“Development of Darwin's theory” - Compose a syncwine about C. Linnaeus, J.B. Lamarck C. Darwin. February 12, 1809 1831-1839 trip around the world. Scientific and socio-economic prerequisites for the emergence of Charles Darwin’s theory. Choose the correct answer: option 1 – Zh.B. Lamarck option 2 – C. Linnaeus. The main stages in the development of scientists' views on the issue of Evolution.

"Darwin's Theory" - Characteristics of artificial and natural selection. Forms of variability (according to Darwin). Results of evolution. Causes of evolution: the struggle for existence and natural selection. Certain, group, non-hereditary (modern - modification). Caused by the influence of the external environment. For evolution, only hereditary (uncertain) variability matters.

“The main provisions of Darwin’s theory” - Lesson topic: “The basic provisions of Charles Darwin’s theory of the evolution of the organic world.” Objective of the lesson: Consider Charles Darwin's theory of evolution as a holistic teaching; form an idea of ​​the main provisions of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin.

"Charles Darwin" - Captain Robert Fitzroy. Return. Edinburgh student cards Charles Darwin. In recent years he suffered from mental illness. Darwin's drawing of the geological structure of the Andes. Record of Charles Darwin's enrollment at Cambridge University. Darwin House in Shrewsbury. On December 18, the island of Tierra del Fuego appeared on the horizon.

"Biology Darwin" - House of Dr. Robert Darwin, where Charles Darwin was born. Darwin's handwritten diary. On the wall there is a small bas-relief with the image of Darwin and the inscription: The presentation was prepared by: Danilchenko O.V., biology teacher of the highest qualification category of Donetsk secondary school No. 97. Cambridge period of life 1828-1831. Stages of life.

“The Life of Charles Darwin” - The journey lasted almost five years. The wedding ceremony was held in the traditions of the Anglican Church and in accordance with Unitarian traditions. Ch. Darwin's mother Susanna Darwin. Charles Darwin (1809-1882). WHEN AND WHERE WAS Charles Darwin BORN? Cambridge. Many of the children and grandchildren have achieved significant success themselves.

There are a total of 13 presentations in the topic

Slide presentation

Slide text: Charles Darwin's doctrine of natural selection

Slide text: Charles Darwin's ideas about artificial selection Initial species Breed variety Selection of traits useful for humans Processes occurring in nature Ancestral species Species variety Accumulation of traits useful for the species How does this happen? The presence of uncertain individual variability The presence of a directing factor that acts similarly to the will of man during artificial selection

Slide text: Lesson topic: “Charles Darwin's teaching on natural selection” Lesson goal:

Slide text: Basic provisions of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection 1st position 2nd position 3rd position conclusions

Slide text: The first position of the theory: Each pair of organisms produces many more offspring than survive to adulthood

Slide text: The second point of the theory The number of individuals of the species remains relatively constant

Slide text: The second position of the theory view In nature there is a continuous struggle for existence

Slide text: Forms of struggle for existence Interspecific Intraspecific Struggle against unfavorable environmental conditions

Slide text: Intraspecific struggle for existence Individuals of the same species have similar needs In territory In reproduction In food

Slide No. 10

Slide text: Combating unfavorable environmental conditions Drought in the savannah Low temperatures Lack of light Alkaline intestinal environment

Slide No. 11

Slide No. 12

Slide text: Third position of the theory

Slide No. 13

Slide text: Basic provisions of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection Any species of plants and animals in nature strives to reproduce in geometric progression. In nature, there is a continuous struggle for existence. In the struggle for existence, individuals that have such a complex of characteristics and properties survive and leave offspring. allows you to most successfully compete with others. Species change in the process of adaptation to environmental conditions. The driving force behind species change is natural selection

Slide No. 14

Slide text: EVOLUTION IS A LIE

Lesson plan Date Class ____ 11 "A"

Lessons 16- 17 biology

Teacher

Lesson topic: Charles Darwin's doctrine of natural selection(flipchart, page 1 or slide 1).

Lesson type standard

Target: deepen students' knowledge about natural selection as the most important factor in evolution, reveal the role of Charles Darwin in the development of evolutionary theory.

Tasks:

Educational: consider Charles Darwin's theory of evolution as an integral teaching; form an idea of ​​the basic principles of evolutionary teaching

Ch. Darwin;

Educational: continue the development of communication skills when working in groups, promote the development of logical thinking through the formation of the skills to compare, generalize, and draw conclusions;

Educational: continue to shape the scientific worldview, understanding the role of Charles Darwin’s personality in the development of evolutionary theory.

Equipment : flipchart, presentation, slide show “Struggle for existence”, “Natural selection”.

Lesson progress

"The more we understand the immutable laws

miracles for us"

Lesson stage			FOPD	Preparation for VOUD, UNT	Tasks for the development of functional literacy	Individual correctional work
I . Org. moment	Organizational and psychological attitude. - Hello! Have a seat!
II . Motivation	You will evaluate your work in class according to the criteria (flipchart, page 2 or slide 2). Rating "2" “Today is just not my day.” Rating "3" Rating "4" “I did a lot for our group, but I could have done more.” Rating "5" “I did everything I could for our group.”
III . Checking d/z:	A). Orally(flipchart, page 3 or slide 3). 5. What are the results of artificial selection? Show an example of the harmful effects of artificial selection on an organism. B). Group reports on creative assignments(flipchart, page 4 or slide 4). You are a pigeon fancier. (Sample answer: AND From a flock I select several individuals with the most pronounced characteristic - black coloration in plumage. I allow them to reproduce and again select among the offspring for the desired trait. From year to year, the black color accumulates, which leads to the formation of pigeons with black plumage) IN). Work in groups on assignments(flipchart, page 5 or slide 5). 1st group: “... I can report here that having paid attention to dogs all over the globe and carefully comparing everything known about them, I have come to the conclusion that several species of the genus Canis have been domesticated... . I have bred almost all English chicken breeds, made crosses between them and examined their skeletons” (Ch. Darwin, “The Origin of Species”). Group 2 (flipchart, page 6 or slide 6): Group 3 (flipchart, page 7 or slide 7): What form of selection is referred to in this example?		Group work Group work
IV . Introduction to the topic:	(Flipchart, page 8 or slide 8). “...Individuals who have even the slightest advantage over others, will have a better chance of preserving and propagating their kind. On the other hand, we can be sure that any change that is in any way harmful will be strictly subjected to extermination. The preservation of beneficial individual differences or changes and the elimination of harmful ones I called natural selection or survival of the fittest.” C. Darwin. 1.What, according to Darwin, is the essence of natural selection? 2. What is the cause of natural selection? 3. How is the “fate” of an individual determined (survival or death) in nature? In the course of studying a new topic, you and I must answer these problematic questions. Open your notebooks and write down the date and topic of the lesson: “The Doctrine of Charles Darwin on Natural Selection” (flipchart, page 9 or slide 9).
V. Studying n/m:	A). Working with Concepts(flipchart, page 10 or slide 10): Hereditary variability signs in the offspring. Struggle for existence Natural selection B). What observations of Charles Darwin challenged his belief in the immutability of species?(flipchart, page 11 or slide 11). (Finding in the geological deposits of South America the skeletons of extinct giant mammals similar to modern armadillos and sloths, studying the species composition of finches on the Galapagos Islands. Charles Darwin discovered closely related species of finches, differing in their feeding patterns and beak shape. Features of the development of the tuco-tuco rodent). IN). Was Darwin the first and only? (flipchart, page 12 or slide 12). The ideas of the variability of nature in the middle of the 19th century were firmly rooted in the scientific consciousness and took shape in a number of scientific theories. Charles Darwin is credited with explaining the mechanisms of evolution in general and speciation in particular from a materialistic point of view. The essence of Darwin's concept of evolution comes down to a number of logical, experimentally verifiable and confirmed by a huge number of factual provisions. In 1858, the young English scientist Alfred Wallace sent Darwin the manuscript of his article “On the Tendency of Varieties to Deviate Unlimitedly from the Original Type.” This article contained an exposition of the idea of ​​​​the origin of species through natural selection. 1858 – letter from Alfred Wallace 1859 - the first edition of the book “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.” G). Basic provisions Charles Darwin in his scientific work “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” noted that the main driving force of evolution is natural selection based on hereditary variability. C. Darwin first introduced the term “ natural selection". Artificial selection , i.e. the preservation of individuals with traits useful for reproduction and the elimination of all others is carried out by a person who sets himself certain tasks. Traits accumulated through artificial selection are beneficial to humans, but not necessarily beneficial to animals. Darwin expressed assumption what's in In nature, in a similar way, traits that are useful only for organisms and the species as a whole accumulate, resulting in the formation of species and varieties. In this case, it was necessary to establish the presence of uncertain individual variability in wild animals and plants. In addition, it was necessary to prove the existence in nature of some guiding factor that acts similarly to the will of man in the process of artificial selection. (Flipchart, pages 13 - 14 or slides 13 - 14). Each type of organism is capable of unlimited reproduction. Darwin showed that in representatives of wild species of animals and plants, individual variability is very widespread. Individual deviations can be beneficial, neutral or harmful to the body. Do all individuals leave offspring? If not, what factors retain individuals with beneficial traits and eliminate all others? Darwin drew attention to the fact that all living organisms are distinguished by their ability to reproduce and fertility. Living organisms leave significant, sometimes very numerous, offspring. For example: roundworm produces up to 200 thousand eggs per day; one individual herring spawns on average about 40 thousand eggs, sturgeon - 2 million, frogs - up to 10 thousand eggs; one pair of mice can produce 10–12 pups up to 3–4 times per summer; on one poppy plant up to 30-40 thousand seeds ripen annually; female elephants give birth to calves between 30 and 90 years of age. Over the course of 60 years, they give birth to an average of 6 elephant calves; in 750 years, the offspring of one pair of elephants would amount to 19 million individuals. Darwin comes to conclusion that in nature any species of animals and plants tends to reproduce exponentially. At the same time, the number of adults of each species remains relatively constant. (heredity). (hereditary variability). struggle for existence. Each pair of organisms produces many more offspring than can survive to adulthood. Most of the organisms that are born, therefore, die before reaching sexual maturity. The causes of death are varied: lack of food due to competition with representatives of their own species, attack by enemies, the effect of unfavorable physical environmental factors - drought, severe frosts, high temperatures, etc. In nature there is a continuous struggle for existence. Thus, struggle for existence - is a set of diverse and complex relationships that exist between organisms and environmental conditions. The main reason for the struggle for existence (according to Darwin) – a discrepancy between the ability of organisms to reproduce unlimitedly and the limited resources of life. Forms of the struggle for existence and natural selection(flipchart, pages 15 - 17 or slides 15 - 17). Darwin identified three main forms of struggle for existence: interspecific, intraspecific and combating unfavorable environmental conditions Using the material from paragraph 16 on pages 68-69 of the textbook edited by R. Satimbekov, Appendix No. 1 and pages 15-17 of the flipchart or slides 15-17 of the presentation, characterize the forms of the struggle for existence. 1st group: Intraspecific struggle (between individuals of the same species) flipchart, page 15 or slide 15). Group 2: Interspecific struggle (between individuals of the same species ( flipchart, page 16 or slide 16). Group 3: Combating unfavorable environmental conditions ( flipchart, page 17 or slide 17). Problematic issues : In your opinion, what form of struggle for existence did Charles Darwin consider the most acute and why? As a result of this selection, the fittest survive and leave offspring. What kind of selection is this? (flipchart, page 18 or slide 18). 4. In the struggle for existence, the individuals most adapted to the given conditions survive (natural selection ). (flipchart, page 19 or slide 19): Natural selection – The consequence of the struggle for existence is natural selection - the survival of the fittest individuals. Natural selection preserves individuals with hereditary changes that are useful under given environmental conditions and eliminates individuals who do not have these changes. As a result, individuals with useful hereditary changes leave offspring and their numbers increase. Who survives in this constantly ongoing struggle for existence? Observations show that plant and animal organisms are characterized by universal variability of characteristics, properties and an infinite variety of their combinations. Even in the offspring of one pair of parents, no individuals are completely identical (with the exception of monozygotic twins). In the struggle for existence, individuals who survive and leave offspring are those who have such a complex of characteristics and properties that allow them to compete most successfully with other individuals. Thus, processes of selective destruction of some individuals and preferential reproduction of others occur in nature - a phenomenon called by Darwin natural selection or survival of the fittest. When environmental conditions change, some other signs may turn out to be useful for survival than before. As a result, the direction of selection pressure changes, the genetic structure of the species is rebuilt, and thanks to reproduction, new characteristics are widely distributed - a new species appears. Hence, species change in the process of adaptation to environmental conditions. The driving force behind species change, i.e. evolution, isnatural selection. The material for selection is hereditary (undefined, individual, mutational) variability. Variability caused by the direct influence of the external environment on organisms (group, modification) is not important for evolution, since it is not inherited. D). The mechanism of evolution (according to the theory of Charles Darwin) (flipchart, page 20 or slide 20). E). The significance of Charles Darwin's teachings(flipchart, page 21 or slide 21). explained the emergence of adaptation of living organisms to the environment and its relative nature.		Work in pairs Group work Work in pairs
VI . Consolidation	A).Correct errors and explain them(flipchart, page 22 or slide 22). Species, according to Darwin, as a result of exercise adapt to environmental conditions, and all acquired characteristics are inherited. (flipchart, page 23 or slide 23). IN). Working in groups?(flipchart, page 24 or slide 24). G). Use the handle to drag the picturesto the corresponding type of struggle for existence?(flipchart, page 25 or slide 25).	Emergency BUT PP	Work in pairs Group work
VII . Summing up	Lesson conclusions(flipchart, page 26 or slide 26). The main provisions of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection any type of plant and animal in nature tends to reproduce exponentially; in the struggle for existence, those individuals that have such a complex of characteristics and properties that allow them to compete most successfully with others survive and leave offspring; species change in the process of adaptation to environmental conditions; Evaluating the work of each student in groups according to criteria.
VIII.	(Flipchart, page 27 or slide 27). Write an essay on the topic:
IX . Reflection	(Flipchart, page 28 or slide 28). Turns out ….. I was surprised that... I liked the fact that... I thought about that...

Literature and Internet resources:

R. Satimbekov. Biology. Textbook for grade 11 EMN. Amata, Mektep, 2015.

T.L. Bogdanova. Biology. Handbook for high school students and applicants to universities. Moscow, 2014.

Yu.I. Polyansky. General biology. Moscow, 1977.

A.V.Pimenev. Biology lessons in grades 10-11.IIPart. Yaroslavl, 2006.

A.O.Ruvinsky. General biology. A textbook for grades 10-11 with in-depth study of biology. Moscow, 1993.

G.M.Murtazin. Problems and exercises in general biology. Moscow, 1072.

infourok.ru› Presentation

videouroki .net Lazebnik N.K., State secondary school No. 1 of the city of Aktobe, Republic of Kazakhstan

nashol .com ›Lesson development›Page -14.html

docme.ru›doc…uchenie…darvina…estestvennom-otbore…

tvorilife.com›darvinizm.html

uchportal .ru ›Methodological developments› Presentation by Sokolov E.M., biology teacher, Osinskaya Gymnasium Municipal Educational Institution

myshared .ru ›Darwin and the Origin of Species

yandex.kz/images› drawings on topic

Application No. 1:

Interspecific struggle (Slide No. 5).

Intraspecific struggle (Slide No. 6).

In the above examples of interspecific relationships, the tension of struggle between species is weakened by the fact that, as a rule, organisms have not one, but several sources of food. For example, a fox eats not only hares, but also mice and birds. Individuals of the same species have the same needs for food, territory and other living conditions. Therefore, the competition between them is the most intense. Darwin considered intraspecific struggle to be the most intense. For example, birds of the same species compete for nesting sites. During the breeding season, males of many species of mammals and birds compete with each other for the right to start a family (sexual selection).

Combating unfavorable environmental conditions (Slide No. 7).

Factors of inanimate nature have a huge impact on the survival of organisms. Many plants die during cold winters with little snow. In severe frosts, mortality also increases among animals living in the soil (moles, earthworms). In winter, when there is a lack of oxygen dissolved in the water, fish die. Plant seeds are often blown by the wind into unfavorable habitats and do not germinate.

All forms of struggle for existence are accompanied by the destruction of a huge number of organisms or lead to the fact that some of them do not leave offspring.

View presentation content
“Charles Darwin's doctrine of natural selection. 11th grade."

The teachings of Charles Darwin

about natural selection

"The more we understand the immutable laws

nature, the more incredible they become

miracles for us"

Evaluate your work in class using the following criteria

Grade " " - I did not participate in the work of the group, I did not put forward ideas, I was passive.

“Today is just not my day.”

Grade " " - I answered 1 - 2 questions or participated in the discussion of a new topic, but not at full capacity, or asked questions from the group.

“I wanted to do something for my group, but I’m not succeeding yet.”

Grade " " - I answered most of the questions and participated in group work at almost all stages of the work.

“I did a lot for our group, but I could have done more.”

Grade " " - I answered all the questions, spoke in the group, proposed ideas, asked questions, I participated in all types of work proposed to our group.

“I did everything I could for our group”

Frontal survey

1. What achievements of English agriculture in the 19th century do you think served Darwin as a model for processes occurring in nature?

2. How do you understand the concept of artificial selection, and what types of it do you know?

3. Compare conscious and unconscious selection. What are their similarities and differences? Complete your answer with examples.

4. How does the structure and behavior of animals change during the process of domestication? Give examples.

5. What are the results of artificial selection? Show with an example the harmful effects of artificial selection on the body.

6. What is the basis for the work on developing new varieties or breeds?

Group reports on creative assignments

You are a pigeon fancier.

There is only one form of pigeon at your disposal - wild rock pigeons. You need to breed a new breed from them with black plumage. How will you solve this problem, guided by the teachings of Darwin?

• From the flock we select several individuals with the most pronounced

sign - black coloring in plumage;

• we allow them to reproduce and again spend them among the offspring

selection for a desired trait;

• from year to year the black color accumulates, which leads to

the formation of pigeons with black plumage.

1st group:

“... I can report here that having paid attention to dogs all over the globe and carefully comparing everything known about them, I have come to the conclusion that several species of the genus Canis have been domesticated... . I bred almost all English chicken breeds, made crosses between them and examined their skeletons” (C. Darwin “The Origin of Species”).

• Based on this quote, name the scientific methods that Charles Darwin used when studying the origin of cultivated animal breeds.
• What form of selection is referred to in this example?
• What role did variability and heredity play in improving animal breeds?

Work in groups on assignments:

Group 2:

Darwin gives an example from the practice of sheep farmers in Germany. In Saxony, when lambs are weaned, each lamb is placed on a table in turn to be carefully examined for its fleece and body shape. The best are selected for the tribe and receive the first brand, the rest are doomed to slaughter. This is done several times, after which only the best-quality rams and sheep receive the final mark.

What form of artificial selection is being referred to in this example?

What role did variability and heredity play in the improvement of the fine-wool sheep breed?

Work in groups on assignments:

Group 3:

Charles Darwin, during his trip around the world, studied in South America the difficult life of semi-wild indigenous people - Indians, forced out by white colonialists on the island. Tierra del Fuego and therefore lagging behind in its cultural development. Darwin writes about them that “savages” during any famine keep at least a few of their best dogs for the tribe.

What form of selection is referred to in this example?

What result did such long-term selection among dogs lead to? Why?

What role did the variability and heredity of dogs play in the preservation and improvement of their qualities useful to humans?

“...Individuals who have even the most unimportant advantage over others will have a better chance of preserving and reproducing their kind. On the other hand, we can be sure that any change that is in any way harmful will be strictly subjected to extermination. The preservation of beneficial individual differences or changes and the elimination of harmful ones I called natural selection or survival of the fittest.”

C. Darwin.

• What, according to Darwin, is the essence of

natural selection?

• What causes natural selection?
• What determines the “fate” of an individual (survival or death) in

The teachings of Charles Darwin

about natural selection

Target: expand knowledge about natural selection as the most important factor in evolution, reveal the role of Charles Darwin in the development of evolutionary theory.

Basic Concepts

Hereditary variability - a property of organisms expressed in the appearance of new

signs in the offspring.

Struggle for existence - the desire to survive in given conditions.

Natural selection – survival of the organisms most adapted to given conditions,

the opportunity to leave offspring and pass on their useful traits to them.

What observations of Charles Darwin challenged his belief in the immutability of species?

Observations made by Charles Darwin during his trip around the world.

Finding in the geological deposits of South America the skeletons of extinct giant mammals similar to modern armadillos and sloths, studying the species composition of finches on the Galapagos Islands. Charles Darwin discovered closely related species of finches that differed in their feeding habits and beak shape. Peculiarities of development of the rodent tuco-tuco.

Evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin

1842 - work began on the book “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favorable Races in the Struggle for Life.”

1858 – letter from Wallace

1859 – first edition of the book “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”

Basic provisions

evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin:

1. Each type of organism is capable of unlimited reproduction.

In this case, traits are passed on from parents to offspring. (heredity).

2. Descendants of the same parents are different (hereditary variability) .

Basic provisions

evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin:

3. Lack of vital resources leads to struggle for existence.

Intraspecific struggle

relationships between individuals of the same species

Interspecies fight

relationships between individuals of different species

Natural selection – a process leading to the survival and preferential reproduction of individuals more adapted to given environmental conditions and possessing useful hereditary characteristics.

Result – increasing the adaptability of individuals to living conditions

and education of new species.

The basic logic of the evolutionary teachings of Charles Darwin

Heredity

Organisms are different from each other and can pass on their characteristics to their descendants

Survive most adapted

Variability

The ability of organisms to reproduce indefinitely

Natural selection

Struggle for existence

Limited environmental conditions

The significance of Charles Darwin's teachings

• revealed the driving forces of evolution;
• explained the emergence of fitness

living organisms to the environment and its

relative character.

“Darwin put an end to the view of animal and plant species as unrelated, random, “created by God” and unchangeable, and for the first time put biology on a completely scientific basis, establishing the variability of species and continuity between them.”

V.I. Ulyanov

Correct errors and explain them.

• Charles Darwin is an outstanding Russian scientist who put forward the theory of the origin of life on Earth.
• Species, according to Darwin, adapt as a result of exercise

to environmental conditions, and all acquired characteristics

are inherited.

• Natural selection does not play a significant role in nature.

What form of struggle for existence

and explain why?

Work in groups on assignments

Many weeds, for example, wheatgrass, sow thistle, thistle, wild oats, oppress wheat, oats and other cultivated plants. What selection occurs when humans interfere with the life of weeds?

Despite the intense struggle of people against rats and house mice, they have not yet been exterminated. Explain whether selection is currently taking place among rats and mice, what kind of selection? (Give examples).

Is selection currently taking place among hares? If yes, what selection? (Give examples of variability that is useful for a hare in its struggle for existence).

Using the pen, drag the pictures to the corresponding type of struggle for existence?

Intraspecific

Interspecific

Lesson conclusions

The main provisions of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection:

• any species of plants and animals in nature tends to reproduce in

geometric progression;

• in nature there is a continuous struggle for existence;
• in the struggle for existence, individuals survive and leave offspring,

possessing such a complex of characteristics and properties that allows

compete most successfully with others;

• species change in the process of adaptation to environmental conditions.
• The driving force behind species change is natural selection.

Homework:

Paragraph 16

Write an essay on the topic:

“Does natural selection exist in humans?”

Reflection

Complete the phrases and read them out if you wish.

Turns out …..

I was surprised that...

I liked the fact that...

I thought about that...

• R. Satimbekov. Biology. Textbook for grade 11 EMN. Amata, Mektep, 2015.
• T.L. Bogdanova. Biology. Handbook for high school students and applicants to universities. Moscow, 2014.
• Yu.I. Polyansky. General biology. Moscow, 1977.
• A.V.Pimenev. Biology lessons in grades 10-11. Part II. Yaroslavl, 2006.
• Yu.I. Polyansky. General biology. textbook. Moscow, 1977
• A.O.Ruvinsky. General biology. A textbook for grades 10-11 with in-depth study of biology. Moscow, 1993.
• G.M.Murtazin. Problems and exercises in general biology. Moscow, 1072.
• infourok. Ru Presentation
• Videouroki.net Lazebnik N.K., State secondary school No. 1 of the city of Aktobe RK
• Nashol. com ›Lesson Development› Page -14. html
• docme.ru›doc…uchenie…darvina…estestvennom-otbore…
• tvorilife.com›darvinizm.html
• uchportal. ru ›Methodological developments› Presentation by Sokolov E.M., biology teacher, Municipal Educational Institution “Osinskaya Gymnasium”
• myshared. en ›Darwin and the Origin of Species
• yandex.kz/images›drawings on the topic

Heredity and variabilityHeredity
conservative and
ensures preservation of characteristics
Variability
signs
leads to the emergence of new

Specific or group variability (modification)

Visible
(certain) response
organism to environmental influences

Uncertain or Individual (hereditary) variability

Individual deviations
may be useful
neutral or harmful to
body.
These changes are rare,
inadequate impact
external factors appear
spontaneously and always inherited

1.
Lasting – minor
hereditary changes that
accumulate over generations
distinguish an individual from representatives of the same
kind.
2. The emergence of new forms as a result
sudden changes (mutational)

Types of hereditary variability (according to Charles Darwin)

3.
Correlative or correlative –
changes in one organ are
reasons for the change in another (white
blue-eyed cats are deaf, pigeons have
feathered legs membranes between
fingers)
4. Combinative – variability from
crossing, giving different combinations
signs

Variability is the property of living organisms to acquire new characteristics during life.

Non-hereditary
(phenotypic,
modification,
certain) variability
Hereditary
9genotypical,
undefined)
variability
1.The phenotype changes under
environmental influence
environment, genotype not
changes
2. Not by inheritance
transmitted
3.Wears an adaptive
and mass character
4. Predictable and reversible
5.Limits are determined
reaction norm; inherited
1. The phenotype changes in
consequence of change
genotype
2. Transmitted via
inheritance
3. Wears casually
character
4.Unpredictable
irreversible
5. Is the basis
diversity of living things
organisms and main
cause of evolutionary
process (source of material
not the trait itself but the ability
manifest it in specific
conditions, i.e. inherited
reaction norm
for natural selection)

Types of variability

Non-hereditary
Hereditary
Meaning
for an individual
Raises or
lowers
viability,
productivity,
adaptation
Useful changes
lead to victory in
struggle for existence,
harmful - to death
Meaning
for the sake of appearance
Contributes
survival
New ones are formed
populations, species in
result of the process
divergence
Role in
evolution
Form
adaptation
(devices)
organisms to
conditions
environment
Supplies material for
natural selection

The role of artificial selection

Studying
work of breeders, Charles Darwin
studied in detail the methods of developing new
breeds and varieties.

Conclusions of Charles Darwin

1.
Each variety or breed is bred from
one original form, represented
wild looking. The premise is variability.
organisms
2.
Breeding new varieties and breeds is prohibited
implement by improving conditions
maintenance of organisms, since there is no
direct relationship between the appearance
new signs and external factors
environment

Conclusions of Charles Darwin

3.
One of the conditions for obtaining a new
cultural form - sudden
the occurrence of changes in a single
individuals. But such cases are rare and not
are the main ones in selection.
4.New
varieties and breeds - the result
human activities, including
assessment of minor changes in individuals,
selection of parent pairs, crossing,
selection and rejection

Artificial selection

Creative
purposeful
human activity
on bringing out new
varieties or breeds

All
do individuals leave
offspring?
If not, which ones?
factors preserve
individuals with useful
signs and eliminate
everyone else?
Darwin turned to
reproduction analysis
organisms.

Based on
on studying big
number of facts from the field of natural science
and crop production practices and
animal husbandry Charles Darwin comes to
conclusion about the existence in nature
everyone's desire to reproduce
kind in geometric progression.
This rule knows no exceptions
animal or plant world.
Each species is potentially capable
produce and produces much more
individuals than survives them to adulthood
condition.
There are always more young individuals than
adults.

Charles Darwin studied elephant fertility

Elephant
lives 100 years
During the life of an elephant, no more than 6
cubs
Offspring from one pair of elephants over 750 years
will be
19
million individuals

herring

1 individual
40 thousand eggs

sturgeon

1 individual
2 million eggs

poppy

1 plant
32 thousand seeds

Why does the number of adults of each plant and animal species remain more or less constant?

Having a fight
for
existence.

Struggle for existence

Each
a pair of organisms gives much
more descendants than live to see
adult state.
Most of those born
organisms die before reaching
puberty.
The causes of death are varied:
lack of feed due to competition with
representatives of their own species,
enemy attack, action
unfavorable physical factors
environment – ​​drought, severe frosts,
high temperature, etc.

The struggle for existence -

this is the totality of all
relationships of individuals with each other
friend and with the inanimate
nature,
being determined
ability given
individuals to survive and
leaving offspring.

Interspecific
Intraspecific
Fight against unfavorable
environmental conditions

Forms of the struggle for existence

Form name
fight for
existence
1. Interspecific
struggle
2. Intraspecific
struggle
3. Fight with
unfavorable
external conditions
environment
Result of the struggle
Examples

Form name
fight for
existence
Result of the struggle
Examples
1. Interspecies fighting
Using one type
to others as food,
resettlement in a new
territories
Displacement of the complaining
European bee
local Australian,
fight for food between
species of one genus - gray
and black rats,
predation by predators
2. Intraspecific
struggle
Population conservation and
species at the expense of the death of the weak.
Victory over
viable,
occupying the same
ecological niche
Competition between
predators of one
populations for prey,
intraspecific
cannibalism - destruction
young animals with excess
population size,
fight for supremacy in the pack
3. Fight with
unfavorable
external conditions
environment
Survival in extreme or
changed conditions
fittest
Animals change in winter
color, coat thickness,
hibernate

1.
2.
3.
4.
Alternation of crops (crop rotation)
Biological methods of combating
pests (use of Trichogramma,
riders, egg eaters, attracting birds)
Use of mycorrhizal plants in forest plantations
mushrooms that enter into symbiosis with
roots of higher plants and improve
soil nutrition of higher plants
In fish farming - the use of low-value
herbivorous species to protect ponds from
overgrowth

Man's use of various forms of struggle for existence

5. In hunting - the use of predators
like orderlies who destroy the sick and
weakened animals valuable for the farm
6. Use of phytoncides and antibiotics
to destroy or limit competition
or as medicines
7.Use of various agrotechnical
techniques (picking, hilling, pinching,
watering, fertilizing, sowing seeds in
greenhouses or growing in greenhouses).

Natural selection as the driving force of evolution

Which
individuals within the same species can
survive in the constant struggle for
existence?
C. Darwin when comparing facts
struggle for existence and universal
variability of signs and properties, came
to the conclusion about the inevitability of nature
selective destruction of some individuals
and reproduction of others -
natural selection.

Natural selection

This
the process of preserving some
individuals at the expense of the death of others.

Indicator for
comparisons
Evolution
cultural forms
(artificial
selection)
Evolution
natural forms
(natural
selection)
Material for
selection
Individual
Individual
heredity (in hereditary
including sharp ones
variability (in
evasion)
mostly
minor
evasion)
Selection factor
Human
Fight for
existence for
background factors
living and nonliving
nature

Comparison of artificial and natural selection

Indicator for
comparisons
Evolution
cultural forms
(artificial
selection)
Evolution
natural forms
(natural
selection)
Nature of action
selection
Accumulation of changes in
successive generations
Action speed
selection
Acts quickly
(methodical
selection)
Valid
slowly,
gradually
(evolution)
Selection forms
Conscious,
unconscious
Moving,
stabilizing
Selection result
Creation of breeds and
varieties (forms
useful to humans)
Formation of species
and larger
taxa
(adaptation to
environment)

Adaptations

Inevitable
result of selection
appeared to be the emergence
devices and on this basis -
taxonomic and ecological
diversity.
Example: there are membranes between
fingers of waterfowl, but there are
and in bar-headed geese and frigatebirds. At the sparrow's
Dipper has no membranes, but he's fine
dives and swims.
Darwin explained this by time.

Thus adaptations are relative.

This
feature Darwin named
principle of relative
organic
expediency, i.e.
adaptability of organisms to the environment
habitat is relative and is losing
its meaning when conditions change
existence.

1.
Within each species there is
a huge amount of individual
hereditary variability according to
various signs. This variability
always exists: there are no two
identical individuals throughout the entire population
signs.
2. All living organisms have
ability to increase numbers

The main provisions of the theory of Charles Darwin

3.
Life resources are limited
therefore, there is a struggle between individuals
for existence. In the face of this struggle
those individuals survive and produce offspring
which are most suitable for
these conditions.
4. Selective survival and
reproduction of the fittest
individuals is called natural selection.
Natural selection occurring within
populations, gradually leads to
divergence of signs and ultimately
ultimately to speciation.

The main works of Charles Darwin

1859
year – “The Origin of Species by
natural selection or conservation
favorable forms in the struggle for
life"
1868 - "The Change of Domestic Animals"
and cultivated plants"
1871 – “The Origin of Man and
sexual selection"