A monographic presentation from a unified methodological position of the developed quantum concept of a complete theoretical substantiation of reality based on the generalization of modern achievements of various sciences in the field of social science into a unified theoretical system of the basic principles of the functioning of a normal society using a comprehensive simplex system approach to covering the content.
Society is a specific specific object of study and, according to Wisdom, the construction of its theory is necessary on the basis of a quantum approach.
In the environment of THEORETICS, as a fundamentally new direction of research activity on theoretical justification that replaces scientific evidence, the QUANTUM THEORY OF SOCIETY is presented, where, on the basis of a study of historical development, organizational structure and economic specialization, a theoretical justification for the formation of the intellectual era of the development of society is given, which necessitates a transition from a republican organization society to a union one through the unification of closely related civilizational republics and as a result of the creation of a supreme body of power over the republican union based on the judicial system, approving the adopted laws of the functioning of society.
The proposed work is based on the generalization of modern achievements of various sciences about society into a unified theoretical system of basic principles, where each is given attention to the extent of its significance for illuminating social reality from the unified methodological positions of the quantum approach, based on the logic of the axiomatic representation of reality as the causality of development, hierarchical organization and consistency a variety of components of one level in a complex representing any phenomenon under consideration as a system consisting of certain elements and functioning in the environment, which makes it possible to reflect the specific triad of social reality as a naturally functioning, self-governing and socially controlled system of a normal society with the coordination of their role by the judicial system.
A quantum theoretical substantiation of the life activity of modern society is necessary in connection with the entry of the social development of society into a new, essentially intellectual era.
The modern development of society is characterized by a change of eras, a transition from the exhausted possibilities of the industrial era to a new, more advanced era of intellectual development, causing fundamental changes in all areas of society.
The intellectual development of society opens up new promising opportunities and serious problems arise in their practical implementation, which poses the task of a deeper theoretical justification of social problems.
The most industrially developed modern countries are characterized by increasingly intensifying anti-progressive manifestations:
- - long-term development is constrained by the strengthening of conservative sentiments to maintain the achieved results, while the general line of social development goes in the direction of progressive development and ensuring the accumulation of means of production through deductions from the sale of what has been created;
- - economic activity is increasingly directed towards the formation of consumer opportunities, reducing efforts to reproduce new things;
- - the organizational structure does not become more complicated in accordance with new requirements, but on the contrary, democratic fragmentation is observed to the point of the collapse of some entire countries, while progressive development is characterized by the complication of organization, the integration of increasingly general components of society and the tightening of organizational norms.
Economic crisis, depression, recession, default is the natural final phase of development of economic activity of each cycle of production of goods and services, expressed in overproduction of traditional products that are profitable for the manufacturer due to their development and underproduction of fundamentally new ones due to a lag in understanding the requirements of the time, the desire to maximize profits by producers at transition to a new life cycle, underestimating the reduction in demand for traditional products.
An imbalance between supply and demand for goods and services at a new level of life, expressed in inflated prices for products and their overstocking, a decrease in purchasing power due to delayed salaries, loss of bank savings, systematic accumulation of debts and the impossibility of repaying them within an economically acceptable time frame, hyperinflation, artificial expansion of production through loans and consumption through discounts, bonuses, accumulation of debts.
As a consequence: a decrease in gross income, mass bankruptcy, unemployment, a decrease in living standards, psychological panic, hyperinflation. Deterioration of the economic situation, decline in production, decline in consumption and living standards. The more intense the economic activity, the more acute the crisis.
Financial monopolies specifically block more progressive new developments that could cause damage to old industries that have already been taken over.
Ideological crisis less clearly meaningful, but no less effective, especially since it is directly related to the contradictions of the nominal new and old in social development, with the transition to a new intellectual era.
The ideological crisis is intensifying due to the lack of development of the worldview of scientific substantiation, with a significant preservation of religious influence on social processes, due to the weakness of the worldview of the philosophy of society with the traditional strength of religion, and here it is also necessary to master a fundamentally new theoretical substantiation, which is why the ideological crisis is directly called theoretical.
At the state level: spiritual life, art has deviated into the search for something new in modern art, a moral crisis of permissiveness that violates traditional customs, sexual promiscuity, religious fundamentalism, fanaticism and general extremism. Through measured efforts in the fight for human rights, up to the fight for the rights of the child from parents without taking into account responsibilities, as well as for the preservation of flora and fauna without taking into account the natural norms of their use by humans. But the trends of cultural tolerance, preservation of national-ethnic and cultural-religious communities, multiculturalism, and patriotic protection still remain. Religious activation, sects, cults. An exorbitant growth of mysticism and magic with the revival of customs that are bad for society. Passion for games, extremism in sports
The ideological crisis was most acute at the international level, where the extremes of an intensified struggle for human rights collided without taking into account the responsibilities of democratic countries and opposition to the activity of traditional societies, observance of the responsibilities of the masses to the rulers, women to men and juniors to elders, even brothers, without reservation of natural rights. As a result, the active expansion of industrialized countries with state support - globalism and the guerrilla struggle of developing countries - terrorism.
Citizenship slides into individualism when the successes achieved in the previous intensive development are directed towards petty private lusts, poorly managed and controlled, destroying the established achievements of social communities. The family is falling apart, the era of love without increasing the birth rate of children. Friends, different clubs are strengthening among themselves.
The government is turning into a “night watchman”, the achievements are being maintained, and the functions of actively mobilizing the energy of citizens to solve promising problems are receding into the background, departments are growing instead of ministries. The representative office switches to the constant development of new laws without streamlining the existing ones into a coherent system, to hectic control functions of the distribution of petty budget funds without ensuring reasonable standards for their rational direction, and lobbying for private interests is developing.
During the period of imperialist domination of privately owned industrial development, a stratification of rich and poor occurs into the flesh to the point of caste division of people:
- - a lower stratigraphic layer of people living on pensions and other means of social security has been formed, where private entrepreneurs can dump the unemployed population;
- - hired workers who are unable to start their own production using accumulated wages;
- - private entrepreneurs whose profits are not enough to create industry structures;
- - large owners of public domain who do not have a real opportunity to create their own banking capital;
- - banking magnates who own capital on the basis of private property, but are not allowed to join the financial oligarchy;
- - as well as the acute problem of the stratification of private ownership of leading states - globalism, and the partisan struggle of developing countries to maintain independence - anti-globalism and terrorism.
At the state level: a strong private elite and a weak class of hired workers, hence the class struggle, conflicts between the top and bottom, party struggle. As a result: partisan actions of citizenship, paralysis of management - corruption and non-execution of orders at the government level, difficulties in legislative control of representation, and at the level of judging - an unaccountable elite and lack of rights of the masses, that is, all levels of society are covered. Riots and unrest...
General position.
Industrial society has exhausted its progressive capabilities and is being replaced by a new, essentially intellectual era of social development, which requires a more advanced theoretical justification of the phenomena under study.
As a result of artificial stimulation of the capitalist phase of industrial development, instead of its natural stagnation and socialization, the development of a new intellectual era is restrained, within which it is possible to overcome the industrial crisis by directing private ownership initiative to new discoveries, inventions and fundamental developments.
The inability of modern social science to timely foresee a crisis of this magnitude shows the weakness of the existing concept of justifying the development of society and the functioning of the economy.
Therefore, a transition to an intellectual economy is necessary, the development of an innovative path of development, and this is possible with a theoretical justification of economic development,
Inability to master new opportunities. Society is a natural result of the development of the nature of the Earth as it is partially transformed from inert, first to living, and then to social. In the process of its own development, society is in a transition period from the industrial to the new intellectual era, which was prepared in scientific and technical terms back in the last century. However, the transition to a new era is hampered by the inability of modern societies to master emerging opportunities and, above all, due to a lack of theoretical understanding of the problems of transforming the economy, politics, and ideology in accordance with the requirements of the new conditions. With the change of eras, all aspects of social reality are subject to revision: the economy of life in the direction of intensification, political organization in the direction of more complex ordering, ideological attitudes with a focus on high morality.
The inability to master new opportunities is a fairly common phenomenon in social development.
The inability of the Indian civilization to master technological progress, the wheel and other possibilities of agricultural activity led to the disintegration of this civilization into separate tribal formations.
The inability of the USSR, which had essentially become not a republic, but a union, to form a union governing body. Stalin made great strides on the national issue - he restored the Slavic system, starting with the Polabian Slavs who were Germanized 1000 years ago to the Adriatic, but he did not think of rising to a level higher than republican statehood.
The failure of India in the Middle Ages and China in the 20th century to master the technological progress of industrial development led to their capture by the Saxons and Japanese.
The inability of many developing countries with a gathering or extractive nature of activity has stalled at this level of development.
The first understanding is ideological
Qualitatively new changes in the development of society began to be noted in the second half of the twentieth century; These are also signs of the aging of traditional societies - the “decline of Europe” and the search for a “new world order.” Issues of global warming were raised in connection with increasing emissions of carbon dioxide, deterioration of the biological composition of the planet and changes in traditional food chains, a significant increase in the movement of earth materials and changes in the quality of water in the oceans, as well as other important problems of future development that require solutions.
It should be noted that the first publication on the post-capitalist system was in the work of A. A. Bogdanov “A Short Course in Economic Science”, starting from the 7th edition in the chapter “Socialist Society”, but at that time the main attention was paid to the problem of empirio-criticism.
The crisis of industrial development, expressed primarily in the insufficient growth of production to meet the needs of an ever-growing population, began to be recognized in the 60s of the twentieth century and received widespread coverage with the publication of the work of the Club of Rome in 1972, “The Limits to Growth.” Modeling human population growth and limiting development resources based on a limited number of indicators, based on simple extrapolation methods and without taking into account technical progress. This ultimately resulted in a reactionary proposal to reduce the Earth's population using a system of new social technologies and the “Golden Billion” of necessary people for the sake of preserving the elite of private industrialism, which has long ago exhausted its progressive possibilities.
Along with these works, the development of better methodologically sound and more progressively oriented forecasts of the development of society for 2020, 2040, 2050 and a more distant future for the 21st century is proposed.
Post-industrial information and other approaches.
With the advent of the new millennium, when, as a rule, attention to global problems intensifies, research has emerged on the formation of ideas about a new era of social development and the search for ways to eliminate the shortcomings of industrial development. Thus, the direction of primary further improvement of capitalist society was outlined - post-industrial society and emphasizing new fundamental changes - the information society, as well as a number of others that differently illuminate similar issues.
The idea of a post-industrial society was first formed in the second half of the twentieth century based on an analysis of the development of the information economy. There were fundamental changes in the economic activities of industrialized countries, a transition from the primary production of goods to the development of the service sector, increased attention to intellectual work, culture, mass creativity, education, and science. And in the production of goods, there has been a formation of a class of technical specialists, technocrats. However, the idea of a post-industrial society is a rather weak conceptual approach. Firstly, the prefix post, as a rule, is applicable for the transition period from an industrial society to a new, more advanced one, without proper understanding of the essence and nature of this new one. But most importantly, such a modernization approach almost does not take into account fundamental qualitative changes in society, focusing on changes of an evolutionary nature: simply mass production is moving to small-scale production, strict standardization is being replaced by diversity, and other directions of development of the information economy are considered in the same way. As a result, the post-industrial approach poorly reflects the necessary qualitative changes and often allows for pessimistic conclusions for the future. Its ideological basis is postmodernism, its political basis is democratic individualism, its economic basis is information capitalism, which does not fit well with the new progressive era.
Since the main object of life activity of the new society is supposed to be information, understood in a consumer sense as a body of knowledge, spiritual activity, then a decade later a more specific direction of its research received the name information. And earlier, increased attention was paid to the information aspect of the life of the new society, so J. Bell noted the importance of not only information in general, but also the need to develop theoretical knowledge. The emergence of a new era presupposes an increase in the knowledge intensity of production, the development of information processing methods, which requires increased education of personnel, constant training in new methods, and hence the dominance of the social factor, and increased investment in human capital. Transaction costs for basic research, searching for information, studying risk, concluding contracts, monitoring execution, protecting property rights, and strengthening the role of management become truly decisive in the development of a new society. Therefore, the information approach to covering the new era becomes more optimistic, and promising conclusions are even sometimes utopian, because problems arise in the practical implementation of the proposed innovations. In terms of content, research into the society of the new era from the perspective of the information approach is not much different from work on illuminating post-industrial society, but this approach is an attempt to understand more specifically the essence and characteristic features of the promising period of development of society, focusing on the innovative nature of problem solving. However, it should be noted that the accepted name - information society - is said too strongly. The category of information is extremely capacious; it is applicable to describe all natural phenomena in general and is compatible with such concepts as matter and energy. The main problem with applying such a name to a new era is that it is too broad and even applicable to social development as a whole, because any historically known societies, starting from the most primitive, and hunting, and agricultural, and industrial, as well as informational, energy and material.
Along with post-industrial and information approaches to highlighting the features of the new society, there are a number of others, different in the name of the new stage of social progress such as technotronic, post-civilizational society and others limited by a triple classification such as past, present, future, which contributes to the development of an idea of the future society, but The stage-by-stage periodization of pestilence history is comparative in nature and poorly reflects the essential aspects of qualitative transformations. To theoretically substantiate the creation of a new, essentially intellectual society, one should use the achievements of the research carried out, move away from the extremes of existing ideas, and better understand the nature of the new era, relying on a more significant epochal approach to the formation of a new society.
Marxist approach
The most complete coverage of the epochal development of society is given in the Marxist concept of socio-economic formations, where the underlying mode of production, characterized by the interaction of productive forces (material means of economic activity) and production relations (methods of legal registration of property), determines all other aspects of the functioning of society ( ideological, political) as superstructural categories. According to this principle, naturally historically changing socio-economic formations are distinguished: the primitive communal system, the slave-owning mode of production, the feudal-serf system, capitalism and communism with its first phase - socialism. This concept examines the complete historical development of society, taking into account the particular laws of the emergence, development and revolutionary replacement of each socio-economic formation, reflecting the regular division of labor, but with economic determinism and the decisive importance of the class approach in politics, economics, and ideology. From the point of view of the epochal approach, it is worth noting the typical problem of the beginning and end of the stages of social development. The primitive system also includes the secondary one with bows, arrows and stone tools, complex, consisting of several parts. And contrary to the general idea of natural development, the periodization of stages ends with final communism.
To exclude emotional assessments of the nature of various eras and the division of the primitive and second-primitive periods of the development of society, it is proposed to take into account the historical periodization of the evolution of technology and tools, which is compatible with the development of society as a whole.
The transition from a simple tool of labor to another more advanced one is carried out according to a single principle: each new tool of labor includes several previous ones based on the addition of a new link, and thus the whole variety of the listed organs, replenished in the process of technical progress, is united.
An epochal approach.
Problems of formation and development of the intellectual era.
The emergence of fundamentally new manifestations of social development that go beyond the possibilities of industrial influence, and the emergence of new development problems that cannot be solved by industrial means are realized. But the proposed concepts of post-industrial, information and similar approaches are limited to proposals for modernizing the old through individual intellectual innovations. Only an epochal approach to justifying the development of society makes it possible to illuminate the long-term prospects of a new era, as a fundamentally new period of historical development. Therefore, coverage of the problems of the new era is proposed in historical terms.
This work offers a more detailed presentation of the history of society in terms of its epochal development and the phase of formation of a new, currently essentially intellectual, era of social progress. The historical development of the society is covered in the Society Development Scheme.
The epochal development of modern society begins with a tribal gathering society, passing through the stages of mining, agricultural development and industrial production, and now reaches intellectual development, which is mainly just being formed ideologically as an orientation towards the research path of development.
Gathering
The procurement industry for the production of raw materials currently occupies a small percentage of employment, cost and other indicators of modern production.
The primary era of social development. No settlements, wandering life without mutual problems regarding tribes, i.e. "golden age". The last example of the "golden age" was observed by Columbus on the first American island, but left a garrison there because of which it was destroyed.
ECONOMY:
Appropriating the economy. Equipment - inventory (wooden age). Material - collected in nature, accumulated, stored. Gathering is for use, and not for immediate consumption, hence the need to store and use equipment such as bags and pots. Energy is a sustained fire. There are no clothes, primitive utensils. The first support service is everyday life. Self-criticism.
POLICY:
The clan community ranges from 20 - 30 people to hundreds. Primitive herd of people. Power is the head of the clan. Territorial settlement - hermitages, vagabonds, which favored the choice of place of residence and food, taking into account changing climatic conditions.
IDEOLOGY:
Spirits, witchcraft, reverence for the local natural environment, brownies, goblins, mermaids. Worldview - the universe within the surrounding nature.
Culture - rock paintings, natural drawings without abstract diagrams.
SOCIETY:
"Golden Age" according to mythology. "Wildness."
CITIZENSHIP education: employees, specialization; comrades - organization, cultural contemporaries.
Historically, from millions of years ago to the back: Archanthropus, Paleoanthropus, Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus.
According to the data of the ancient Mayan tribe, human history begins 5,041,738 years BC.
The mining era is the hunting era.
The achievements of harvesting life activity make it possible, at a certain stage of its development, to move on to the formation of the mining era formed in its depths, which at that time of development of the predominantly domestic and medical spheres of society was mainly hunting production.
Currently, mining is not only hunting and fishing, nor mainly the extraction of material and energy resources, the acquisition of new information data.
This is the era of the existence and collapse of mythically famous civilizations: Daaria, Atlantis, Lemuria, Pacifica.
The Aryan culture began to disintegrate due to its departure from the north during cold weather. Separate cultures—Slavic, Russian, Tatar, and Iranian—were formed. So about 200 thousand years ago Matryona visited the Aryans. Perun visited 40 thousand years ago, trying to introduce the most progressive means of representing the world: Reality, Rule, Nav, Slav. Svarog dropped a plow and a yoke for plowing onto the Earth and a sown field in the form of a four-section square became a symbol of the Earth, taught how to create cottage cheese, cook cheeses and much more. Each isolated culture improved in its own way and now it is necessary to unite them into integral civilizational closely related organizations.
ECONOMY:
Instrumental technique. Stone materials: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic. Taming animals. Nomadic lifestyle, yurts.
A new area of support is defense as a result of increased contacts between the increased population of tribal organizations..
POLICY:
Tribal organization. Leaderism.
Neanderthals
IDEOLOGY:
Myths. Paganism is polytheistic. Idolatry, Magi.
Heliocentric worldview. The Universe - the solar system and ideas about the galaxy in the Vedas of the Aryans and among the American Indians.
Prohibition of consanguineous relationships.
SOCIETY:
Considered prehistoric.
Homo sapiens Middle Paleolithic - 300 - 30 thousand years ago.
Neanderthals, barbarism.
During this period, a system of more advanced social means of life in the spiritual, organizational and economic fields is mastered and developed.
Hunting was replaced by a more progressive society with the development of the agricultural sector; artificial cultivation began in place of natural harvesting, which is already more than 10 thousand years old.
A great contribution to the formation of argrarian society was made by alien civilizations.
God Svarog dropped the plow and yoke from the sky, ensuring the production of bread, taught him to create cottage cheese, cook cheese and apparently many other agricultural activities. It should be noted that starting from the arrival of Svarog and especially from the visit of Perun 40,000 years ago, and only for the Aryan population of Belovodye, there was an introduction of an idea of reality from the standpoint of ideas about Reveal, Rule, Navi, Slavi, but which were not understood even to the present time, only remaining in the Vedas.
Apparently this contributed to the rapid development of the agrarian era and its fairly complete implementation, unlike other eras.
The formation of an agrarian society is associated with the historical center of animal domestication and the breeding of cultivated plant varieties in Western Asia and other regions. Monasteries play a large role in hybridization and selection. The prerequisites for the formation of an industrial society should apparently be sought in the development of research and inventive activity in ancient Greece, developed since the Renaissance in other European countries. The movement to create universities, which began during the period of the Varangian conquests in connection with the adoption of Christianity by the newcomers and was carried out in these interests, had a great influence. Then the foundations were laid for the study of both general scientific disciplines and some natural sciences.
Industrial era
More progressive industrial production began during the Renaissance in Europe.
Formed on the basis of a representative system in the form of republican formations of society. But having still not yet mastered all the representative forces, the representation of trade unions as an officially organized body of representation is especially lacking.
Appliances with a built-in engine, starting with watches.
In the modern period, even more progressive research activities are being formed,
New era: clarity, automation, intellectual powers, creative energy.
In the modern period, even more progressive research activities are being formed, and gaming entertainment is developing in the field of support.
The emergence of the intellectual era should be attributed to 2012. Apparently many millennia ago, developed Indian civilizations and Aryans knew the cyclic laws of the formation of new eras in galactic conditions and, being on separated continents, arrived at this single date. It is advisable to take December 22 as a specific date, as the beginning of the new year. According to the old Slavic idea, the change of eras is the month of September.
The most developed ideas about the formation of the intellectual era based on investment activities, but mainly in the service economy.
On September 23, 2012, the night of SVAROG, which began in 4.468 BC, ended. The era of the WHITE WOLF has begun.
The intellectual era is a natural stage in the entire course of development of society. It is a consequence of the achievements of industrial society and a necessary condition for solving fundamentally new development problems. Like other eras, it is consciously created by developed countries that have taken the path of social progress, mobilizing for this all the resources of society and, first of all, ideological means and worldview. But for this it is necessary to translate the worldview itself into a theoretical justification for the development of society, which is currently prepared by the achievements of a systematic approach to solving social problems.
The demonstration that revolutionized the great Isaac Newton's ideas about the nature of light was incredibly simple. It “might be repeated with great ease wherever the sun shines,” English physicist Thomas Young told members of the Royal Society in London in November 1803, describing what is now called the double-slit experiment. And Young was not an enthusiastic youth. He came up with an elegant and elaborate demonstration of the wave nature of light, and thereby disproved Newton's theory that light consists of corpuscles, that is, particles.
Quantum theory is much more complex than this visualization.
But the birth of quantum physics in the early 1900s made it clear that light is made up of tiny, indivisible units - or quanta - of energy that we call photons. Conducted with single photons or even individual particles of matter such as electrons and neurons, Young's experiment poses a mystery that raises questions about the very nature of reality. Some have even used it to claim that the quantum world is influenced by human consciousness. But can a simple experiment really demonstrate this?
Can consciousness determine reality?
In its modern quantum form, Yang's experiment involves shooting individual particles of light or matter through two slits or holes cut into an opaque barrier. On one side of the barrier is a screen that records the arrival of particles (say, a photographic plate in the case of photons). Common sense would lead us to expect that photons will pass through either one or the other slit and accumulate behind the corresponding passage.
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5.9. Relativistic quantum physics. The world of antiparticles. Quantum field theory
Quantum mechanics, which in the first works of Bohr, Schrödinger, Heisenberg and other scientists was mainly the theory of atomic spectra, received intensive development in a short time and was generalized to a theory describing the behavior of microobjects in the microworld. Physicists began to divide the world around us into three levels: mega-, macro- and microworld. This turned out to be possible thanks to the synthesis of quantum mechanics and the special theory of relativity, thanks to the creation of relativistic quantum mechanics.
In 1927, the English physicist Paul Dirac, considering the Schrödinger equation, drew attention to its non-relativistic nature. At the same time, quantum mechanics describes objects of the microworld, and although by 1927 only three of them were known: electron, proton and photon (even the neutron was experimentally discovered only in 1932), it was clear that they move at speeds very close to the speed of light or equal to it, and a more adequate description of their behavior requires the application of the special theory of relativity. Dirac composed an equation that described the motion of an electron, taking into account the laws of quantum mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity, and obtained a formula for the energy of the electron, which was satisfied by two solutions: one solution gave a known electron with positive energy, the other gave an unknown electron-twin, but with negative energy. This is how the idea of particles and their corresponding
antiparticles, about worlds and antiworlds. By this time, quantum electrodynamics had been developed. Its essence is that the field is no longer considered as a continualist continuous medium. Dirac applied quantization rules to the theory of the electromagnetic field, as a result of which he obtained discrete field values. The discovery of antiparticles deepened the understanding of the field. It was believed that there is no electromagnetic field if there are no quanta of this field - photons. Therefore, there must be emptiness in this region of space. After all, the special theory of relativity “expelled” ether from the theory; we can say that the point of view about vacuum, about emptiness, won. But is the vacuum empty? That is the question that arose again in connection with Dirac's discovery. Facts are now well known that prove that a vacuum is empty only on average. A huge number of virtual particles and antiparticles are constantly being born and disappearing in it. Even if we measure the charge of an electron, it turns out that the bare charge of an electron would be equal to infinity. We measure the charge of an electron in the “coat” of virtual particles surrounding it.
The actual idea of a vacuum as a continuous activity of the virtual particles contained in it is contained in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In addition to the above, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle also has the following expression: 
According to this, quantum effects can temporarily violate the law of conservation of energy. For a short time, the energy taken, as it were, “borrowed” can be spent on the birth of short-lived particles, which disappear when the “loan” of energy is returned. These are virtual particles. Arising from “nothing”, they return to “nothing” again. So the vacuum in physics turns out to be not empty, but is a sea of bursts that are born and immediately extinguished.
Quantum field theory is the core of all modern physics and represents a general approach to all known types of interactions. One of its most important results is the idea of a vacuum, but no longer empty, but saturated with all kinds of fluctuations of all kinds of fields. Vacuum in quantum field theory is defined as the lowest energy state of a quantum
toned field, the energy of which is zero only on average. So the vacuum is “Something” called “Nothing”.
Relativistic quantum field theory, which began with the works of Dirac, Pauli, Heisenberg at the end of the 20s of our century, was continued in the works of Feynman, Tomonaga, Schwinger and other scientists, giving an increasingly complete understanding of the physical indecomposability of the world, of its ignorance to individual elements. Here the principle of integrity is reflected when considering the interaction of micro-objects with a certain state of physical vacuum. It is in this interaction that all elementary particles reveal their properties. Vacuum is considered as an object of the physical world, expressing precisely the moment of its physical indecomposability.
What is the fate of the concept of “vacuum” in modern physics of the 21st century? Why does our world consist primarily of matter, while “antimatter” remained hidden from our view for a long time? We will try to answer these and other questions in a brief outline of the current state of elementary particle physics at the turn of the third millennium, given in the next chapter. Concluding the conversation about quantum physics, we note that its results completely changed our ideas about the world, our approach to the structure of physical laws. As a result, a new type of scientific thinking has been developed, called non-classical, in which there is a place for chance, probability, and integrity.
Questions For self-control
Write Planck's formula and explain its physical meaning.
What physical effects are experimental confirmation of Planck's hypothesis?
What is de Broglie's hypothesis? What is the de Broglie wavelength?
Describe the double-slit experiment and explain how you understand the wave-corpuscular duality of microobjects.
What new ideas about the world arise in relativistic quantum physics? Tell us about antiparticles and virtual particles.
What is a physical vacuum in quantum field theory?
Are our attempts to describe reality nothing more than playing dice and trying to predict the desired outcome? James Owen Weatherall, professor of logic and philosophy of science at the University of Irvine, reflected on the pages of Nautil.us about the mysteries of quantum physics, the problem of the quantum state and how much it depends on our actions, knowledge and subjective perception of reality, and why, predicting different probabilities, we all turn out to be right.
Physicists are well aware of how to apply quantum theory - your phone and computer are proof of this. But knowing how to use something is a far cry from fully understanding the world described by the theory, or even what the various mathematical tools scientists use mean. One such mathematical tool, the status of which physicists have long debated, is the “quantum state.” ⓘ A quantum state is any possible state that a quantum system can be in. In this case, the “quantum state” should also be understood as all the potential probabilities of getting one or another value when playing “dice”. — Approx. ed..
One of the most striking features of quantum theory is that its predictions are probabilistic. If you conduct an experiment in a laboratory and use quantum theory to predict the results of various measurements, at best the theory can only predict the probability of the result: for example, 50% for the predicted result and 50% for it to be different. The role of a quantum state is to determine the probability of outcomes. If the quantum state is known, you can calculate the probability of obtaining any possible result for any possible experiment.
Does a quantum state represent an objective aspect of reality or is it just a way of characterizing us, that is, what one knows about reality? This issue was actively discussed at the very beginning of the study of quantum theory and has recently become relevant again, inspiring new theoretical calculations and subsequent experimental tests.
“If you just change your knowledge, things will no longer seem strange.”
To understand why a quantum state illustrates someone's knowledge, imagine a case in which you are calculating a probability. Before your friend rolls the dice, you guess which way they will land. If your friend rolls a regular six-sided die, your guess will have about a 17% (one-sixth) chance of being correct no matter what you guess. In this case, probability says something about you, namely, what you know about the die. Suppose you turn your back while throwing, and your friend sees the result - let it be six, but this result is unknown to you. And until you turn around, the outcome of the throw remains uncertain, even though your friend knows it. Probability, which represents human uncertainty even though reality is certain, is called epistemic, from the Greek word for knowledge.
This means that you and your friend could determine different probabilities without either of you being wrong. You will say that the probability of getting a six on the die is 17%, and your friend, who is already familiar with the result, will call it 100%. This is because you and your friend know different things, and the probabilities you name represent different degrees of your knowledge. The only incorrect prediction would be one that rules out the possibility of rolling a six altogether.
For the last fifteen years, physicists have been wondering whether a quantum state might turn out to be epistemic in the same way. Suppose some state of matter, such as the distribution of particles in space or the outcome of a game of dice, is certain but unknown to you. The quantum state, according to this approach, is just a way of describing the incompleteness of your knowledge about the structure of the world. In different physical situations, there may be more than one way to determine a quantum state depending on the known information.
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It's tempting to think of a quantum state in this way because it becomes different when the parameters of a physical system are measured. Taking measurements changes this state from one where every possible outcome has a non-zero probability to one where only one outcome is possible. This is similar to what happens in a game of dice when you find out the result you get. It may seem strange that the world can change simply because you take measurements. But if it's just a change in your knowledge, it's no longer surprising.
Another reason to believe that a quantum state is epistemic is that it is impossible to determine from a single experiment what the quantum state was like before it was performed. This is also reminiscent of playing dice. Suppose your friend suggests a game and claims that the probability of rolling a six is only 10%, while you insist on 17%. Can one single experiment show which of you is right? No. The fact is that the resulting result is comparable to both probability estimates. There is no way to know which of you two is right in any given case. According to the epistemic approach to quantum theory, the reason why most quantum states cannot be experimentally determined is like a game of dice: for every physical situation there are multiple probabilities, consistent with the multiplicity of quantum states.
Rob Spekkens, a physicist at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, Ontario, published a paper in 2007 presenting a “toy theory” designed to simulate quantum theory. This theory is not entirely analogous to quantum theory, since it is simplified to an extremely simple system. The system has only two options for each of its parameters: for example, “red” and “blue” for color and “up” and “down” for position in space. But, like quantum theory, it included states that could be used to calculate probability. And the predictions made with its help coincide with the predictions of quantum theory.
Spekkens's "toy theory" was exciting because, like quantum theory, its states were "undeterminable"—and this indeterminacy was entirely explained by the fact that epistemic theory actually had to do with real physical situations. In other words, toy theory was like quantum theory, and its states were uniquely epistemic. Since the uncertainty of quantum states has no clear explanation if the epistemic view is abandoned, Spekkens and his colleagues considered this a sufficient reason to consider quantum states also epistemic, but in this case the “toy theory” must be extended to more complex systems ( i.e. on physical systems explained by quantum theory). Since then, it has entailed a number of studies in which some physicists tried to explain all quantum phenomena with its help, while others tried to show its fallacy.
“These assumptions are consistent, but that does not mean they are true.”
Thus, opponents of the theory raise their hands higher. For example, one widely discussed 2012 result published in Nature Physics showed that if one physical experiment can be performed independently of another, then there can be no uncertainty about the “correct” quantum state describing that experiment. That. All quantum states are “regular” and “true” except those that are completely “unreal,” namely “wrong” states such as those in which the probability of rolling a six is zero.
Another study, published in Physical Review Letters in 2014 by Joanna Barrett and others, showed that the Spekkens model cannot be applied to a system in which each parameter has three or more degrees of freedom - for example, "red", "blue" and "green" for colors, not just “red” and “blue”—without violating the predictions of quantum theory. Proponents of the epistemic approach propose experiments that could show the difference between the predictions of quantum theory and the predictions made by any epistemic approach. Thus, all experiments carried out within the framework of the epistemic approach could be consistent to some extent with standard quantum theory. In this regard, it is impossible to interpret all quantum states as epistemic, since there are more quantum states, and epistemic theories cover only part of the quantum theory, because they give results different from quantum ones.
Do these results rule out the idea that a quantum state indicates characteristics of our minds? Yes and no. Arguments against the epistemic approach are mathematical theorems proven from a special structure used for physical theories. Developed by Spekkens as a way to explain the epistemic approach, this framework contains several fundamental assumptions. One of them is that the world is always in an objective physical state, independent of our knowledge about it, which may or may not coincide with the quantum state. Another is that physical theories make predictions that can be represented using standard probability theory. These assumptions are consistent, but that does not mean they are true. The results show that in such a system there cannot be results that are epistemic in the same sense as Spekkens' "toy theory" as long as it is consistent with quantum theory.
Whether this can be put to rest depends on your view of the system. Here opinions differ.
For example, Ouee Maroney, a physicist and philosopher at the University of Oxford and one of the authors of a 2014 paper published in Physical Review Letters, said in an email that "the most plausible psi-epistemic models" (i.e. those that can be fitted to a system Speckens) are excluded. Also, Matt Leifer, a physicist at the University of Champagne who has written many papers on the epistemic approach to quantum states, said that the question was closed back in 2012 - if, of course, you agree to accept the independence of the initial states (which Leifer is inclined to do).
Speckens is more vigilant. He agrees that these results severely limit the application of the epistemic approach to quantum states. But he emphasizes that these results were obtained within his system, and as the creator of the system, he points out its limitations, such as assumptions about probability. Thus, an epistemic approach to quantum states remains appropriate, but if this is the case, then we need to reconsider the basic assumptions of physical theories that many physicists accept without question.
Nevertheless, it is clear that significant progress has been made in the fundamental questions of quantum theory. Many physicists tend to call the question of the meaning of the quantum state merely interpretive or, worse, philosophical, but only until they have to develop a new particle accelerator or improve the laser. By calling a problem “philosophical,” we seem to be taking it beyond the boundaries of mathematics and experimental physics.
But work on the epistemic approach shows that this is not true. Spekkens and his colleagues took the interpretation of quantum states and turned it into a precise hypothesis, which was then filled with mathematical and experimental results. This does not mean that the epistemic approach itself (without mathematics and experiments) is dead, it means that its defenders need to put forward new hypotheses. And this is undeniable progress - both for scientists and philosophers.
James Owen Weatherall is Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science at the University of Irvine, California. His latest book, The Strange Physics of Empty Space, examines the history of the study of the structure of empty space in physics from the 17th century to the present day.
