Astronomy is a science that deals with the study of celestial objects. Considers stars, comets, planets, galaxies, and also does not ignore existing phenomena occurring outside the Earth’s atmosphere, for example,
By studying astronomy, you can get an answer to the question “Heavenly bodies that glow themselves. What is this?
Solar system bodies
To find out whether there are those that glow themselves, you first need to understand what celestial bodies the solar system consists of.
The solar system is a planetary system in the center of which there is a star - the Sun, and around it there are 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. To celestial body to be called a planet, it must meet the following requirements:
- Do rotational movements around the star.
- Have a spherical shape due to sufficient gravity.
- Do not have other large bodies around its orbit.
- Don't be a star.
Planets do not emit light; they can only reflect the rays of the Sun that fall on them. Therefore, it cannot be said that planets are celestial bodies that glow themselves. Such celestial bodies include stars.
The sun is the source of light on Earth
Celestial bodies that glow themselves are stars. The closest star to Earth is the Sun. Thanks to its light and warmth, all living things can exist and develop. The Sun is the center around which the planets, their satellites, asteroids, comets, meteorites and cosmic dust revolve.
The sun appears to be a solid spherical object because when you look at it, its outline appears quite clear. However, it does not have a solid structure and consists of gases, the main one of which is hydrogen; other elements are also present.
To see that the Sun does not have clear contours, you need to look at it during an eclipse. Then you can notice that it is surrounded by a moving atmosphere, which is several times larger than its diameter. During normal aurora, this halo is not visible due to the bright light. Thus, the Sun does not have precise boundaries and is located in gaseous state.
Stars
The number of existing stars is unknown; they are located at a great distance from the Earth and are visible as small dots. Stars are celestial bodies that glow themselves. What does this mean?
Stars are hot balls consisting of gas in which their surfaces have different temperatures and densities. Stars also differ in size, being larger and more massive than planets. There are stars whose sizes exceed the size of the Sun, and there are also vice versa.
A star consists of gas, mostly hydrogen. On its surface, due to high temperature, the hydrogen molecule breaks down into two atoms. An atom consists of a proton and an electron. However, atoms are influenced high temperatures“release” their electrons, resulting in a gas called plasma. An atom left without an electron is called a nucleus.
How do stars emit light?
The star, due to this, tries to compress itself, as a result of which the temperature in its central part rises greatly. As a result, helium begins to form with a new nucleus, which consists of two protons and two neutrons. As a result of the formation of a new nucleus, a large amount of energy is released. Particles-photons are released as excess energy - they also carry light. This light exerts a strong pressure that emanates from the center of the star, resulting in a balance between the pressure emanating from the center and the gravitational force.
Thus, celestial bodies that glow themselves, namely stars, glow due to the release of energy during nuclear reactions. This energy is aimed at containing gravitational forces and the emission of light. The more massive the star, the more energy is released and the brighter the star shines.
Comets
A comet consists of an ice clot containing gases and dust. Its core does not emit light, but when approaching the Sun, the core begins to melt and particles of dust, dirt, and gases are thrown into the sun. outer space. They form a kind of foggy cloud around the comet, which is called a coma.
It cannot be said that a comet is a celestial body that itself glows. The main light it emits is reflected sunlight. Being far from the Sun, the light of the comet is not visible and only when it approaches and receives the sun's rays does it become visible. The comet itself emits a small amount of light, due to the atoms and molecules of the coma, which release the quanta of sunlight they receive. The comet's "tail" is "scattering dust" that is illuminated by the Sun.
Meteorites
Under the influence of gravity, solid objects called meteorites can fall onto the surface of the planet. They do not burn up in the atmosphere, but when passing through it they become very hot and begin to emit bright light. Such a luminous meteorite is called a meteor.
Under the pressure of air, a meteor can break into many small pieces. Although it gets very hot, the inside of it usually remains cold, because in such a short time that it falls, it does not have time to heat up completely.
We can conclude that celestial bodies that glow themselves are stars. Only they are capable of emitting light due to their structure and the processes occurring inside them. Conventionally, we can say that a meteorite is a celestial body that itself glows, but this becomes possible only when it enters the atmosphere.
To find out whether there are celestial bodies that glow themselves, you first need to understand what celestial bodies the solar system consists of. The solar system is a planetary system in the center of which there is a star - the Sun, and around it there are 8 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. In order for a celestial body to be called a planet, it must meet these requirements
Make rotational movements around the star.
Have a spherical shape due to sufficient gravity.
Do not have other large bodies around its orbit.
Don't be a star.
Planets do not emit light; they can only reflect the rays of the Sun that fall on them. Therefore, it cannot be said that planets are celestial bodies that glow themselves. Such celestial bodies include stars. The sun is the source of light on Earth. Celestial bodies that glow themselves are stars. The closest star to Earth is the Sun. Thanks to its light and warmth, all living things can exist and develop. The Sun is the center around which the planets, their satellites, asteroids, comets, meteorites and cosmic dust revolve.
The sun appears to be a solid spherical object because when you look at it, its outline appears quite clear. However, it does not have a solid structure and consists of gases, the main one of which is hydrogen; other elements are also present.
To see that the Sun does not have clear contours, you need to look at it during an eclipse. Then you can notice that it is surrounded by a moving atmosphere, which is several times larger than its diameter. During normal aurora, this halo is not visible due to the bright light. Thus, the Sun does not have precise boundaries and is in a gaseous state. Stars The number of existing stars is unknown; they are located at a great distance from the Earth and are visible as small dots. Stars are celestial bodies that glow themselves. What does this mean? Stars are hot balls consisting of gas in which thermal nuclear reactions. Their surfaces have different temperatures and densities. Stars also differ in size, being larger and more massive than planets. There are stars whose sizes exceed the size of the Sun, and there are also vice versa.
A star consists of gas, mostly hydrogen. On its surface, due to high temperature, the hydrogen molecule breaks down into two atoms. An atom consists of a proton and an electron. However, under the influence of high temperatures, atoms “release” their electrons, resulting in a gas called plasma. An atom left without an electron is called a nucleus. How stars emit light A star, due to gravitational force, tries to compress itself, as a result of which the temperature in its central part rises greatly. Nuclear reactions begin to occur, resulting in the formation of helium with a new nucleus, which consists of two protons and two neutrons. As a result of the formation of a new nucleus, a large amount of energy is released. Particles-photons are released as excess energy - they also carry light. This light exerts a strong pressure that emanates from the center of the star, resulting in a balance between the pressure emanating from the center and the gravitational force
Thus, celestial bodies that glow themselves, namely stars, glow due to the release of energy during nuclear reactions. This energy is aimed at restraining gravitational forces and emitting light. The more massive the star, the more energy is released and the brighter the star shines. Comets A comet consists of an ice clot containing gases and dust. Its core does not emit light, but when approaching the Sun, the core begins to melt and particles of dust, dirt, and gases are released into outer space. They form a kind of foggy cloud around the comet, which is called a coma.
It cannot be said that a comet is a celestial body that itself glows. The main light it emits is reflected sunlight. Being far from the Sun, the light of the comet is not visible and only when it approaches and receives the sun's rays does it become visible. The comet itself emits a small amount of light, due to the atoms and molecules of the coma, which release the quanta of sunlight they receive. The “tail” of a comet is “scattering dust” that is illuminated by the Sun. Meteorites Under the influence of gravity, solids can fall onto the surface of the planet. cosmic bodies which are called meteorites. They do not burn up in the atmosphere, but when passing through it they become very hot and begin to emit bright light. Such a luminous meteorite is called a meteor. Under the pressure of air, a meteor can break into many small pieces. Although it gets very hot, the inside of it usually remains cold, because in such a short time that it falls, it does not have time to heat up completely. We can conclude that celestial bodies that glow themselves are stars. Only they are capable of emitting light due to their structure and the processes occurring inside them. Conventionally, we can say that a meteorite is a celestial body that itself glows, but this becomes possible only when it enters the atmosphere.
, Competition "Presentation for the lesson"
Presentation for the lesson
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Attention! Slide previews are for informational purposes only and may not represent all the features of the presentation. If you are interested in this work, please download the full version.
Goals:
- Introduce students to the solar system.
- Give the concept of a cosmic body, star, planet
- Introduce the planets solar system
Lesson progress:
1. The topic of today's lesson: "We are the inhabitants of the Universe"
Who has already heard the word “Universe”?
What does it mean?
The Universe (space) is our entire vast world, the entire world around us, including what is beyond the Earth - outer space, planets, stars.
People with ancient times were interested in the secrets of the sky, especially the night sky. Many thousands of years ago, the ancient Greeks called a huge number of stars the cosmos - huge world outside the Earth.
Ancient people believed that stars and planets were the eyes of gods and heroes living in the sky. A defenseless person was afraid of everything: thunderstorms, lightning, drought, storms. The man did not understand why all this was happening. He thought that the gods controlled natural phenomena.
(slide 4.5)
Centuries have passed. Humanity has invented telescopes. Considering starry sky, scientists realized that stars and planets are different celestial bodies. What is their difference?
Stars are huge, hot celestial bodies that emit light.
The closest star to us is the Sun.
But if you compare the Sun with other stars in our Universe, you can see how small it is, and how huge the stars are.
In addition to stars, there are also planets in the Universe. Planets are cold celestial bodies that do not emit their own light. One of the planets Earth.
The planets revolve around the Sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
(slide 11-12)
See what the Earth looks like compared to other planets in the solar system.
(slide 13-22)
The teacher briefly talks interesting facts about the planets of the solar system.
An astronomical counting rhyme will help us remember the location of the planets of the solar system.
There lived an astrologer on the moon,
He counted the planets:
Mercury - once,
Venus - two, sir,
Three - Earth,
Four - Mars,
Five - Jupiter,
Six - Saturn,
Seven - Uranus,
Eighth - Neptune,
Nine - the farthest is Pluto...
Those who don't see will get out!
(children are learning a rhyme)
In addition to stars and planets, the Solar System includes asteroids and comets.
2. Lesson summary.
- What new did you learn in the lesson?
- Let's test ourselves and answer the questions.
The Moon is a solid, cold celestial body that does not emit its own light; it shines in the sky only because it reflects the light of the Sun with its surface. Revolving around the Earth, the Moon turns towards it either with a fully illuminated surface, or with a partially illuminated surface, or with a dark surface. That is why the appearance of the Moon continuously changes throughout the month.
In its second phase - the first quarter. It was the tenth lunar day. We observed the growing young Moon. This phase lasted until March 7, when the illuminated part of the Moon reached its maximum size. During the month of March, three girls from our team watched the Moon and saw that its appearance changed every day. On March 1st the Moon entered
As a result of attempts to coordinate the calendar month with the phases of the moon, people created the lunar calendar - the most ancient system time accounts. The main disadvantage of the lunar calendar is the difficulty of coordinating it with the seasons, the duration of which is determined by the length of the tropical year, which is 365 days.
The origin of the seven-day week, which is an intermediate unit between a month and a day for measuring time and approximately corresponding to a quarter of the lunar synodic month, is also associated with the phases of the Moon. People noticed that each phase of the moon lasts approximately seven days, and therefore they divided the lunar month into four weeks, each lasting seven days. Seven day week
With the development of astrology, the days of the week, which in those days began with Saturday, were given the names of the seven celestial “wandering” luminaries: so, they called Saturday the day of Saturn, Monday - the day of the Moon, Tuesday - the day of Mars, Wednesday - the day of Mercury, Thursday - the day Jupiter, Friday is the day of Venus and Sunday is the day of the Sun. Most of these names for the days of the week have survived to this day in a number of languages. European countries(French, Italian, English, German, etc.)
Cosmos (from the Greek Hosmos - world) is a term that arose in ancient Greek philosophy to designate the world as a structurally organized and ordered whole.
Nowadays, space refers to everything outside the Earth’s atmosphere.
Otherwise, space is called the Universe - the place of human settlement.
The Universe is the world around us, infinite in space, in time and in the variety of forms of the substance filling it and its transformations.
The Universe is a megaworld.
Studying the universe as a whole astronomy.
Astronomy – the science of movement, structure, origin, development of celestial bodies, their systems and the Universe as a whole.
The main method of obtaining astronomical knowledge is observation.
Modern astronomy includes several scientific disciplines– astrophysics, astrochemistry, radio astronomy, cosmology, cosmogony.
Cosmology – field of science that studies the universe as a whole and space systems as its parts.
Cosmogony– a branch of astronomy that studies the origin of space objects and systems.
The difference between cosmology and cosmogony lies in the difference in approach to the objects being studied: cosmology studies the patterns of the entire Universe, and cosmogony considers specific cosmic bodies and systems.
The world is united, harmonious and at the same time has a multi-level organization.
The Universe is an ordered system of individual interconnected elements of various orders, which include celestial bodies (stars, planets, satellites, asteroids, comets), planetary star systems, star clusters, and galaxies.
Stars
Planets- cold celestial bodies that revolve around a star.
Satellites- cold celestial bodies that orbit planets.
solar system(or planetary system) - a set of celestial bodies, their satellites, asteroids, comets orbiting the Sun under the influence of its gravity.
The Solar System includes 9 planets, their satellites, over 100 thousand asteroids, and many comets.
Four smaller inner planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars (called the terrestrial planets) are composed primarily of silicates and metals.
Four outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune (called gas giants) are much more massive than the terrestrial planets.
The largest planets in the solar system, Jupiter and Saturn, are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium; the outer, smaller Uranus and Neptune, in addition to hydrogen and helium, contain methane and carbon monoxide in their atmospheres.
Such planets are classified as a separate class of “ice giants”).
6 planets out of eight and three dwarf planets have natural satellites. Each of the outer planets is surrounded by rings of dust and other particles.
There are two regions in the Solar System filled with small bodies. The asteroid belt, located between Mars and Jupiter, is similar in composition to the terrestrial planets, since it consists of silicates and metals. The largest objects in the asteroid belt are the dwarf planet Ceres and the asteroids Pallas, Vesta and Hygiea.
Trans-Neptunian objects are located beyond the orbit of Neptune, consisting of frozen water, ammonia and methane, the largest of which are Pluto, Sedna, Haumea, Makemake, Quacar, Orcus and Eris. There are other populations of small bodies in the Solar System, such as planetary quasi-satellites and Trojans, near-Earth asteroids, centaurs, Damocloids, as well as comets, meteoroids and cosmic dust moving through the system.
The solar wind (plasma flow from the Sun) creates a bubble of explosives interstellar medium, called the heliosphere, which extends to the edge of the scattered disk. The hypothetical Oort cloud, which serves as a source of long-period comets, could extend to a distance of about a thousand times further than the heliosphere.
The solar system is part of the galaxy Milky Way
Asteroids(or minor planets) are small cold celestial bodies that are part of the Solar System. They have a diameter from 800 km to 1 km or less, and revolve around the Sun according to the same laws by which the large planets move.
Comets – celestial bodies that make up the solar system. They look like foggy spots with a bright clot in the center - the nucleus. Comet nuclei are small in size - several kilometers. When approaching the Sun, bright comets develop a tail in the form of a luminous strip, the length of which can reach tens of millions of kilometers.
Galaxy- a giant star system with more than 100 billion stars orbiting its center. Star clusters are marked within the galaxy. Star clusters- groups of stars separated from each other by a smaller distance than normal interstellar distances.
Galaxies form a metagalaxy.
Metagalaxy – a grandiose collection of individual galaxies and clusters of galaxies.
In modern interpretation, the concepts “metagalaxy” and “Universe” are more often identified.
When studying objects of the Universe we deal with extremely long distances.
For convenience, when measuring such extremely large distances in cosmology, special units are used:
1. Astronomical unit(au) corresponds to the distance from the Earth to the Sun – 150 million km. This unit is used to determine cosmic distances within the Solar System.
2. Light year– the distance that a light beam moving at a speed of 300,000 km/s travels in one year is approximately 1013 km; 1 a.u. equal to 8.3 light minutes. Light years measure the distance to stars and other space objects located outside the Solar System.
3. Parsec (pc)– distance equal to 3.3 light years. Used to measure distances within and between star systems.
1 Kpc (kiloparsec) = 103 pc, 1 Mpc (megaparsec) = 106 pc.
The first astronomical knowledge was obtained by thinkers of the Ancient East - Egypt, Babylonia, India, China.
Astronomers ancient world learned to predict the onset of eclipses, monitored the movements of the planets. This astronomical knowledge, accumulated back in the 7th–6th centuries. BC, borrowed by the ancient Greeks.
IDEA of the geocentric structure of the Universe.
In the 6th century BC. scientist and philosopher Ancient Greece Aristotle actually came up with the idea geocentric structure of the Universe.
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Related information:
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Number the celestial bodies in descending order of their sizes.
Highlight those that emit their own light.
Answers:
An asteroid is a small celestial body, usually rocky and irregular in shape. Performs a revolution around the Sun. The bulk of asteroids are localized in the belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. An astronomical unit is a unit of distance in astronomy. Equal to the average distance of the Earth from the Sun. That is, 1 a.u. = 149,600,000 km. Aphelion is the most distant point in the orbit of a celestial body from the Sun. A white dwarf is a very small star at the final stage of evolution; its characteristic feature is a very high density. Big bang- a powerful explosion, which (there is such a hypothesis) marked the beginning of the evolution of the Universe. Scientists believe that it occurred approximately 15 billion years ago! Rotation is the movement of a body around its axis in a certain direction.
General ideas about the Universe
Universe is an ordered system of interconnected elements of various orders. These are: celestial bodies (stars, planets, satellites, asteroids, comets), planetary star systems, star clusters, galaxies.
Stars- gigantic red-hot self-luminous celestial bodies.
Planets- cold celestial bodies that revolve around stars.
Satellites(planets) - cold celestial bodies that orbit the planets.
Asteroids(minor planets) are small cold celestial bodies that are part of the Solar System. They have a diameter of 800 to 1 km and revolve around the Sun according to the same laws by which large planets move. There are over 100 thousand asteroids in the Solar System.
Comets- celestial bodies that make up the Solar System. They look like foggy spots with a bright clot in the center - the nucleus. Comet nuclei are small in size - a few km. When approaching the Sun, bright comets develop a tail in the form of a luminous stripe, the length of which can reach tens of millions of kilometers.
Galaxy- a giant star system with more than 100 billion stars orbiting its center. The galaxy is formed by stars and the interstellar medium.
Metagalaxy- a grandiose collection of individual galaxies and clusters of galaxies.
In addition to galaxies, the Universe contains relict electromagnetic radiation, a small amount of very tenuous intergalactic matter and an unknown amount of a substance called latent mass and latent energy.
When studying objects in outer space, one has to deal with very large distances, which in astronomy are usually expressed in special units.
Astronomical unit(AU) corresponds to the distance from the Earth to the Sun. 1 a.u. = 149.6 million km. This unit is used to determine cosmic distances within the Solar System. For example, the distance from the Sun to Pluto is 40 AU.
Light year (s.g.)– the distance that a light beam moving at a speed of 300,000 km/s travels in one year. 1 p. g. = 10 13 km; 1 a.u. = 8.3 light minutes. Light years measure the distance to stars and other space objects outside the solar system.
Parsec(pc) – distance equal to 3.3 light years. 1 pc = 3.3 s.g. This unit is used to measure distances within and between star systems.
Stars. The most common objects in the Universe are stars. Stars are hot space objects, consisting of ionized gas. In the depths of stars, thermonuclear reactions take place, converting hydrogen into helium, as a result of which enormous energy is released. From 97 to 99.9% of the matter of galaxies is concentrated in stars. It is assumed that the total number of stars in the Universe is about 10 22, of which we can only observe 2 billion.
Stars have different sizes - supergiants, their sizes are hundreds of times bigger than the sun, and dwarfs, their sizes are even smaller than the Earth. Our Sun is a medium-sized star. The closest star to the Sun, Alpha Centauri, is located at a distance of 4 light years. It is believed that most stars have their own planetary systems, similar to the solar ones.
Stars can form star systems - several stars revolving around a common center; star clusters - hundreds - millions of stars; galaxies - billions of stars.
Depending on whether the star changes its characteristics or not, stationary and non-stationary (variable) stars are distinguished. The stationarity of the star is ensured by the balance between the gas pressure inside the star and the gravitational forces. Non-stationary stars include novae and supernovae on which outbursts occur.
The processes of star formation and disappearance occur constantly. Stars are formed from cosmic matter as a result of its condensation under the influence of gravitational, magnetic and other forces. Gravitational compression heats up the central part of the young star and “launches” thermonuclear reaction synthesis of helium from hydrogen. When the nuclear reaction fails to maintain stability, the helium core contracts and the outer shell expands and is ejected into space. The star turns into red giant. In this case, the color of the star changes from yellow to red. For example, the Sun will turn into a red giant in about 8 billion years.
If the star has a small mass (less than 1.4 solar masses), then in the process of further cooling it turns into a white dwarf. White dwarfs represent the final stage in the evolution of most stars, in which all the hydrogen “burns out” and nuclear reactions stop. Gradually the star turns into a cold dark body - black dwarf. The dimensions of such dead stars are comparable to the size of the Earth, their mass is comparable to the mass of the Sun, and the density is hundreds of tons per cubic centimeter.
If the mass of a star is more than 1.4 solar masses, then such a star cannot enter a stationary state, since the internal pressure does not balance the gravitational forces. As a result, gravitational collapse occurs, i.e. an unlimited fall of matter towards the center, which is accompanied by an explosion and the release of a huge amount of matter and energy. Such an explosion is called supernova explosion. It is believed that since the formation of our Galaxy, about a billion supernovae have erupted in it.
The star explodes as a supernova and turns into a black hole. Black hole(BH) is an object that has such a strong gravitational field that it does not let go of anything (including radiation). Inside a black hole, space is highly curved and time is infinitely slower. In order to overcome the gravity of a black hole, it is necessary to develop a speed greater than the speed of light.
Despite the fact that the black hole does not emit any radiation, it can be detected, since the gravitational field near the surface of the black hole emits particles different types. It is assumed that black holes are located at the centers of some galaxies. So in the center of our galaxy there is a strong source of radiation - Sagittarius A. It is believed that Sagittarius A is a black hole with a mass equal to a million solar masses.
There was an assumption that black holes could be areas of transition from one space to another space, to another Universe, which differs from ours physical properties and has other physical constants.
Part of the mass of an exploding supernova can continue to exist in the form neutron star or pulsar. Neutron stars are bunches of neutrons. They cool quickly and are characterized by intense radiation in the form of repeated pulses.
Stars whose mass ranges from 10 to 40 solar masses turn into neutron stars, and stars whose mass is greater turn into black holes.
Galaxies. Galaxies are giant collections of stars, dust and gas. Galaxies exist as groups (several galaxies), clusters (hundreds of galaxies), and clouds of clusters or superclusters (thousands of galaxies). The most studied is the Local Group of galaxies. It includes our galaxy (Milky Way) and the galaxies closest to us (the nebula in the constellation Andromeda and the Magellanic Clouds).
Galaxies differ in size, number of stars included in them, luminosity, and appearance. By appearance galaxies are conventionally divided into three main types: elliptical, spiral and irregularly shaped.
At the initial stage of galaxy formation, they have irregular shape. Spiral galaxies with a clearly defined form of rotation develop from them. And finally, at the third stage, elliptical galaxies appear, having a spheroidal shape.
Our Milky Way galaxy is one of the spiral galaxies. This is the most common type of galaxy. It has the shape of a disk with a bulge in the center - the core, from which spiral arms extend. The disk rotates around the center.
The diameter of our galaxy is 100 thousand light years, the diameter of the core is 4 thousand light years, the total mass of the galaxy is about 150 billion solar masses, its age is about 15 billion years.
The space between galaxies is filled with interstellar gas, dust and various types of radiation. It is believed that interstellar gas consists of 67% hydrogen, 28% helium and 5% remaining elements (oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.).
A metagalaxy is an observable part of the Universe. Modern observation capabilities are distances of 1500 Mpc. A metagalaxy is an ordered system of galaxies.
Modern astronomical data indicate that the Metagalaxy has a network (cellular) structure, that is, galaxies are not distributed evenly in it, but along certain lines - as if along the boundaries of grid cells.
In 1929, the American astronomer Edwin Hubble experimentally established the fact that the system of galaxies is not static, but is expanding, “scattering.” This means that the Universe is non-stationary, it is in a state of constant expansion. Based on this, the law (Hubble's law) was formulated: The farther the Galaxies are from each other, the faster they “scatter”. This means that for any pair of Galaxies, the speed of their removal from each other is proportional to the distance between them:
, Where
V- galaxy recession speed, R- distance between galaxies, H - proportionality coefficient, which is called the Hubble constant (parameter).
The current average value of the Hubble constant is H = 74.2 ± 3.6 km/s per Mpc (megaparsec). Estimating the value of the Hubble constant allows us to estimate the age of the Universe (Metagalaxy).
The idea of the non-stationary nature of the Universe was first introduced by A. A. Friedman even before the experimental proof of the phenomenon of “scattering” of galaxies. Distances to galaxies are measured in millions and billions of light years. This means that we see them not as they are now, but as they were millions and billions of years ago. Essentially, we are seeing past eras of the Universe.
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. "burn, burn, my..."
Bethlehem...
G. one of the luminous (self-luminous) celestial bodies visible on a cloudless night. So it started to star, and the stars appeared. The likeness of a celestial star, a radiant image, written or made of something. Five-, six-, arched or coal star. The same decoration favored by orders higher degrees . A white spot on the forehead of a horse or cow. Bay gelding, star on forehead. right ear is poroto. *Happiness or luck, ta lan. My star has set, my happiness has died. A fixed star that does not change its position or place in the sky, and is mistaken by us for the sun of other worlds; these stars form permanent constellations for us. A blue (wandering) star, which, without twinkling, revolves, like our earth, around the sun; planet. A star with a tail or a tail, with a fan, a comet. Morning, evening star, zornitsa, one and the same planet Venus. Polaris, the closest major star to the north pole. Starfish or chickweed, one of the various sea animals that resemble a star, according to the sketch. Star girl, lively. Cavalier star, plant. Passiflora. Don’t count the stars, but look at your feet: if you don’t find anything, at least you won’t fall. Sorry (hidden), my star, my red sun! Ships sail on the stars. He catches stars in the water with a sieve. Starry night on Epiphany, harvest for peas and berries. Frequent stars, small stars, crumbly. Born under a lucky (or unlucky) star (or planet, planid). A star falls to the wind. Which side the star will fall on Christmastide, the groom will be on that side. Bright Epiphany stars will give birth to white stars. Don't look at falling stars at Lev Katansky, Feb. Whoever gets sick on this day will die. On Tryphon February) starry late spring. Warm evening on Jacob's April) and starry night, for the harvest. On Andronikos October) they tell fortunes by the stars about the weather and the harvest. Did peas scatter all over Moscow, all over Vologda? stars. Is the entire path covered in peas? stars in the sky. A star with a tail, for war. Star, star, star, star, -night, zap. star, belittle. Starry, related to the heavenly stars. Starry sky. Star shine. Zvezdovaya, to the star, in the meaning. orders or images related. Star Master. A star wheel, in cars, is a winding wheel, in which the fists or teeth are mounted along the edge, opposite the floor. comb. Asterisk, asterisk, to the asterisks, in different. meaning relating. Star moss, mossy plant Mnium. Star grass, Alchemilla, see love spell. Star-shaped, with a star or star-shaped, star-shaped, star-shaped. Star curtain. Star decoration. Star horse. Starry or stellar, multi-starred, strewn with stars. Stardom w. condition, quality according to enclosure. Starfish m. animal starfish, chickweed. Starweed or asterisk m. aster, plant and flower of Aster. A valuable stone, with a metallic sheen, in the shape of a cross or star. Starweed is the name of the fossilized shell of Siderotes. Astronomer m. astrologer, astrologer or stargazer m. astronomer. Zvezdovshchina astronomy. Zvezdnik m. painting containing the calculation or named and description of stars and constellations. Zvezdach m. comic. star-bearer, on whom the star is awarded. Who wears a star on the day of the Nativity of Christ, according to folk custom, when congratulating. A star, a star, a horse or a cow with a star on its forehead. Zvezdysh m. flail star, chekush-nail. Zvezdovka Astrantia plant. Zvezdochnitsa Stellaria plant. Chickweed, chickweed plant. Polyp species, Astrea; starfish. Zvezdyanka, another species of the same animal. Zvezdina sparkle, sparkle, star pattern; star on the horse's forehead. Star impersonal. be the stars in the sky, on a clear night.
It's so starry outside. to whom, to tell the harsh truth, without beating around the bush. he cuts it for him and gives it a star! The sky is starry; the spark stars in the darkness. The sky is starry or there are stars in the sky. It was clear until the morning. Stared at him, straight out. The funny lights began to star. There were stars in the sky. With words he makes stars, but in reality he doesn’t move. I hurt myself and got a different star. The clouds stretched out and there were stars. It started to look like stars, but it’s rejuvenating again.
The light flashed and disappeared. The Creator starred the sky. The star is a fighter who shows stars with a blow of his fist. Straight to the point, someone who speaks the harsh truth straight to the face. first meaning and star value. beat; to hit someone with your fist. Star wine, which makes stars appear in the eyes, is strong; stunned, blow. Stargazer, stargazer, m. stargazer, stargazer, stargazer, astronomer. -ny, star-loving, related to this science. Stardom Wed. observatory. Stargazing Wed. nautical astronomy. Star leader, navigator, navigating a ship according to astronomy notations: navigator. 3star magician, -magician, star magician vol. stargazer m. -nitsa f. who tells fortunes, casts spells by the stars. Stargazer m. comic. name of astronomer; a superficial gazer, a person who looks up but does not see under his feet. Uranoscopus fish with upward-facing eyes. Star-law cf. starology, stardom, astronomy. Astronomer, astronomer, astronomer. Starry sky, starry. 3 Star-belted, girded with a star stripe: who has a star belt. Star-scattered, strewn with stars, scattered with stars. Starfish m. Rhinoster, American. a mole with a star-shaped growth on its snout. Stargazer is comic. astronomer; astrologer. -danye, astrology. Star-decorated, -decorated, decorated, adorned with stars. Stargrabber is a arrogant person, an arrogant mind, a know-it-all. Starflower m. plant starflower, aster. -ny, with star-shaped flowers. Astrologer m. astrologer; -ny, related to astrology. Stargazing cf. astrology, star divination
Yellow symbol from the Brazilian flag
Celebrity
And the Sun, and Sirius, and Vega
An echinoderm that looks like a regular pentagon
What sign did the Timurites paint on the gates?
Painting by the French artist E. Degas
Card solitaire
Cinema in Moscow, Zemlyanoy Val
Cosmic status of Sirius
Marine « military award»
Marine five-pointed animal
Moscow cinema
On the chest of the hero of the Soviet Union
In the sky and on the stage
American sheriff's badge name
Name of the periodical
Celestial body
One of the computer network topologies
Distinctive sign on shoulder straps
Pentagram as a figure
When it falls, you need to make a wish
When something falls, it is customary to make a wish
Work by H. Wells
Work by E. Kazakevich
Guiding...
The story of the Russian writer V.
Veresaeva
Regulus, Antares
Novel by H. Wells
Novel by American writer Danielle Steele
Russian romance
Self-luminous celestial body
Light
The luminary of captivating happiness
Sirius, Vega
The sun as a celestial body
The sun as an object
Poem by Lermontov
Poem by Russian poet A. Koltsov
The third figure in the towns
Ukrainian football club
Kremlin decoration and shoulder straps
Figure in the towns
A figure with triangular protrusions on a circle
A figure, as well as an object with triangular protrusions around the circumference
Film by Alexander Ivanov
Film by Nikolai Lebedev
Football club from Serpukhov
What shone in the forehead of Pushkin’s betrothed Guidon
Pop star
Any of the myriads in the night sky
. "fell" from the sky into the sea
The nickname of the planet Venus is “Evening...”
Bob Fosse's film "... Playboy"
Film by Vladimir Grammatikov “... and the death of Joaquin Murrieta”
Film by Alexander Mitta “Burn, burn, my…”
The novel by the Russian writer A. R. Belyaev “... KETS”
Opera by composer D. Meyerer “Northern ...”
The world's largest diamond is called "The Great... of Africa"
What sign did the Timurites paint on the gate?
When something falls, is it customary to make a wish?
The drama of the Spanish playwright Lope de Vega “... of Seville”
. "burn, burn, my..."
. "cosmic" name for the sheriff's badge
Naval "battle award"
. "burn, burn, my..." (romance)
Kirkorov - ... Russian stage
