Tasks:
Make a description of the nature of one of the natural zones of our country;
Identify what natural resources this area is rich in;
Make a forecast of changes in the natural environment with intensive use of the resources of a given natural zone.
Task 1. Write a description of one of the natural areas (of your choice) using this plan:
Geographical location, borders.
Relief.
Climate.
Inland waters.
Soil.
Flora.
Animal world.
Task 2. Using the atlas maps, determine what natural resources this natural area is rich in. The resources of a natural zone include mineral resources mined within its boundaries, forest resources (the presence of a large amount of industrially suitable timber), water resources (the presence of large rivers suitable for use in economic activity humans), biological (presence of commercial fish, fur-bearing animals, etc.), recreational (used for human health and recreation - warm climate (resorts), healing springs and mud (health), large rivers, mountains (creation of sports centers, recreation centers, ski slopes).
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Task 3. Make a forecast about the change in the appearance of the natural zone you characterize if the resources of this zone begin to be intensively used by humans. Justify the answer. Suggest how the resources of a natural area can be used with the least destructive impact on it.
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Task 4. According to the atlas Kemerovo region determine which natural areas are located on the territory of the Kemerovo region. Within what natural zone is ours located? locality. What natural resources does it have? Based on your own observations, describe how the appearance of a natural area changes under the influence of human economic activity.
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Practical work No. 13
Explanation of the principles for identifying large natural regions within the country. Identification of smaller components within them based on bright, specific features geographical location, nature, natural resources and conditions for their development, environmental problems. Characteristics of the interaction between nature and society using the example of one of the natural regions
Tasks:
Identify the principles on the basis of which the natural zoning of our country is compiled;
Task 1. Based on additional information and textbook materials, highlight which regional units are accepted in physiographic zoning. Write down their definitions. Give examples of the largest natural complexes identified on the territory of our country.
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Task 2. Using the additional material provided, explain for what purposes knowledge about the physical and geographical zoning of the country is used.
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Task 3. Using the textbook material, give examples of anthropogenic PTCs. What anthropogenic PTCs can be identified near our settlement?
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Additional material
The enormous extent of Russia from north to south and from west to east has determined the great diversity of its nature. When considering the various components of nature, their spatial heterogeneity, relationships and interactions between them are clearly visible, which resulted in the isolation of various natural territorial complexes (NTC) on the territory of Russia. Therefore, for a deep knowledge of the nature of the entire country, the study of individual components and their spatial combinations is required, i.e., a mandatory consideration of various PTCs in comparison.
Basictaxonomicunits. Until now, the question of the taxonomic position of the country and zone remains difficult.
Zone in a broad sense representsis an area of predominance of landscapes of one type(tundra, forest, forest-steppe, desert, etc.). In order for landscapes of the same type to form throughout its entire space, the zone must have some common features.
The main object of study in the course of physical geography of Russia is the physical-geographical country - a large natural territorial complex that occupies a key position at the junction of the planetary and regional levels of differentiation of the geographical envelope. The country is the smallest PTC among those considered in the course of the physical geography of continents and the largest PTC studied in the physical geography of Russia. Physiographic country- this is a large part of materika corresponding to large tectonic structure Andquite uniform in orographic terms, I characterizeshared by the commonality of macrocirculatory processes and the peculiarityny structure of geographical zoning (set of naturalzones or spectrum of altitudinal zones). Examples of physical-geographical countries include the countries of the Baltic crystalline shield, the East European Plain; Crimean-Caucasian mountainous country, Western Siberian lowland country, Sayan-Altai mountainous country, Central Siberian flat-elevation country, Kola-Okhotsk mountainous-lowland country, Koryak-Kamchatka mountainous country.
All countries are united into two groups: mountainous and lowland, but some of them cannot be classified into either group (North-East, Amur-Sakhalin), since they include, along with mountains, large lowland areas.
The next taxonomic unit is province -part of a zone or mountainous region characterized generallyrelief and geological structure, as well as bioclimatetic features. Typically, a province coincides territorially with a large orographic unit - a highland, a lowland, a group of ridges or a large intermountain basin. Examples of provinces are Oka-Don, Bugulmino-Belebeevskaya, Chulymo-Yenisei, Putorana, Central Altai, Momsko-Selennyakh, etc. Mountain provinces differ from neighboring ones in the type of altitudinal structure.
When zoning on a medium and large scale, which is no longer carried out for the entire territory, but for individual parts of Russia, smaller units are distinguished regional level- areas. In some zoning schemes these units are called districts, in others a district is designated as a PTC of a higher rank than a district. Physiographic (landscape) region- compareextremely large geomorphologically isolated part of the province within which the integrity and specificity are preservedka landscape structure. Each region is distinguished by a certain combination of mesorelief forms with their characteristic microclimates, soil varieties and plant communities. A district is the lowest unit of the regional level of differentiation of the geographic envelope.
Applied significance of works on physical-geographicalzoning lies in the fact that individual natural complexes differ from each other in their originality natural conditions and natural resources, knowledge of which allows us to outline ways of their optimal use, ensuring the preservation of ecological balance. These purposes are also served by applied zoning schemes for agriculture, urban planning, regional planning, organization of recreation for the population, etc. Territorial differences in nature were taken into account when determining the priority of territory development and establishing zone wage coefficients, when determining differentiated procurement prices for agricultural products and zonal norms production of agricultural machinery, for carrying out preventive medical measures (for example, anti-encephalitis vaccinations) and identifying areas of various categories of complexity according to the conditions of transport construction, etc.
Practical work No. 14
| № | Date | Name of practical work |
| No. 1: Characteristics of the Russian State Enterprise. Comparison of the Russian Civil Code and other countries. | ||
| No. 2: Determination of standard time for different points of the Russian Federation. | ||
| No. 3: Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure earth's crust using the example of individual territories. | ||
| No. 4: Determination from maps of patterns of distribution of total and absorbed radiation and their explanation. | ||
| No. 5: Assessment of the main climatic indicators of one of the regions of the country to characterize the living conditions and economic activities of the population (at the choice of the student) (table, LOC) | ||
| No. 6: Compilation of characteristics of one of the rivers using thematic maps and climatograms. Determining the possibilities of its economic use. | ||
| No. 7: Explanation of placement patterns different types land waters and associated hazardous natural phenomena on the territory of the country, depending on the topography and climate. | ||
| No. 8: Assessing the availability of water resources in large regions of Russia, making a forecast of their use. | ||
| No. 9: Identification of the conditions for soil formation of the main types of soils (amount of heat and moisture, relief, nature of vegetation) and assessment of their fertility, familiarization with soil samples in one’s area. (table, notebook) | ||
| No. 10: Making a forecast of changes in flora and fauna under given conditions of changes in other PC components. | ||
| No. 11. Explanation of the principles of identifying large natural regions on the territory of Russia. | ||
| No. 12. Comparative characteristics of two natural zones of Russia. | ||
| No. 13: Assessment of natural conditions and resources from Russian regions. Forecasting changes as a result of economics. Human activities. | ||
| No. 14: Characteristics of the interaction between nature and society using the example of one of the natural regions. | ||
| No. 15: Comparative characteristics of the natural conditions and resources of two regions of Russia. | ||
| 16-17 | No. 16: Drawing up a map “Natural Uniques of Russia”. No. 17: Characteristics ecological state one of the regions of Russia. |
Planned results of studying the academic subject.
The results of the course are given in the section “Requirements for the level of graduate training”, which fully complies with the standard. The requirements are aimed at the implementation of activity-based, practice-oriented and person-oriented approaches; students' mastery of intellectual and practical activities; mastery of knowledge and skills in demand in everyday life, allowing one to navigate in the surrounding world, significant for the conservation environment And own health.
Category "Be able to" includes requirements based on more complex types activities, including: describe and explain; give examples. In addition, it contains the ability to use a variety of geographic sources of information - maps, statistical materials, geographic information systems; use instruments, as well as compile geographical characteristics of different territories.
In the section “Use acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life” the requirements necessary for students directly in the environment are presented to assess its condition, quality, changes, possibilities for preserving and improving the environment, especially their locality.
As a result of studying geography, the student must
know/understand:
Basic geographical concepts and terms; differences in plan, globe and geographical maps in content, scale, methods of cartographic representation; outstanding results geographical discoveries and travel;
Specifics of geographical location and administrative-territorial structure Russian Federation; features of its nature, population, main sectors of the economy, natural economic zones and regions;
Natural and anthropogenic causes of geo-ecological problems at the local, regional and global levels; measures to preserve nature and protect people from natural and man-made disasters;
Identify, describe and explain essential features geographical objects and phenomena;
Find in different sources and analyze the information necessary for studying geographical objects and phenomena, different territories of the Earth, their provision with natural and human resources, economic potential, environmental problems;
Give examples: the use and protection of natural resources, human adaptation to environmental conditions, its influence on the formation of the culture of peoples; areas of different specialization, centers of production of the most important types of products, main communications and their nodes, internal and external economic relations of Russia, as well as the largest regions and countries of the world;
Compile a brief geographical description of different territories based on various sources of geographic information and forms of its presentation;
Use instruments and tools to determine quantitative and quality characteristics components of nature; present measurement results in different shapes; identify empirical dependencies on this basis;
Use acquired knowledge and skills in practical activities and everyday life to:
· terrain orientation; determining standard time; reading cards of various contents;
· taking into account phenological changes in the nature of one’s area; conducting observations of individual geographical objects, processes and phenomena, their changes as a result of natural and anthropogenic influences; assessing their consequences;
· monitoring the weather, air, water and soil conditions in your area; determining comfortable and uncomfortable parameters natural ingredients your area using instruments and tools;
· solutions practical problems to determine the quality of the environment in their area, its use, conservation and improvement; taking necessary measures in case of natural disasters and man-made disasters;
· conducting an independent search for geographic information on the ground from various sources: cartographic, statistical, geoinformation.
Calendar-thematic planning with the definition of the main types of educational activities.
| No. | Lesson topic | Didactic unit of the standard. | Scheduled date | The actual date. |
| What does Russian geography study? Sources of geographical knowledge. | HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF THE TERRITORY OF RUSSIA (FKGOS). | |||
| Features of the physical and geographical position of Russia. Land and sea borders of Russia. No. 1: Characteristics of the Russian State Enterprise. Comparison of the Russian Civil Code and other countries. | Features of the geographical location of Russia. Territory and waters, sea and land borders, airspace, subsoil, continental shelf and economic zone of the Russian Federation (FKGOS). Analysis of maps of the administrative-territorial and political-administrative division of the country (FKGOS). | |||
| Russia on time zone map. Stages and methods of geographical study of the territory. No. 2: Determination of standard time for different points of the Russian Federation. | Time zones (FKGOS). | |||
| Features of the geological structure and distribution of large relief forms. | ||||
| Relief of Russia. The main forms of relief, their connection with the structure of the lithosphere. | ||||
| Mountains and plains. The influence of the lithosphere and relief on other components of nature. | ||||
| How and why the relief of Russia is changing. | ||||
| Natural natural phenomena in the lithosphere. | Natural natural phenomena (FKGOS) in the lithosphere. | |||
| Man and the lithosphere. No. 3: Explanation of the dependence of the location of large landforms and mineral deposits on the structure of the earth’s crust using the example of individual territories. | ||||
| Relief and minerals of the Orenburg region. | Features of the geological structure and distribution of large relief forms (FKGOS). | |||
| Factors that determine the characteristics of the Russian climate. Solar radiation. No. 4: Determination from maps of patterns of distribution of total and absorbed radiation and their explanation. | Types of climates, factors of their formation, climatic zones. Climate and economic activities of people. Permafrost (FKGOS). | |||
| VM circulation. Cyclones. Anticyclones. | ||||
| Patterns of heat and moisture distribution on the territory of Russia. | ||||
| Seasonality of climate. | ||||
| Types of climates in Russia. | ||||
| Comfort (discomfort) of climatic conditions. | Climate and economic activity of people (FCGOS). | |||
| Climate and people. Features of the climate of the Orenburg region. No. 5: Assessment of the main climatic indicators of one of the regions of the country to characterize the living conditions and economic activities of the population (at the choice of the student) (table, LOC) | ||||
| Diversity of inland waters of Russia. Rivers. | ||||
| Rivers. No. 6: Compilation of characteristics of one of the rivers using thematic maps and climatograms. Determining the possibilities of its economic use. | ||||
| Lakes and swamps. | ||||
| Groundwater. Glaciers. Permafrost | Permafrost (FKGOS). | |||
| Water resources and people. No. 7: Explanation of the patterns of distribution of different types of land waters and associated dangerous natural phenomena on the territory of the country, depending on the relief and climate. | Inland waters and water resources, features of their distribution on the territory of the country (FKGOS). | |||
| Inland waters of the Orenburg region. No. 8: Assessing the availability of water resources in large regions of Russia, making a forecast of their use. | ||||
| Soil is a special natural body. | Soils and soil resources, distribution of main soil types. Measures to preserve soil fertility (FCGOS). | |||
| Soil formation and diversity. | ||||
| Patterns of soil distribution. The main types of soils in Russia. No. 9: Identification of the conditions for soil formation of the main types of soils (amount of heat and moisture, relief, nature of vegetation) and assessment of their fertility, familiarization with soil samples in one’s area. (table, notebook) | ||||
| Soil resources Russia. Soil types in the Orenburg region. | ||||
| Flora and animal world Russia. No. 10: Making a forecast of changes in flora and fauna under given conditions of changes in other PC components. | Flora and fauna of Russia (FKGOS). | |||
| Biological resources and their rational use. Security organic world. | ||||
| Natural zones. Natural and economic zones of Russia. | Natural areas (FKGOS). | |||
| Arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra | ||||
| Diversity of Russian forests. | ||||
| Flora and fauna of the Orenburg region. | ||||
| Forest-steppes, steppes and semi-deserts. | ||||
| Forest-steppe and steppe of the Orenburg region | Natural areas (FKGOS). | |||
| Specially protected natural areas. | Identification: relationships between the tectonic structure, relief and placement of the main groups of minerals; dependencies between the regime, the nature of river flow, relief and climate; ways of human adaptation to diverse climatic conditions. Specially protected natural areas (SPE). | |||
| Summary lesson |
When interpreting the rules of law, it is also necessary to proceed from the constitutional provision that establishes the priority of international law over the norms of national legislation, which is especially significant when it comes to the protection of individual rights and freedoms.
The interpretation of law, like any legal phenomenon, must have its own principles. The concept of “principle” in a general theoretical understanding means the basic, initial position of any theory, doctrine, science, etc. Pigolkin A. S. Interpretation of legal norms and lawmaking: problems of correlation // Law: creation and interpretation / Ed. A. S. Pigolkina. - M., 2003. From a philosophical point of view, a principle is initially understood as a guiding idea, a basic rule of behavior. In a logical sense, philosophy determines that a principle is a central concept, the basis of a system, which is a generalization of a position to all phenomena of the branch from which this principle is abstracted.
The study of the principles of interpretation is important from the point of view of increasing the effectiveness of interpretative activity and, above all, its impact on legal practice. Knowledge of the principles of law and its interpretation allows you to influence law-making and law enforcement activities. Ignoring the principles of interpretation does not contribute to an adequate understanding and explanation of legal norms. Höffe O. Politics. Right. Justice. - M.: GNOSIS, 2004..
In Soviet times, as is known, the official doctrine of law required that the interpretation of legal regulations be carried out from the perspective of Marxism-Leninism, on the basis of Marxist-Leninist methodology. Laws and other normative legal acts of that period were called upon, as, for example, it was written in the preamble to the Civil Code of the RSFSR, “to actively contribute to the resolution of the tasks of building communism.” Accordingly, they defended communist ideals (communist ideology, communist attitude to work and the social economy, etc.) in all spheres of public life. Naturally, the subjects of interpretation of the law were guided by this. “Interpretation of the law,” said one of the most fundamental courses of that time, according to the theory of state and law "Marxist-Leninist general theory state and law" - is determined by the politics and legal consciousness of classes and other social groups, of the entire people in a society building communism." Proletarian, socialist partisanship was proclaimed as the most important principle of scientific knowledge in the socialist era, which was understood as “the focus of science on serving class interests - its focus in accordance with which state and legal phenomena are assessed from strictly defined class positions.” This principle made the same demands on practical activities. Without rejecting absolutely everything that was developed by Soviet legal science in the field of legal methodology, it should be said at the same time that, in general, the methodological approaches of that time to the interpretation of law are unacceptable. In particular, it is impossible to interpret the rules of law from the standpoint of any one ideology, to proceed from their exclusively state origin, to see in them mainly an expression of state will and an instrument of state power. Of course, science should not be partisan. In general, we think, by its very definition it is called upon to be non-partisan. Only non-partisan science can give society objective knowledge about law and related phenomena of social life. Legal activity should be the same. The provisions mentioned above and similar ones, which were relied upon legal science and legal practice of the Soviet period are in conflict with the dominant modern world and the doctrine of law, which is enshrined in acts of international law, at the center of which are the ideas of natural origin and inalienability of human rights, runs counter to the new legal thinking that is emerging in the country and is not consistent with the current Russian legislation, especially with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Part 2 of Art. 13 of which proclaims: “No ideology can be established as a state or mandatory” Constitution of the Russian Federation (adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993) (taking into account amendments made by the Laws of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2008 N 6-FKZ, dated December 30, 2008 .2008 N 7-FKZ). // Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation, 01/26/2009, N 4, art. 445..
Scientists identify the following principles of interpretation:
- 1) the principle of legality is strict adherence to regulatory legal acts in the process of applying the law (both spirit and letter). This principle establishes for the interpreter the boundaries within which he is entitled to carry out interpretative activities. When engaged in interpretation, the interpreter must comply with laws and regulations and not violate the norms established by them. This is one of essential principles not only interpretative, but also all legal activities. It has found its legal codification in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
- 2) the principle of conscientious interpretation is expressed in carrying out interpretive activities in accordance with the value guidelines of society, a person’s awareness of the need to treat any processes or phenomena in good faith. The concept of conscientiousness is a philosophical category, which means a conscious attitude towards one’s responsibilities. This principle is enshrined in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of May 23, 1969.
- 3) the principle of validity means that a decision should be made only on the basis of reliable initial data. In order for the interpreter to obtain a correct, logically consistent result, he must first of all turn to the entire array of ways of interpreting the law, as a set of homogeneous techniques and rules of interpretation.
- 4) the principle of impartiality means that the interpreter should not show excessive interest both in the process of interpretation and in obtaining its result. Impartiality is the absence of partiality towards any process or phenomenon; justice. The content of this principle can be revealed as follows: if a person intends to analyze a certain normative act, interpreting it, he must always take into account not only the linguistic form, the genesis of the act, its systemic connections, the purpose of adoption, but also the basic moral foundations, such as justice, indifference, objectivity.
- 5) the principle of accuracy and clarity of legal interpretative activity represents the quality of understanding and explanation of legal norms by the subjects of interpretation. This principle has a significant functional load, since the word reflects the thought: if the thought is incomprehensible, the word is also incomprehensible.
- 6) the principle of the dialectical connection between the objective and the subjective. The subject of cognition in the process of interpretation is the rules of law and their content. But in order for them to be an object of knowledge, they must be objectively real, sensually perceived, that is, expressed in a form accessible to the senses, because the thoughts of the legislator, which do not have a material form, are not accessible to subjects of law. The subjective nature of interpretation is determined by the fact that it is carried out by a certain subject who is the bearer of various personal qualities(mental abilities, level of legal awareness, experience), and also by the fact that the object of interpretation is expressed in the thinking of different subjects in different conditions, under different circumstances, with varying degrees of penetration into the meaning of the rule of law Sorokin V.V. Interpretation of modern law: search for the subject // Russian justice. 2010. N 6. P. 46 - 49..
- 7) the principle of the detailed nature of interpretation - interpretative activity is an intermediary between a generalized abstract norm and a specific one life situation, in which this norm is implemented. Concretization acts as a special basis by which an abstract norm becomes concrete, and, accordingly, its content becomes more accurate and understandable as a result of interpretation.
- 8) the principle of expediency means choosing the optimal option for implementing legal requirements for specific circumstances. This principle is expressed through such a category as enforcement discretion, that is, the opportunity for a law enforcement official to choose for use exactly the norm that, in his opinion, will most correctly regulate public relations and will be most effective under certain conditions.
- 9) the principle of uniformity of interpretation. The concept of “uniformity” has 2 meanings: firstly, it is the arrangement of something according to a single model; secondly, it is similar to something else. This principle is revealed in the use of all interpretive tools in one area using the same techniques and methods. Under the same conditions, on the same issue, the interpreter needs to use similar methods to achieve the goal. In order to build a high-quality system of interpretation of law, it is necessary to create a set of generally recommended principles that would be based on the principle of uniformity of interpretation.
Thus, the principles of interpretation of law represent an integral interconnected system, the application of which together allows for official and unofficial interpretation of legal norms at a high level.
Some general principles of interpretation:
- - any doubt is interpreted in favor of the accused;
- - the law does not have retroactive effect;
- - what is not prohibited by law is permitted;
- - emergency laws are interpreted restrictively;
- - laws mitigating punishment are interpreted broadly;
- - exceptions to the general rule are subject to a restrictive interpretation;
- - a later law repeals the previous one in all respects in which it differs from it;
- - the interpretation should not cancel, change or create a new rule of law.
These postulates were developed by the world legal practice. It is important to keep them in mind as general guidelines in the entire process of interpretation and application of law, in establishing the ideas of legality and order in this area.
The principles of interpretation have important regulatory implications. As Professor V.L. writes Kulapov: “They are a kind of guiding principle for law-making, law enforcement, law enforcement activities. In the mechanism of legal influence, they directly regulate some social relations.” Kulapov V.L. Problems of the theory of state and law: training manual/ V.L. Kulapov; GOU VPO "Saratovskaya" state academy rights." - Saratov: Publishing house of the State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Saratov State Academy of Law", 2009. - p. 180. Thus, ordinary citizens are not well informed about the content of regulatory legal acts. However, their legal consciousness has quite well grasped general principles relationships between people (justice, equality). In addition, these principles are used by law enforcement officials when there are gaps in the current legislation.
- Prove that a natural area is a natural complex.
- Which Russian scientist was the founder of the doctrine of natural zones?
- Name all the natural zones of Russia. Prove that they are placed regularly.
- Name the treeless areas of our country. Where are they located? What are their similarities and what are their differences?
- Which natural zone of our country occupies the largest territory? Find areas within its boundaries that have different natural conditions and think about what explains this.
- What natural areas are there in your republic (region, region)? Give an assessment of the agroclimatic resources of your republic (territory, region).
- Evaluate which of the natural zones of Russia has the greatest productivity, provided that human activity has not violated natural connections.
- Determine which natural area we're talking about, if they grow in it:
- dwarf birch, dwarf cedar, moss;
- larch, cedar, birch, aspen, alder. Name the soils and typical animals characteristic of both zones.
- Name the optimal natural conditions necessary for successful farming. In which natural area do you know such conditions exist?
Practical work No. 9
Comparative characteristics of two natural zones of Russia (optional).
Make a description of two natural zones according to plan:
- features of the geographical location;
- climate features: average temperatures in January and July, total radiation, duration of warm and cold periods, amount of precipitation and its distribution by season, moisture coefficient;
- relief features;
- features of annual flow;
- soils, their basic properties;
- flora and fauna, their adaptability to given natural conditions;
- features of agriculture;
- specially protected components of nature. Use different sources of geographic information.
Draw a conclusion about the similarities and differences between these zones. Explain what causes the differences.
Rice. 81. Natural regions of Russia
Practical work No. 10
.Explanation of the principles of identifying large natural regions on the territory of Russia. Compare the map diagram (Fig. 81) with the physical and climatic maps of Russia in the atlas.
What natural boundaries do the boundaries of natural areas coincide with?
Do climate indicators influence the drawing of boundaries?
Draw a conclusion about which components of nature are the most important when zoning a territory.
1) How do air temperature and atmospheric pressure change with the altitude above sea level?
Air temperature and pressure decrease with altitude.
2) How does the sequence of zones change when going up into the mountains: the same as when moving along the plain - from north to south - or from south to north?
The sequence of zones when ascending the mountains changes in the same way as when moving along the plain from south to north.
Questions in a paragraph
*Determine in which Russian mountains the altitudinal zones are most fully represented and explain this.
The belts are most fully represented in the Caucasus Mountains, this is explained by their southern position.
* What is altitudinal zonation?
Altitudinal zonation, altitudinal zonality - a natural change in natural conditions, natural zones and landscapes in the mountains as the absolute height (altitude above sea level) increases. Do you think altitudinal zonation is a deviation from the norm or a confirmation of the law of latitudinal zonation?
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. Why does the change in natural conditions in the mountains occur vertically and manifest itself more sharply than on the plains?
The change in natural zones in the mountains occurs more abruptly than in the plains, since natural conditions change faster.
2. What altitude zones predominate in the Russian mountains? What areas of the world can they be compared to?
The mountains of Russia are dominated by taiga, tundra zones and arctic desert zones. They can be compared to the northern regions of Eurasia and North America.
3. What determines the set of altitude zones?
The set of altitude zones depends on the geographical location of the mountains.
4. If in the north of the Russian Plain there were mountains higher than the Caucasus, would they be richer in the number of altitudinal zones?
The high mountains in the north of the Russian Plain would not be richer in the set of belts of the Caucasus.
5. How do mountains affect human life and health?
With the height of the mountains, individual components of nature and the entire natural complex change. As you rise upward, the air temperature decreases, the amount of precipitation increases (especially on the windward slopes of the mountains), and the air humidity changes. All this affects the characteristics of the soil cover and the organic world. Compared to the plains, the mountains have their own “nature calendars” - the timing of the development of plants, both cultivated and wild. Life in the mountains is subject to the course of natural processes. The way of life of the people, their clothing, and traditional activities are different here.
The “press” of nature in the highlands, that is, on the highest mountain “floors,” is felt by everyone: permanent residents, observers at weather stations, mine workers, and climbers. It is colder here, atmospheric pressure is lower, there is less oxygen, more ultraviolet rays. Even cars feel the specific climate of the sky: the boiling point of water, the proportions of the combustible mixture in engines, and the properties of lubricating oils change with altitude.
FINAL ASSIGNMENTS ON THE TOPIC
1. Prove that a natural area is a natural complex.
Both natural zones and natural complexes have a unity of natural components. When natural conditions change, both natural complexes and natural zones change.
2. Which Russian scientist was the founder of the doctrine of natural zones?
Vasily Vasilievich Dokuchaev
3. Name all the natural zones of Russia. Prove that they are placed regularly.
On the territory of Russia there is a change from north to south of the following natural zones: arctic deserts, tundras, forest-tundras, taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests, forest-steppes, steppes, semi-deserts. Almost all zones of our country stretch for thousands of kilometers from west to east, and yet they retain significant common features, determined by the prevailing climatic conditions, degree of moisture, soil types, and the nature of the vegetation cover. Similarities can also be seen in surface waters and modern relief-forming processes.
4. Name the treeless zones of our country. Where are they located? What are their similarities and what are their differences?
Treeless zones are arctic deserts, tundra, steppes, deserts and semi-deserts. Arctic deserts and tundra are located in the Arctic and subarctic zones, in the northern regions. The steppe zone, deserts and semi-deserts are located in the southern regions. Their similarity is the absence of woody vegetation. The differences are that the reason for treelessness in the northern regions is the harsh climate, in the southern regions it is due to insufficient moisture.
5. Which natural zone of our country occupies the largest territory? Find areas within its boundaries that have different natural conditions and think about what explains this.
The taiga zone is the largest natural zone in Russia. In different areas of the vast taiga zone, many natural conditions are different - the overall severity of the climate, the degree of moisture, mountainous or flat terrain, the number of sunny days, and the diversity of soils. Therefore, the coniferous trees that form the taiga are also different, which, in turn, changes the appearance of the taiga in certain areas. Dark coniferous spruce-fir forests predominate in the European part of the zone and in Western Siberia, where they are joined by pine forests. Most of the Middle and Eastern Siberia covered with larch forests. Pine forests grow everywhere on sandy and gravelly soils. The forests of the Far Eastern Primorye have a very special character, where on the Sikhote-Alin ridge the usual conifers - spruce and fir - are joined by such southern species as Amur velvet, cork oak, etc.
The zone of mixed and broad-leaved forests has the greatest productivity. It has fertile soils, sufficient moisture, and rich flora and fauna.
8. Determine what natural zone we are talking about if the following grows in it:
A) dwarf birch, dwarf cedar, moss;
B) larch, cedar, birch, aspen, alder. Name the soils and typical animals characteristic of both zones.
A) tundra. Animals – reindeer, arctic fox, goose, goose.
B) mixed forests. Animals – elk, roe deer, hares, foxes, badgers, lynxes, black grouse, partridges.
9. Name the optimal natural conditions necessary for successful farming. In which natural area do you know such conditions exist?
Favorable thermal conditions, sufficient moisture, fertile soils. The thermal regime of the zone of mixed and deciduous forests and the degree of its moisture content are favorable for agriculture. Soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils are characterized by high fertility.
11. Practical work No. 10. Explanation of the principles of identifying large natural regions on the territory of Russia. Compare the map diagram (Fig. 81) with the physical and climatic maps of Russia in the atlas.
What natural boundaries do the boundaries of natural areas coincide with?
The boundaries of natural areas coincide with the boundaries of large landforms.
Do climate indicators influence the drawing of boundaries?
Climatic indicators also influence the drawing of boundaries.
Draw a conclusion about which components of nature are the most important when zoning a territory.
The main components of nature when zoning a territory are relief and climate.
