opinion and recognizing his positive traits. Respect is shown in words and deeds. A friend who is respected feels that he is valued as a person, his dignity is respected and he is helped not only out of a sense of duty. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two basic and main conditions for friendship. In addition, common moral values are important for friendship, for example. People who have different views on what is good and what is evil will have a hard time being friends. The reason is simple: can we show deep respect and, perhaps, trust to a friend if we see that he commits actions that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and considers this the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this is not important.
Friendly feelings do not depend on age. They can be very strong and bring a person many experiences. But life is unthinkable without friendship.
No. 4 About friendship
Listen to the text
When I was at school, it seemed to me that my adult life would take place in some other environment, as if in a different world, and that I would be surrounded by other people. But in reality everything turned out differently. My peers stayed with me. The friends of youth turned out to be the most faithful. The circle of acquaintances has grown unusually. But true friends, old, true friends, are made in youth. Youth is a time of bonding.
Therefore, take care of your youth until old age. Appreciate all the good things you acquired in your younger years, don’t lose friends. Nothing acquired in youth passes without a trace. Good youth skills to make life easier. The bad ones will complicate it and make it difficult. Remember the Russian proverb: “Take care of your honor from a young age”? All the actions committed in youth remain in memory. The good ones will make you happy. The bad ones won't let you sleep.
No. 5 About friendship
Listen to the text
What really lies in this seemingly familiar concept of friendship? Scientifically speaking, friendship is a selfless relationship between people that is based on common likes, interests and hobbies. A true friend is always there, whether we feel bad or good. He will never try to take advantage of your weakness for his own purposes and will always come to the rescue when you need him so much. He will not only help you in trouble, but will also sincerely rejoice in moments of happiness with you.
But, unfortunately, such relationships are gradually fading away. Selfless friendship is gradually becoming a relic of the past. Friends now for us are people who can help in this or that matter, or those with whom we can have a good time. In fact, if one of the supposedly close friends has a crisis, the friends disappear somewhere until this crisis passes. This situation is familiar to almost everyone. In a word, beneficial friendship is rapidly replacing selfless friendship.
We must remember that many problems that seem grandiose and frightening can be solved without much difficulty if you have reliable friends nearby. Friendship gives confidence in the future. It makes a person bolder, freer and more optimistic, and his life warmer, more interesting and multifaceted. True friendship spiritually unites people, contributing to the development in them of a desire for creation rather than destruction.
No. 6 About friendship
Listen to the text
There are values that change, are lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, eternal values remain for thousands of years, which are of great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values, of course, is friendship.
People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few people can formulate what friendship is, who a real friend is, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to help each other at any time.
The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain life phenomena are different. And then true friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be separated for many years, and still remain very close friends. Such constancy is the hallmark of true friendship.
No. 7 About toys
Listen to the text
Each of us once had favorite toys. Perhaps every person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. A favorite toy is the most vivid memory from every person’s childhood.
In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract as much attention as virtual ones, but, despite all the emerging new products, such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable of its kind. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child better than a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience.
A toy is the key to the consciousness of a little person. In order to develop and strengthen positive qualities in him, make him mentally healthy, instill love for others, form a correct understanding of good and evil, you need to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values and worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of negative toys.
No. 8 About books
Listen to the text
When I was ten years old, someone’s caring hand gave me a volume of “Hero Animals.” I consider it my “alarm clock”. I know from other people that for them the “wake-up call” of the feeling of nature was a month spent in the village in the summer, a walk in the forest with a person who “opened his eyes to everything,” the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to list everything that can awaken in human childhood interest and reverent attitude towards the great mystery of life.
Growing up, a person must comprehend with his mind how complexly everything in the living world is intertwined and interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our lives depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of living nature. This school is a must have.
And yet, at the beginning of everything is Love. When awakened in time, it makes learning about the world interesting and exciting. With it, a person also finds a certain point of support, an important point of reference for all the values of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - this is the love that brings a person closer to happiness.
No. 9 About precious books
Listen to the text
No matter how interesting a child’s home and school life may be, if he does not read precious books, he will be deprived. Such losses are irreparable. Adults can read a book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently; here every day there are discoveries. And the acuteness of perception in childhood is such that early impressions can later influence the rest of one’s life.
Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of future spiritual life, a golden fund. In childhood, the seeds are sown. Not everyone will germinate, not everyone will bloom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.
Subsequent life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions, determined by many character traits and, in turn, forming this character. But if you trace and find the connection between phenomena, it will become obvious that every character trait of an adult, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every action of his were sown in childhood, and since then have had their own germ, their own seed.
No. 10 About books
Listen to the text
What is a good book? Firstly, the book should be exciting and interesting. After reading the first pages there should be no desire to put it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think and express emotions. Secondly, the book should be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.
You should not get carried away by any one genre or type of literature. Thus, a passion for the fantasy genre alone can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.
If you have not read books from the school curriculum or read them in an abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is a must-have foundation for every person. Great works contain disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be sensitive, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read popular science literature. It will expand your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and provide an opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.
No. 11 About literature
Listen to the text
It only seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, one of a kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, loyalty, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, changed their mind, reasons, answers were found and captured on the pages of fiction. It’s just a matter of little things: take it and read it and you’ll find everything in the book.
Literature, revealing the world with the help of words, creates a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our view of life, of man, and makes our perception more subtle. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures to experience the excitement of search and intrigue. But the hour comes when we feel the need to open a book in order to delve deeper into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, and teaches.
So we picked up the book. What is happening in our soul? With every book we read, which opens up storehouses of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, a person becomes a Human. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.
No. 12 About reading
Listen to the text
What are the benefits of reading? Is it true that reading is useful? Why do so many people continue to read? After all, not only to relax or occupy free time.
The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden a person’s horizons, enrich his inner world, and make him smarter. It is also important to read books because it increases a person’s vocabulary and develops clear and clear thinking. Everyone can verify this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how easier it has become to express your own thoughts with the help of speech, to select the right words. A person who reads speaks more competently. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking. Don't believe me? And you read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, “The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes” by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and beneficial.
It is also useful to read books because they have a significant influence on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development. After reading one or another classic work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.
No. 13 About education
Listen to the text
We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person just starting out in life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, the diminishing importance of the family in raising a child. And if in the early years nothing strong in a moral sense was instilled in a person by his family, then later society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.
The other extreme is excessive parental care of the child. This is also a consequence of the weakening of the family principle. Parents did not give their child enough warmth and, feeling this guilt, strive in the future to pay off their internal spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.
The world is changing, becoming different. But if parents were unable to establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns to grandparents or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that another child acquires cynicism and disbelief in selflessness so early that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.
No. 14 About family
Listen to the text
Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who was traditionally considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. The entire burden of peasant labor was shared with him by his adult sons.
The management of the household was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the livestock, took care of food, and clothing. She did not do all this work alone: even children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with play, began to do something useful.
Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of insults grew into mutual love in a good family. Grumpiness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and evoked pity for their bearers. One had to be able to give in, forget the offense, respond kindly or remain silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. It is difficult to expect respect for other people from a person who does not love and respect his family.
No. 15 About finding yourself
Listen to the text
Every person is looking for a place in life, trying to establish their self. It `s naturally. But how does he find his place? What paths does it take to get there? What moral values matter in his eyes? The question is extremely important.
Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a misunderstood, inflated sense of self-worth, because of the reluctance to appear worse, we sometimes take rash steps, do not act very correctly: we don’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know.” “I can’t” - there are no words. Selfish people evoke feelings of condemnation. However, those who exchange their dignity like small coins are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to affirm his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.
The true worth of a person is revealed sooner or later. And the higher this price, the more a person loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called little ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.
No. 16 About sincerity
Listen to the text
Many people think that being sincere means openly and directly saying what you think and doing what you say. But here’s the problem: a person who immediately voices what first came into his head risks being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, and even stupid. Rather, a sincere and natural person is one who knows how to be himself: to take off his masks, step out of his usual roles and show his true face.
The main problem is that we don’t know ourselves well, we are chasing illusory goals, money, fashion. Few people consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your whole life on goals that you really don’t need at all.
If you look inside yourself, you will see a whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it won’t become easier or simpler for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your path in life. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.
No. 17 About growing up
Listen to the text
Some people believe that a person matures at a certain age, for example, at 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children even at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?
Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone’s help or care. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.
There is an expression: the hand should expect help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his affairs and actions. He plans his own life and evaluates himself, without relying on anyone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means being responsible for someone else. But for this you also need to become independent, be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, on the desire to live life without nannies.
No. 18 About childhood and growing up
Listen to the text
In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life may be, he still rejoices and constantly finds new and new reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He does not yet suspect that it could be somehow different, but most likely, it is still because the soul has not yet had time to become covered with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult.
And with age, everything seems to turn inside out. No matter how calm and prosperous life may be, we will not calm down until we find some thorn in it, a clumsiness, a problem, we cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, we sincerely complain about it to our friends, we waste time, health, and mental strength on worries.
Only when a truly real tragedy happens do we understand how absurd imaginary suffering is and how trivial the reason for it is. Then we grab our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live for your own pleasure and enjoy every minute.”
No. 19 About choice
Listen to the text
There is simply no universal recipe for how to choose the right, the only true, destined path in life. And the final choice always remains with the person. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play.
But we still make most of the most important decisions that determine our life path in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for the rest of his life: his closest friend, his circle of main interests, his profession.
It is clear that such a choice is a responsible matter. It cannot be brushed aside, it cannot be put off until later. You shouldn’t hope that the mistake can be corrected later: you’ll have time, your whole life is ahead! Some things, of course, can be corrected and changed, but not everything. And wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, make decisive choices, believe in themselves and persistently achieve their goals.
No. 20 About a cultured person
Listen to the text
What does it mean to be a cultured person? A person who is educated, well-mannered, and responsible can be considered cultured. He respects himself and others. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for high things, the ability to be grateful, love of nature and homeland, compassion and empathy for one’s neighbor, and goodwill.
A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain composure and dignity in any life situations. He has a clearly defined goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. The ideal of a cultured person is true humanity.
Nowadays people devote too little time to culture. And many people don’t even think about it throughout their lives. It’s good if a person’s process of familiarization with culture occurs from childhood. The child gets acquainted with traditions passed down from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, and learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society.
No. 21 About culture
Listen to the text
The word "culture" is multifaceted. What, first of all, does true culture contain? It carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. And therefore it would be very good if every city and town had its own cultural center, a creative center not only for children, but also for people of all ages.
True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And such centers should be headed by people who understand well what real culture is, what it consists of, and what its significance is.
The key note of culture can be such concepts as peace, truth, beauty. It would be good if honest and selfless people, selflessly devoted to their work, and respecting each other, were involved in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all begin to participate together in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful.
No. 22 About morality
Listen to the text
One man was told that an acquaintance had spoken about him in unflattering terms. "Are you kidding! - the man exclaimed. “I didn’t do anything good for him...” Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is answered with evil. In life, one must assume, this man has more than once met people who have mixed up the guidelines on the moral compass.
Morality is a guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a windfall, thorny bushes, or even drown. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave the same towards you.
How to relate to this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will receive pleasure from doing good. That is, you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: sublime natures do good.
No. 23 About youthful love
Listen to the text
Times change, new generations come, for whom, it would seem, everything is different from the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals. But intractable personal issues, meanwhile, for some reason remain unchanged. Today's teenagers, like their parents in their time, are concerned about the same thing: how to attract the attention of the one you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?
A youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, a dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to demonstrate his ability to sympathize and empathize. And just to show his qualities and abilities to those who are friendly towards him, who are ready to understand him.
Love is the unconditional and boundless trust of two people in each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone the best that a person is capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always greater than friendship, since only in love do we recognize another person’s full right to everything that makes up our world.
No. 24 About self-doubt
Listen to the text
Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of doctors, teachers and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: ever-increasing self-doubt could cause a lot of troubles - even serious illnesses, not to mention everyday problems.
What about psychological problems? After all, self-doubt can serve as the basis for constant dependence on the opinions of others. Let’s imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people’s assessments seem more important and meaningful to him than his own. He sees his every action primarily through the eyes of those around him. And most importantly, he wants approval from everyone: from loved ones to passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation.
How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question based on physiological processes, others rely on psychology. One thing is clear: self-doubt can be overcome only if a person is able to correctly set goals, relate them to external circumstances and positively evaluate their results.
No. 25 About power
Listen to the text
The essence of the concept of “power” lies in the ability of one person to force another to do something that he would not do of his own free will. A tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it fails to grow evenly, then, bending under obstacles, it tries to get out from under them and stretch upward again. So is man. Sooner or later he will want to disobey. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they have managed to throw off their “burden,” they often turn into tyrants themselves.
If you command everywhere and everyone, then loneliness awaits a person as the end of life. Such a person will always be lonely. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people unquestioningly carry out his orders. The commanders themselves are unhappy people, and they breed misfortune, even if they achieve good results.
Commanding and managing people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.
No. 26 About art
Listen to the text
Is it possible to define what art is in one comprehensive formula? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the identification of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside of himself and remaining after him as his trace in history.
The moment a person turns to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery, unparalleled in history. After all, through art, each individual person and the people as a whole comprehend their characteristics, their life, their place in the world. Art allows us to come into contact with personalities, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just touch, but recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is this that makes it possible for humanity to feel itself as a single whole.
That is why, since ancient times, an attitude towards art has been formed not as entertainment or amusement, but as a powerful force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also passing it on to descendants.
No. 27 About art
Listen to the text
There is no person in the modern world who does not come into contact with art. Its significance in our life is great. Books, cinema, television, theater, music, painting have firmly entered our lives and have a huge influence on it. But fiction has a particularly strong impact on a person.
Contact with the world of art gives us joy and selfless pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, and artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to watch the TV, and pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists, writers, and composers themselves structure their works in such a way as to maintain and develop the interest and curiosity of viewers, readers, and listeners. But the importance of art in our lives is much more serious. It helps a person to better see and understand the world around him and himself.
Art is capable of preserving the characteristic features of an era, giving people the opportunity to communicate with each other across decades and centuries, becoming a kind of memory repository for subsequent generations. It imperceptibly shapes a person’s views and feelings, character, tastes, and awakens a love of beauty. That is why, in difficult moments of life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.
The place of a mother in our lives is special, exclusive. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Mother's love inspires, gives strength, inspires deeds. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and at this moment we only need her. A man calls his mother and believes that no matter where she is, she hears him, has compassion and is in a hurry to help. The word “mother” becomes equivalent to the word life.
How many artists, composers, and poets have created wonderful works about mothers. "Take care of mothers!" - the famous poet Rasul Gamzatov proclaimed in his poem. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.
No. 31 About mutual assistance and mutual assistance
Listen to the text
In a society where the idea of individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society was formed and continues to exist thanks to a common cause and helping the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the absolutely opposite point of view, which says that there are no other interests other than our own?
And the point here is not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this issue that personal and public interests intertwine. Do you understand how much deeper this is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and, therefore, weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.
And experience confirms that good feelings must have their roots in childhood. If they are not brought up in childhood, you will never bring them up, because they are acquired simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main one of which is the value of life, someone else’s, your own, life of fauna and plants. Humanity, kindness, goodwill are born in excitement, joy and sorrow.
Good feelings, emotional culture are the focus of humanity. Today, when there is already enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind towards each other, towards the living world around us and do the bravest acts in the name of good. Following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and only path for a person. It is tested, it is true, it is useful both to the individual and to society as a whole.
Not only children, but also adults need a dream. It causes excitement, a source of high feelings. She does not allow us to calm down and always shows us new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you passionately desire this life. This is its value.
Only a hypocrite can say that we need to calm down and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for what is meaningful and beautiful.
OGE in the Russian language 2017-2018, presentation of the OGE in the Russian language 2017-2018, condensed presentation of the OGE 2017-2018, texts condensed presentation of the OGE 2017-2018, texts condensed presentation from FIPI, audio recordings condensed presentation of the OGE in the Russian language, how to write a concise presentation in the Russian language, methods of compressing OGE text, methods of compressing OGE text, excluding OGE, generalizing OGE, simplifying OGE, replacing OGE, merging OGE, write a condensed presentation of OGE, check a compressed presentation of OGE, ready-made compressed statements of OGE in the Russian language, criteria for evaluating a compressed presentations of the OGE 2017-2018, OGE tests 2017-2018 in the Russian language, open bank of OGE FIPI tasks, comparison of OGE, OGE phraseology, OGE metaphor, personification of OGE, OGE epithet, OGE prefixes, OGE prefixes PR/PRI in Russian, simpletons in Z/S OGE in the Russian language, suffixes OGE, N/NN OGE, neutral synonym of OGE in the Russian language, phrase OGE in the Russian language, control of OGE, adjunction of OGE, agreement of OGE, grammatical basis of OGE, subject of OGE, predicate OGE, isolated circumstance OGE, separate definition of OGE, application of OGE, participle phrase OGE, participial phrase OGE, introductory word OGE, address OGE, coordinating connection OGE, subordinating connection OGE, complex sentence OGE, complex sentence OGE, non-union sentence OGE, sequential subordination OGE, homogeneous subordination OGE, parallel subordination of OGE, solve OGE tests in the Russian language, OGE form in the Russian language 2017-2018, OGE essay in the Russian language 2017-2018, composition of the OGE essay in the Russian language 2017-2018, OGE essay 15.1, OGE essay 15.2, essay OGE 15.3, write an OGE essay, check an OGE essay, cliches for writing an OGE essay 2017-2018, how to write an OGE essay in the Russian language, cliches for writing an OGE essay in the Russian language, cliches for writing arguments in the Russian OGE language, cliches for writing an OGE conclusion in the Russian language, criteria for assessing essays 15.1, criteria for assessing essays 15.2, criteria for assessing essays 15.3, OGE quotes in the Russian language, examples of writing an OGE essay, ready-made OGE essays, dictionary of concepts 15.3, essay topics 15.3, essay topics 15.3 from the Obz, essay topics from the Obz, the criteria of the General Committee of the OGE in the Russian language, what is the inner world of a person, what is choice, what is kindness, what are precious books, what are life values, what is love, what is maternal love, what is real art, what is self-doubt, what is a moral choice, what is fortitude, who is a strong person, what is mutual assistance, what is happiness
The video course “Get an A” includes all the topics necessary to successfully pass the Unified State Exam in mathematics with 60-65 points. Completely all tasks 1-13 of the Profile Unified State Exam in mathematics. Also suitable for passing the Basic Unified State Examination in mathematics. If you want to pass the Unified State Exam with 90-100 points, you need to solve part 1 in 30 minutes and without mistakes!
Preparation course for the Unified State Exam for grades 10-11, as well as for teachers. Everything you need to solve Part 1 of the Unified State Exam in mathematics (the first 12 problems) and Problem 13 (trigonometry). And this is more than 70 points on the Unified State Exam, and neither a 100-point student nor a humanities student can do without them.
All the necessary theory. Quick solutions, pitfalls and secrets of the Unified State Exam. All current tasks of part 1 from the FIPI Task Bank have been analyzed. The course fully complies with the requirements of the Unified State Exam 2018.
The course contains 5 large topics, 2.5 hours each. Each topic is given from scratch, simply and clearly.
Hundreds of Unified State Exam tasks. Word problems and probability theory. Simple and easy to remember algorithms for solving problems. Geometry. Theory, reference material, analysis of all types of Unified State Examination tasks. Stereometry. Tricky solutions, useful cheat sheets, development of spatial imagination. Trigonometry from scratch to problem 13. Understanding instead of cramming. Clear explanations of complex concepts. Algebra. Roots, powers and logarithms, function and derivative. A basis for solving complex problems of Part 2 of the Unified State Exam.
1. Where to start writing an essay for the exam.
1) Do not sign the sheet in any way. Write strictly according to the proposed text, and for this you should read with a pen, delving into the content of the text, noting the problems raised by the author, pay attention to the full name. author, krat. article about him.
2) Write strictly according to plan, each point from a paragraph, indent 2 cm.)
2. Introduction (2-4 sentences)- this is the topic of the text. Examples of introductions, for example, about lonely old age
a) interrogative sentence: Why are there so many lonely elderly people these days? Who is to blame for this? What needs to be done to change this situation?
b) method of default. Lonely old age... How painful it is to watch...
c) gradation technique: Childhood. Youth. Old age.
d) quotation from the text, e) title sentence; f) rows of homogeneous members; g) proverbs and sayings. As you know... As one of the greats said...
h) rhetorical question
3. Formulation of the problems raised in the text by the author.
In the text... full name important... (current, topical) problems of our time (our time, our society) are raised. Problem..., ..., ... Why?.. How to explain?.. Can it?.. The author asks these difficult (complex) questions and tries to find the answer to them .To correctly identify the problem, you need to answer the question: What did the author of the text want to say? For example, if, after reading the text, we say that the author wanted to show how much, unselfishly parents love their children, then the problem is in the text: the power of parental love
4. Comment on the problem. To comment means to pass the text through yourself. (What made the author think about this?)
So that we understand how important the issues raised in the text are, the author tells us about... (which made the author think about...)
Thanks to this, we see (understand) how important it was for the author to convey his thoughts to us.
5.Author's position - the author’s attitude to the problem, the answer to the question of the topic, it is advisable to repeat the full name. author, you can use quotation (Talking about..., the author draws our attention to..., calls us to..., makes us think about... It is important for him...)
6. Own position on the problem- you need to agree or disagree with the author (The text (author’s full name) cannot leave anyone indifferent, and I completely share the author’s position. The author is certainly right in believing that..., since... , Firstly,...
There is an opinion that you can successfully cope with the test part of the Unified State Exam if you remember the basic rules and regularly perform standard tasks. Indeed, many skills are easily brought to automaticity. However, it’s still not worth completing test tasks “automatically”: you can fall into a “trap” and lose precious points. Conclusion: you need to work with every single test task consciously. “Automation” will not help here, and “training” is useless.
Let’s look at the most common “traps” and try not to fall into them. After all, forewarned is forearmed.
Tested unstressed vowels in the root.
In order not to make a mistake in their spelling, it is necessary to select a test word (a word with the same root and the form of the word) so that the emphasis begins to fall: tr...va - herbs - tr A va. This rule is familiar even to first-graders. But still…
***
"Trap" 1.
Verbs with the suffixes -YVA-, -IVA- cannot be test words!
Try to find a test word for the word oh...give me. Alas, for some of us, insidious intuition will tell us the forms of the verb op A hello, oh A rises and so on. However, related words will be tested P ABOUT rear, P ABOUT damn- which means at the root of the word op O create is written O.
Why can’t the word be late be a test word, while other similar verbs are successfully used for these purposes? Let's remember: priv...dit - priv ABOUT dit, p...sat - p AND shet.
Attention, the correct answer is: word be late The suffix -YVA- prevents the verification process. The fact is that when forming verb forms with the suffixes -YVA- AND -IVA-, an alternation of O and A occurs in the root. Therefore, it is not worth checking the vowels in the roots with such verbs.
So, let's remember: verb with the suffix -YVA- or -WILLOW- cannot be a test word!
Op O write: test word - P O rear(but not op A building yva t),
coloring O It: test word cr O th(but not coloring A willow t),
present O yat: test word present O th(but not present A willow t).
***
"Trap" 2.
When choosing a test word, consider the meaning!
Words may sound exactly the same, but be spelled differently. It all depends on the meaning.
Compare: sp...shit (text from the board) And sleep (to class). In both words, at the place of the gap, the same vowel sound is heard - the middle one between [i] and [e]. However, we select different test words and insert different letters in place of the gaps: joint venture And sew in the first case and joint venture e sew- in the second.
In Unified State Exam tests, such words are written with a mark in brackets. For example, is developing (in the wind) or is developing (child) . Do not neglect such notes. They mean that a word can be written differently depending on its meaning. Of course, you have already selected the test words and know that in the first case you need to insert the letter e (test word - V e yat), and in the second – And (test word - development And tie).
***
Unverifiable unstressed vowels in the root.
It would seem, what “traps” could there be in words with unverifiable vowels? Teach them, try to remember as much as possible and as best as possible - and you will be happy. But it was not there! There are plenty of “traps” here too.
***
"Trap" 3.
Don't check the spelling of vowels with words that don't exist!
One of the most common mistakes is that unverifiable vowels are often confused with verifiable vowels and even attempts are made to find test words for them.
It is impossible to check the stress of highlighted vowels in words: ign O extract, extract e small, morning A mbovat, nav A waiting. These are words with unverifiable vowels!
Vowel O in a word ign O rant can't be verified by words ignore if only for the reason that the word ignore is jargon and does not yet exist in the literary language.
Letter e in a word extra e small can't be verified by words extra And m. These words came into our language in different ways. It just so happens that the noun extreme borrowed from English quite recently, much later than the word extra e small(from French extreme).
Word morning A beat has nothing to do with tr O mbom. This means that it is not worth checking it with this word. Word compact came to our language at the beginning of the 19th century from Polish, where tr a mbować Means "to trample underfoot", and in Russian it is unverifiable.
Word nav A waiting has nothing to do with V O waiting, that’s why the vowels in the roots of these words are written differently - A And O respectively. Moreover, the vowel is at the root of the word nav A waiting unverifiable, but in the word V O waiting– verifiable (test word – drives). Word obsession came to the Russian language from Old Church Slavonic - from nav A child, that is "to deceive".
***
Alternating unstressed vowels in the root.
Each alternating root has a strictly assigned meaning - try not to forget about this when repeating the rules.
"Trap" 4.
Roots can be homonymous!
What means homonymous roots? Just like homonym words, these roots sound and are even written the same, but have completely different meanings.
Root gar//gor Connected with combustion, combustion, ignition: G O howl, sg O army, prig O bark, bark A R and so on. Root mountains exists in words with a different meaning, but is no longer alternating in them. In a word G O rishy unstressed O fundamentally verifiable (test word – G O ry); in a word G O roar– about is also fundamentally verified – in a word G O re.
Meaning of alternating root grow // grow // grow – “that which is associated with growth, vegetation”: R A groaning, adult A puppy, water O if. In a word R O sa vowel at root verifiable ( R O sy).
Alternating root ter // shooting range Connected with friction, abrasion: you are t e r, zat And army. Vowel e at the root of the word sweat e swear verifiable (sweat e rya).
Alternating root cas//kos has the meaning “touch, touch”: to touch, touch. Vowel O in a word To O sa (in any meaning) verifiable (To O sy). Checked by stress and O at the root of the word To O soy (to O co).
Very often, schoolchildren confuse the alternating root with homonymous roots world//mer, which matters "dying, fading". Do not forget that the vowels in the roots of words are verifiable, not alternating:
approx. And roar (enemies)- check with a word world,
approx. e roar (suit)- check with a word fitting,
cm And scramble- check with a word cm And rnary.
Of course, these are not all the “traps” that the writers of the Unified State Exam tests set for you. “The Unified State Exam is like a minefield,” admitted one of the graduates... Perhaps he is right. But neither “mines” nor “traps” are scary for those who conscientiously prepare for the exam.
Check how well you are ready to complete task 8 on the Unified State Exam in Russian:
