A species is a collection of individuals. View

1. A set of individuals similar in structure, having common origin that freely interbreed and produce fertile offspring are called...
A. Population
*B. View
B. Class
D. There is no correct answer.

2.Differentiate...population structure
A. Sexual
B. Age
B. Genetic
*G. All answers are correct

3.If pre-reproductive individuals predominate in the population, the population size will be...
*A. Growing
B. Stable
B. Decreasing
D. There is no correct answer.

4. The basis for the existence of a species as a genetic unit of living nature is its...
A. Post-reproductive isolation
B. Pre-reproductive isolation
*IN. Reproductive isolation
D. There is no correct answer.

5. For species living in Baikal, the range is limited to this lake - this is an example of ... criterion
A. Ecological
B. Morphological
*IN. Geographical
G. Physiological

6. A permanent source of hereditary variability is...
A. Migrations
*B. Mutation process
B. Isolation
D. There is no correct answer.

7. The degree of mobility of individuals is expressed by the distance over which the animal can move - this distance is called ...
*A. Radius of individual activity
B. Migration
B. Isolation
D. There is no correct answer.

8. New combinations of genes... survival of individuals within a species
A. Lower
*B. Raise
B. Leave stable
D. There is no correct answer.

9. Criteria of the type, which includes a combination of factors external environment, constituting the immediate habitat of the species, is ... criterion
*A. Ecological
B. Geographical
B. Morphological
D. There is no correct answer.

Answers to Option 2

1. Really existing, genetically indivisible unit organic world, - This…
A. Population
B. Individual
*IN. View
G. Class

2. There are... age class of the population
A. Post-reproductive
B. Pre-reproductive
B. Reproductive
*G. All answers are correct

3.The vast majority of species of living organisms consist of individual...
*A. Populations
B. Individuals
V. Organisms
D. There is no correct answer.

4.If the population is dominated by reproductive individuals, the population size will be...
A. Growing
*B. Shrinking
V. Stable
D. There is no correct answer.

5. Poplar and willow species often interbreed - this is an example of a non-absolute... criterion
A. Genetic
B. Biochemical
*IN. Physiological
G. Morphological

6. In plants, the radius of individual activity is determined by the distance over which it extends...
A. Pollen
B. Seeds
B. Vegetative parts capable of giving rise to a new plant
*G. All answers are correct

7.The fundamental criterion for the species is...
A. Morphological
*B. Genetic
B. Physiological
G. Biochemical

8.To separate the view you must use
A. Morphological and genetic criteria
B. Biochemical and physiological criteria
B. Geographical and environmental criteria
*G. All answers are correct

9. Type criterion, which is based on the similarity of external and internal structure individuals of the same species are...
A. Geographical criterion
B. Ecological criterion
*IN. Morphological criterion
D. Physiological criterion

Answers to Option 3

1. A set of geographically and ecologically close populations that are capable of interbreeding and have common morpho-physiological characteristics is...
*A. View
B. Individual
B. Population
G. Class

2.The elementary evolutionary unit is...
A. View
B. Individual
*IN. Population
D. There is no correct answer.

3.B natural conditions populations do not mix with each other. This is being prevented...
A. Geographical barriers
B. Morphological differences
B. Different timing of reproduction
*G. All answers are correct

4. The source of the reserve of hereditary variability of populations is...
A. Migrations
B. Insulation
*IN. Mutation process
D. There is no correct answer.

5. The marsh warbler and the reed warbler do not differ in appearance, but they do not interbreed and have completely different mating songs - this is an example of non-absoluteness...
*A. Morphological criterion
B. Ecological criterion
B. Geographical criterion
G. Biochemical criterion

6. The scientist made a great contribution to population genetics...
A.N.A. Severtsov
*B. S.S. Chetverikov
V.K.F. Roulier
G. D. Diderot

7. The concept of a species as a whole is not absolute; there are organisms that do not form a species because...
A. Speciation has not been completed when the status of the species has not yet been determined
B. In paleontology, it is impossible to separate closely related species
B. Individuals with asexual reproduction Reproducing by parthenogenesis, self-fertilize
*G. All answers are correct

8. The gene pool of the species is represented by...
A. Gene pools of individuals
*B. Gene pools of populations
B. Gene pools of individual organisms
D. All answers are correct

9. The criterion characterizing a certain habitat occupied by a species in nature is...
A. Ecological criterion
B. Morphological criterion
*IN. Geographical criterion
D. Physiological criterion

Correct answers are marked with an asterisk "*"

BIOLOGY

Edited by Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences Professor V.N. Yarygina

In two books

Book 2

Fifth edition revised and expanded Recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

as a textbook for students medical specialties higher educational institutions

Moscow " graduate School» 2003

UDC 574/578 BBK 28.0 B63

V.N. Yarygin, V.I. Vasilyeva, I.N. Volkov, V.V. Sinelshchikova

Reviewers:

department medical biology and genetics of Tver State medical academy(Head of the department - Prof. G.V. Khomullo);

Department of Biology, Izhevsk State Medical Academy (Head of Department

Prof. V.A. Glumova)

ISBN 5-06-004589-7 (book 2) © Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Higher School Publishing House”, 2003

ISBN 5-06-004590-0

The original layout of this publication is the property of the publishing house "Higher School", and its reproduction (reproduction) in any way without the consent of the publishing house is prohibited.

PREFACE

This book is a continuation of the textbook “Biology” for students of medical specialties. It includes sections devoted to biological patterns that manifest themselves at the population-species and biogeocenotic levels of the organization of life on Earth.

The numbering of chapters continues from the 1st book.

SECTION IV POPULATION-SPECIES LEVEL OF LIFE ORGANIZATION

The previously considered biological phenomena and mechanisms related to the molecular genetic, cellular and ontogenetic levels of life organization were spatially limited to a single organism (multicellular or unicellular, prokaryotic or eukaryotic), and temporally limited to its ontogenesis, or life cycle. The population-species level of organization belongs to the category of supraorganisms.

Life is represented by individual species, which are collections of organisms that have properties heredity and variability.

These properties become the basis of the evolutionary process. The mechanisms responsible for this result are selective survival and selective reproduction of individuals belonging to the same species. Under natural conditions, reproduction occurs especially intensively in populations, which are minimal self-reproducing groups of individuals within a species.

Each "species that once existed or is now living represents the sum certain cycle evolutionary transformations at the population-species level, initially fixed in its gene pool. The latter differs in two important qualities. First, it contains biological information about how this species survive and leave offspring under certain conditions environment, and secondly, it has the ability to partially change the content of the biological information contained in it. The latter is

the basis of the evolutionary and ecological plasticity of the species, i.e. the ability to adapt to existence in other conditions, changing in historical time or from territory to territory. The population structure of a species, leading to the disintegration of the gene pool of the species into gene pools of populations, contributes to the manifestation of historical fate species depending on the circumstances of both noted qualities of the gene pool - conservatism and plasticity.

Thus, the general biological significance of the population-species level lies in the implementation of the elementary mechanisms of the evolutionary process that determine speciation.

The significance of what is happening at the population-species level for healthcare is determined by the presence of hereditary diseases, diseases with an obvious hereditary predisposition, as well as the pronounced characteristics of the gene pools of different human populations. The processes occurring at this level, in combination with the environmental characteristics of various territories, form the basis of a promising area of modern medicine - the epidemiology of non-communicable diseases.

CHAPTER 10 BIOLOGICAL SPECIES. POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE SPECIES

10.1. CONCEPT OF SPECIES

A species is a collection of individuals that are similar in basic morphological and functional characteristics, karyotype, and behavioral reactions, have a common origin, inhabit a certain territory (area), and, under natural conditions, interbreed exclusively with each other and at the same time produce fertile offspring.

The species identity of an individual is determined by its compliance with the listed criteria: morphological, physiological-biochemical, cytogenetic, ethological, ecological, etc. The most important characteristics of a species are its genetic (reproductive) isolation, which consists in the non-crossing of individuals of a given species with representatives of other species, as well as

genetic stability in natural conditions, leading to independence of evolutionary fate.

Since the time of C. Linnaeus, the species has been the basic unit of taxonomy. The special position of the species among other systematic units (taxa) is due to the fact that this is the group in which individual really exist. As part of a species under natural conditions, an individual is born, reaches sexual maturity and fulfills its main biological function: participating in reproduction, ensures continuation of the family. Unlike a species, taxa of supraspecific rank, such as genus, order, family, class, phylum, are not an arena real life organisms. Their identification in the natural system of the organic world reflects

A. Population
B. View
B. Class
D. There is no correct answer.

A. Sexual
B. Age
B. Genetic
D. All answers are correct

A. Growing
B. Stable
B. Decreasing
D. There is no correct answer.

B. Reproductive isolation
D. There is no correct answer.

A. Ecological
B. Morphological
V. Geographical
G. Physiological

A. Migrations
B. Mutation process
B. Isolation
D. There is no correct answer.

A. Radius of individual activity
B. Migration
B. Isolation
D. There is no correct answer.

A. Lower
B. Increase
B. Leave stable
D. There is no correct answer.

A. Ecological
B. Geographical
B. Morphological
D. There is no correct answer.

Option 2

A. Population
B. Individual
B. View
G. Class

A. Post-reproductive
B. Pre-reproductive
B. Reproductive
D. All answers are correct

A. Populations
B. Individuals
V. Organisms
D. There is no correct answer.

A. Growing
B. Contracting
V. Stable
D. There is no correct answer.

A. Genetic
B. Biochemical
V. Physiological
G. Morphological

A. Pollen
B. Seeds
D. All answers are correct

A. Morphological
B. Genetic
B. Physiological
G. Biochemical

D. All answers are correct

A. Geographical criterion
B. Ecological criterion
B. Morphological criterion
D. Physiological criterion

Option 3

A. View
B. Individual
B. Population
G. Class

A. View
B. Individual
B. Population
D. There is no correct answer.

A. Geographical barriers
B. Morphological differences
B. Different timing of reproduction
D. All answers are correct

A. Migrations
B. Insulation
B. Mutation process
D. There is no correct answer.

A. Morphological criterion
B. Ecological criterion
B. Geographical criterion
G. Biochemical criterion

A.N.A. Severtsov
B.S.S. Chetverikov
V.K.F. Roulier
G. D. Diderot

D. All answers are correct

A. Gene pools of individuals
B. Gene pools of populations
D. All answers are correct

A. Ecological criterion
B. Morphological criterion
B. Geographical criterion
D. Physiological criterion

Answers to Option 1

1. A set of individuals that are similar in structure, have a common origin, freely interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called...
A. Population
*B. View
B. Class
D. There is no correct answer.

2.Differentiate...population structure
A. Sexual
B. Age
B. Genetic
*G. All answers are correct

3.If pre-reproductive individuals predominate in the population, the population size will be...
*A. Growing
B. Stable
B. Decreasing
D. There is no correct answer.

5. For species living in Baikal, the range is limited to this lake - this is an example of ... criterion
A. Ecological
B. Morphological
*IN. Geographical
G. Physiological

6. A permanent source of hereditary variability is...
A. Migrations
*B. Mutation process
B. Isolation
D. There is no correct answer.

8. New combinations of genes... survival of individuals within a species
A. Lower
*B. Raise
B. Leave stable
D. There is no correct answer.

9. The criterion of a species, which includes a set of environmental factors that make up the immediate habitat of the species, is ... criterion
*A. Ecological
B. Geographical
B. Morphological
D. There is no correct answer.

Answers to Option 2

1. A really existing, genetically indivisible unit of the organic world is...
A. Population
B. Individual
*IN. View
G. Class

2. There are... age class of the population
A. Post-reproductive
B. Pre-reproductive
B. Reproductive
*G. All answers are correct

3.The vast majority of species of living organisms consist of individual...
*A. Populations
B. Individuals
V. Organisms
D. There is no correct answer.

4.If reproductive individuals predominate in the population, the population size will be...
A. Growing
*B. Shrinking
V. Stable
D. There is no correct answer.

5. Poplar and willow species often interbreed - this is an example of a non-absolute... criterion
A. Genetic
B. Biochemical
*IN. Physiological
G. Morphological

7.The fundamental criterion for the species is...
A. Morphological
*B. Genetic
B. Physiological
G. Biochemical

8.To separate the view you must use
A. Morphological and genetic criteria
B. Biochemical and physiological criteria
B. Geographical and environmental criteria
*G. All answers are correct

9. The species criterion, which is based on the similarity of the external and internal structure of an individual of the same species, is ...
A. Geographical criterion
B. Ecological criterion
*IN. Morphological criterion
D. Physiological criterion

Answers to Option 3

2.The elementary evolutionary unit is...
A. View
B. Individual
*IN. Population
D. There is no correct answer.

3.Under natural conditions, populations do not mix with each other. This is being prevented...
A. Geographical barriers
B. Morphological differences
B. Different timing of reproduction
*G. All answers are correct

4. The source of the reserve of hereditary variability of populations is...
A. Migrations
B. Insulation
*IN. Mutation process
D. There is no correct answer.

6. The scientist made a great contribution to population genetics...
A.N.A. Severtsov
*B. S.S. Chetverikov
V.K.F. Roulier
G. D. Diderot

7. The concept of a species as a whole is not absolute; there are organisms that do not form a species because...
A. Speciation has not been completed when the status of the species has not yet been determined
B. In paleontology, it is impossible to separate closely related species
B. Individuals with asexual reproduction that reproduce by parthenogenesis self-fertilize
*G. All answers are correct

8. The gene pool of the species is represented by...
A. Gene pools of individuals
*B. Gene pools of populations
B. Gene pools of individual organisms
D. All answers are correct

9. The criterion characterizing a certain habitat occupied by a species in nature is...
A. Ecological criterion
B. Morphological criterion
*IN. Geographical criterion
D. Physiological criterion

Correct answers are marked with an asterisk "*"

In this lesson you will learn about the criteria for a biological species. Many plants and animals surround us. From early childhood we can distinguish a cat from a dog, and a turnip from a hemp. In sixth and seventh grade we learn that there are biological species. What is a biological species from the perspective of evolution? Do species really exist, or is it just a concept convenient in everyday life? How do species appear, live and disappear from the face of the Earth? What awaits our species? Is Homo sapiens really smart enough?

References

1. Kamensky A. A., Kriksunov E. A., Pasechnik V. V. General biology 10-11 grade Bustard, 2005.

2. Belyaev D.K. Biology 10-11 grade. General biology. Basic level. - 11th ed., stereotype. - M.: Education, 2012. - 304 p.

3. Biology 11th grade. General biology. Profile level / V. B. Zakharov, S. G. Mamontov, N. I. Sonin and others - 5th ed., stereotype. - Bustard, 2010. - 388 p.

4. Agafonova I. B., Zakharova E. T., Sivoglazov V. I. Biology 10-11 grade. General biology. Basic level. - 6th ed., add. - Bustard, 2010. - 384 p.