Reverse afferentation is information about the results of a completed action that enters the central nervous system. The concept was introduced by P.K. Anokhin within the framework of the theory of functional systems, as a clarifying term “sensory correction” by N.A. Bernstein. Thanks to O. a. the results of actions and their correction are continuously monitored. In the functional system, three types of O. a. are distinguished: 1) from receptors that record the final result; 2) from receptors of executive organs; 3) from the results of behavioral activity. O. a. can also be carried out humorally (through liquid media, blood, lymph, etc.).

Trainer's Dictionary. V. V. Gritsenko.

See what “Reverse afferentation” is in other dictionaries:

REVERSE AFFERENCE- (from Latin afferens, gender afferentis bringing). Physiological mechanism of delivery to the central nervous system information about the parameters of achieved useful adaptations, results in the purposeful activity of the body.... ... Veterinary encyclopedic dictionary

reverse afferentation- the process of correcting behavior based on information received by the brain from the outside about the results of ongoing activities. The term was introduced by P.K. Anokhin as a clarification of the term sensory correction proposed by N.A. Bernstein...

Reverse afferentation- the process of correcting behavior based on information received by the brain from the outside about the results of ongoing activities... Dictionary-reference book on philosophy for students of medical, pediatric and dental faculties

AFFERENTATION- [from lat. afferens, afferentis bringing] the flow of nerve impulses coming from extero and interoreceptors to the central nervous system (see Reverse afferentation, Situational afferentation, Trigger afferentation); (cf. efferentation) ...

Feedback- – 1. in technology – information about the flow of processes in the system; for example, the speedometer signals the speed of the car; 2. in cybernetics – information used by the system in self-regulation processes; for example, the refrigerator turns on itself or... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy

AFFERENTATION- (in psychophysiology) (from Latin affero - I bring, I deliver) - a term denoting the transfer of nervous excitement from the peripheral. sensory neurons to the central ones. Higher animals and humans have a center. afferent neurons are located in the brain... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

reverse afferentation- a term proposed by P.K. Anokhin to denote the principle of operation of the functional systems of the body, which consists in the constant assessment of a useful adaptive result by comparing its parameters with the parameters of the result acceptor... ... Large medical dictionary

reverse afferentation- the process of signaling the degree of success of the first reflex responses of the central nervous system to environmental irritations. The term a.o. introduced Soviet physiologist PC. Anokhin, he also developed the theory of reverse afferentation, it deepens the provisions of I.P... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

REVERSE AFFERENTATION- the principle of operation of the functional systems of the body, which consists in the constant assessment of a useful adaptive result by comparing its parameters with the parameters of the “acceptor of action results” (The term “A. o.” was proposed by P.K. Anokhin) ... Psychomotorics: dictionary-reference book

Application. Some problems of streamlining modern medical terminology- The above-described centuries-old history of the emergence and development of medical terminology, which has many multilingual sources, as well as the given examples of complex relationships between the etymology, structure and semantics of terms, probably... ... Medical encyclopedia

Main supreme principle VND will appear reflex– the response of the organism to changes in the external or internal environment that occur with the participation of the central nervous system. Pavlov classified reflexes into unconditioned (innate) and conditioned (acquired). Unconditional: inherent in the species as a whole, are inherited, do not require special ones. production. There are also: food, sexual, defensive. Conditional: are developed during an individual’s life, are not inherited, and require special development. There are also: food, sexual, defensive. Besides there are:positive– a reflexive reaction arises and negative- conditional p-ya stops. Conditioned reflexes there are 1.2 or more high order, there are also: matching, lagging, lagging. Reflex path (arc) - necessary for the implementation of the reflex. Consists of: receptor, nerve pathway, sensory neuron body, effer. nerve pathway and working organ. There is a reflex arc somatic reflex (closed by the skeletal muscle) and vegetative reflex (closed internal organ). Reverse afferentation: or feedback according to Anokhin, i.e. the connection between the executive organ and the central nervous system implies the transmission of signals from the working organ to the central nervous system about the results of its work at any given moment. According to reverse afferentation, after the executive organ receives the efferent impulse and performs the working effect, the executive organ signals the central nervous system to carry out the order in the periphery. For example: to take an object with your hand, you need to reach for it, at this moment the eyes measure the distance between the hand and the object and send information in the form of afferent signals to the brain. Then the impulses spread to the muscles of the arm; the muscles contain receptors that send a signal to the brain. This continues until the distance between the hand and the object is equal to zero, i.e. until the hand takes the object. Consequently, self-checking of the organ’s work is carried out all the time, thanks to the mechanism of “reverse afferentation”, which has the character vicious circle. Beneficial adaptive outcome– this is the result for the sake of achieving which a functional system is formed.

50. Impaired motor function with damage to the cerebellum in humans.

Cerebellum– an integrative structure involved in the coordination of movements, vegetative and behavioral reactions. A stream of impulses flows to it from the receptors of muscles, joints, tendons and skin, as well as from the organs of vision, hearing and balance. From the cerebellar nuclei, nerve fibers go to the hypothalamus, the red nucleus of the midbrain, the vestibular nuclei and the reticular formation of the brain stem. Its main function is to coordinate the physical and tonic components of the motor act. In case of defeat cerebellum in humans or its removal in experimental animals, a number of characteristic motor disorders arise. In the first days after removal of the cerebellum, muscle tone, especially extensor muscles, sharply increases. However, then, as a rule, muscle tone sharply weakens and atony develops (weakness, lethargy). After a long period of time, atony may again be replaced by hypertension. Symptoms of damage: asthenia – increased fatigue, tremor – trembling of limbs, distance – violation of muscle tone, disequilibration - imbalance dysarthria – speech disorder, dysmetria – disorder of uniform movements.

P.K. Anokhin proposed a model of the organization and regulation of a behavioral act, in which there is a place for all basic mental processes and states. She got the name of the model functional system. Its general structure is shown in Fig. …………

On the left of this diagram, called “situational afferentation,” is a set of various influences to which a person finds himself in a particular situation is exposed. Many of the incentives associated with it may turn out to be insignificant, and only a few of them are likely to arouse interest - indicative reaction. These factors are depicted in the diagram under the name “trigger stimulus”.

Before inducing behavioral activity, environmental afferentation and triggering stimulus

must be perceived, i.e. subjectively reflected by a person in the form sensations And perceptions whose interaction with past experience (memory) gives rise to an image. Once formed, the image itself does not cause behavior. It must be correlated with motivation and the information that is stored in memory.

Comparing the image with memory and motivation through consciousness leads to making a decision, to the emergence in a person’s mind of a plan and program of behavior: several possible options for action that, in a given environment and in the presence of a given trigger stimulus, can lead to the satisfaction of an existing need.

In c.s.s. the expected outcome of actions is presented in the form of a kind of neural model - acceptor of the action result. When it is set and the action program is known, the process of implementing the action begins.

From the very beginning of the execution of an action, the will is included in its regulation, and information about the action is transmitted through reverse afferentation to the central nervous system, where it is compared with the acceptor of the action, giving rise to certain emotions. After some time, information about the parameters of the result of an action that has already been performed also appears there.

If the parameters of the performed action do not correspond to the action acceptor (the set goal), then a negative emotional state arises, which creates additional motivation to continue the action and repeat it according to the adjusted program until the result obtained coincides with the set goal (the action acceptor). If this coincidence occurs on the first attempt to perform the action, then a positive emotion arises that stops it.

The theory of the functional system of P. Kanokhin places emphasis in resolving the issue of the interaction of physiological and psychological processes and phenomena. It shows that both play an important role in the joint regulation of behavior, which cannot be fully scientifically explained either on the basis of knowledge of the physiology of higher nervous activity alone, or on the basis of exclusively psychological concepts.

Brain and psyche

A.R. Luria proposed to identify three anatomically relatively autonomous blocks of the brain, ensuring the normal functioning of the corresponding groups psychic phenomena. The first is a block of brain structures that support a certain level of activity. It includes nonspecific structures of different levels: the reticular formation of the brain stem, the structures of the midbrain, its deep parts, the limbic system, the mediobasal parts of the cortex of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. The overall level of activity and selective activation of individual substructures, necessary for the normal implementation of mental functions, depend on the work of this block.

The second block is associated with cognitive mental processes, perception, processing and storage of various information coming from the senses: vision, hearing, touch, etc. Its cortical projections are mainly located in the posterior and temporal regions cerebral hemispheres. The third block covers the anterior parts of the cerebral cortex. It is associated with thinking, programming, higher regulation of behavior and mental functions, their conscious control.

There is a problem associated with the block representation of brain structures, which is called the problem localization of mental functions, those. more or less accurate representation of them in individual brain structures. There are two different points of view on solving this problem. One was called localizationism, the other anti-localizationism.

According to localizationism Every, even the most elementary, mental function, every psychological property or state of a person is uniquely connected with the work of a limited area of ​​the brain, so that all mental phenomena, as on a map, can be located on the surface and in the deep structures of the brain in very specific places. Indeed, at one time more or less detailed maps of the localization of mental functions in the brain were created, and one of the last such maps was published in the 30s of the 20th century.

Subsequently it turned out that various disorders mental processes are often associated with the same brain structures, and vice versa, lesions of the same areas of the brain often lead to loss of various functions. These facts ultimately undermined faith in localizationism and led to the emergence of an alternative doctrine - anti-localizationism. Supporters of the latter argued that the work of the entire brain as a whole, all its structures, is practically connected with every mental phenomenon, so that we can talk about a strict somatotopic representation (localization) of mental functions in the central nervous system. there are no sufficient reasons.

In anti-localizationism, the problem under discussion found its solution in the concept functional organ by which they began to understand the intravital system of temporary connections between individual parts of the brain that ensures the functioning of the corresponding property, process or state. Various links of such a system can be interchangeable, so that the structure of functional organs different people may be different.

However, antilocalizationism could not fully explain the fact of the existence of a more or less definite connection between certain mental and brain disorders, for example, visual impairments with damage to the occipital parts of the cerebral cortex, speech and hearing with damage to the temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres, etc. In this regard, neither localizationism nor antilocalizationism has so far managed to achieve a final victory over each other, and both doctrines continue to coexist, complementing each other in their weak positions.

– the ability of a neuron to establish numerous synaptic connections with various nerve cells. For example: the central ending of the axon of the primary afferent neuron forms synapses on many motor neurons, which ensures the irradiation of excitation

Convergence

– convergence of different pathways of nerve impulses on the same nerve cell. Such contact provides simultaneous summation of either EPSP or IPSP, causing a concentration of excitation or inhibition

Lateral inhibition

When one reflex arc is excited, the second is inhibited due to the inhibitory neuron from the collateral of the first reflex arc

Lateral inhibition ensures accurate reactions and eliminates reflexes that are unnecessary at the moment.

Reverse afferentation

– this is a return impulse from the working organ to the nerve center in order to inform the nerve center about the working effect. If this information goes through the excitatory neuron, then the excitation process will continue in the efferent neuron. If the working organ completes its task, then the feedback to the efferent neuron will go through the inhibitory neuron in order to cause inhibition in it and stop the action of the working organ

Occlusion

- overlap of synaptic fields of interacting reflexes

With the simultaneous excitation of parallel reflex arcs, the total effect of the working organs (muscles) will be less than with the sequential connection of the same reflexes. When the 1st reflex arc operates, the motor neuron of this reflex and the neighboring one is excited due to the collateral. Not one, but two muscles will respond. Muscle response doubles. When the 3rd reflex arc works, the muscles of the 3rd and 2nd reflex arcs will contract. The muscle response doubles again.

Facilitation

– facilitating (clearing) the conduction of a nerve impulse. Occurs when reflex arcs interact through collaterals

For example: when the 2nd reflex arc is stimulated, excitation is transferred through the collateral to the motor neuron of the 1st reflex arc, causing an EPSP in it. The excitability of this neuron increases, which facilitates the generation of an action potential in it with weak stimulation of the 1st reflex arc.

Dominant

– predominance of excitation in some nerve center. The dominant was discovered by the Russian physiologist A.A. Ukhtomsky. At the lecture, he demonstrated a dog with electrodes implanted in the cerebral cortex. Irritation electric shock certain areas of the cortex were caused by flexion of the paw. This experiment proved the localization of the motor zones of the cortex. One day, the laboratory technician did not prepare the dog and brought it in with a full rectum. When the motor cortex was irritated by an electric current, instead of flexing the paw, an act of defecation occurred. The scientist came to the conclusion that the defecation center in this situation is too excited and irritation against this background of the neighboring motor center strengthened the existing dominant. A reflex that is biologically important for the body has occurred (it is more important for a dog to empty the rectum than to bend its paw). Dominance is caused by biologically important reflexes (for example, the hunger center dominates during starvation, or the sexual center dominates in animals during the mating season, etc.).

Properties of dominants s

1. It attracts excitement from the neighboring nerve center.
2. The neighboring nerve center is inhibited.
3. Allowed (stopped) when a biologically important reaction is performed.

The dominant is the basis of some diseases: in hypertension, the cardiovascular center dominates, which sends impulses to the vessels, narrowing them and increasing blood pressure.