A leap year, or it is also called the word “leap year,” causes many rumors and superstitions, which mainly boil down to the fact that this year is unhappy and promises only negative events. In this article we will talk about how fair these opinions are.

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A little history

The word "leap year" came to us from Latin language, that is, it ancient origin, and its literal translation sounds like “second sixth”.

According to the Julian month, the Earth goes through its circle in 365.25 days, and every year the day shifted by 6 hours. Such an error could easily confuse ancient men, and in order to avoid this, it was decided that after every fourth year another day would be added to the annual circle. Accordingly, this year will include 366 days, and they will be added in the shortest month - February, it will consist of 29 days. To distinguish it, it was called a leapfrog.

On Ancient Rus', in turn, there were many legends about the occurrence of leap years, and each of them, even then, was perceived as necessarily unlucky. Legends about the arrival of the new calendar and the leap year in Rus' were also reflected in the Saints. So, February 29 is dedicated to the memory of St. Kasyan, and people call it Kasyan’s Day. Several legends and apocrypha (stories that are not recognized by the church as confirmed and consistent with what we know about God) are dedicated to this day. But it sheds light on the origins of the bad reputation of leapfrogs.

According to this legend, Kasyan appears to the common people not as a man, but as an angel, and a fallen one, who was once seduced by Satan, as a result of which he fell away from God. However, later he realized how wrong he was, repented and prayed to the Creator for mercy. Taking pity on the traitor, God, before accepting him back, assigned His angel to him. The celestial being shackled Kasyan and, by order from above, beat him on the forehead with a metal hammer to bring him to his senses for 3 years, and on the fourth he freed him.

The second legend about Kasyan

According to the second legend Kasyan is a person, and Kasyanov’s day is the date of his name day. However, according to the legend, that man systematically became deathly drunk for three years in a row, but on the fourth he came to his senses, repented, gave up his addiction, turned to repentance and became a saint - he acquired the Holy Spirit. Therefore, the people believed, it was appropriate for him to celebrate his day so rarely - only on February 29.

The third legend about Kasyan

This legend is dedicated to Saint Kasyan, who travels across the earth, and Nicholas the Wonderworker, well known to Christians. And then they meet a man along the way. He asked them for help because his cart was stuck in the mud. Kasyan responded to this that he was careful not to spoil his clean robe, but Nikolai, not afraid of the dirt, immediately helped. The saints returned to the Kingdom of God, and the Creator noticed that Nicholas’s robe was dirty and asked him what was the reason for this.

The saint told him what happened on the way. Then the Lord noticed that Kasyan’s clothes were clean and asked the question: were they really traveling together? Kasyan replied that he was afraid to stain his clothes. God realized that Kosmas was being cunning, and arranged it in such a way that his name day is celebrated once every 4 years. And Nikolai’s name day for his meekness is twice in 365 days.

Anyway , whatever it may be, the leap year was recognized as bad. Therefore, the superstitious Russian people tried to somehow protect themselves from this day.

1. I tried to finish all important things before the 29th of February.
2. Some did not dare leave the house.
3. On February 29, if the sun came out, it was called Kasyan's Eye or Kasyanov's Eye. Then they tried not to get under the sun, so that the saint wouldn’t jinx them! And he did not bring suffering and illness to the poor man.

As in ancient times, in today's world we often come across superstitions and signs that are not with the best side determine leap years of the 21st century. We will list some of them:

Why is a leap year considered bad?

This attitude is quite understandable: the appearance of the 29th day in February characterizes the whole year as being different from others, and psychologically sets it apart from others. This can be important for people who are unsure of their abilities. It will be much easier for him, citing this special period, to refuse something new than to expend energy for self-development or starting some kind of business.

For the same reason, it will be easier not to get pregnant, so as not to give birth later, because there is an increased fear that the birth will be difficult, the baby may be born sick. And if not, then suddenly his life will turn out to be joyless or difficult.

Our inventive people see and the threat in the very name of the leap, saying that it “mows down” people, in other words, takes them away, leads to death. Therefore, the holiday is celebrated with caution (or, conversely, on a special scale - you never know who will die...). This is a very common belief that tries to creep into statistics. It is becoming accepted that the mortality rate increases every 4th year. At the same time, these data are in no way confirmed by the statistics themselves.

You can’t pick mushrooms either, much less eat them or sell them to people. No, not so as not to be poisoned, but so that “bad soil” does not bring “anything bad” to a person.

It is believed that the leap year entails natural disasters and all kinds of disasters: drought, floods, fires.

Which years are leap years?

In the last century, as well as in the current one, such calendar periods also caused horror. A list of them can be seen in the image or found on the Internet. Also, the year 2000, the same millennium, in turn was a leap year, opening the whole millennium.

Despite the fact that with the development of technology, information has become more accessible and it is possible to learn more and broaden one’s horizons, getting rid of primitive fears, many continue to anxiously await the leap, internally preparing themselves for problems and troubles, and when they come (if they come), it is perceived as doomed: well, it’s a leap year... An extra day in February. Deadly!

There are special calendars that indicate when exactly the leap year occurs. It is enough to look carefully at the table and find (or not find) the current figures there. It is enough to know at least one leap year, after which you can calculate them yourself using elementary arithmetic. Let's say you're interested in leap years in the 21st century. Find the calendar and view it. Having learned that 2016 is a leap year, it is easy to understand that the next year will come in 2020.

If you trust the statistics, a very small number of all disasters and troubles occur on leap years. The superstitions that exist today can be interpreted by the fact that people who closely followed the misfortunes and troubles that occurred during leap years gave an exaggerated meaning to what was happening only because of the unflattering reputation of the latter. I would like to wish people who highly trust superstitions about leap years to pay more attention to positive events and changes. And then, perhaps, a list of good and joyful signs will be collected that will restore the reputation of the Leap Years.

A leap year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars is considered to be a year lasting 366 days (1 day more than a normal year). In the Julian calendar, introduced on January 1, 45 BC, the astronomical year was considered equal to 365.25 days (or 365 days and 6 hours). Due to the 6-hour offset, every fourth year is considered a leap year and has an extra day - February 29th.

In the Gregorian calendar, used in most countries of the world, the tropical year is equal to: 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. The difference in the length of the Julian and Gregorian years is 11 minutes and 14 seconds. In 128 years, an error of 1 day accumulates.

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Gregorian calendar

To accurately determine which years are leap years, you need to check whether the following conditions are met for them:

• The year number must be a multiple of 4 (i.e., divisible by 4 without a remainder: 1912, 1916, 1920, etc.);
• Years ending with two or three zeros are considered leap years if they are divisible by 400 (2000).

Historical background

In some states, the Gregorian calendar was adopted immediately after its approval. Many countries did not introduce a new calendar until the 20th century. The transition was carried out in the following order:

• 1582 - France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Spain;
• 1583 - Austria, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland;
• 1584 - Czechoslovakia;
• 1587 - Hungary;
• 1700 - Denmark, Norway;
• 1752 - Canada, USA (east coast), Ireland, Great Britain and dominions;
• 1873 - Japan;
• 1875 - Egypt;
• 1912 - Albania, China;
• 1915 - Latvia, Lithuania;
• 1916 - Bulgaria;
• 1918 - Russia;
• 1919 - Romania, Yugoslavia;
• 1924 - Greece;
• 1927 - Türkiye;

XX and XXI centuries

In the twentieth century, 1900 was not a leap year, because... it is not divisible by 400. The year 2000, when the new millennium began, was a leap year. List of all leap years for two centuries:

• 20th century: 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, , 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996 ;
• XXI century: 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, 2024, 2028, 2032, 2036, 2040, 2044, 2048, 2052, 2056, 2060, 2064, 2068, 2072, 6, 2080, 2084, 2088, 2092 , 2096 (2100 will not be a leap year, because it is not divisible by 400).

A leap year (Latin bis sextus - “second sixth”) is a year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the duration of which is 366 days - one day longer than the duration of a regular, non-leap year. In the Julian calendar, every fourth year is a leap year; in the Gregorian calendar there are exceptions to this rule.

A year is a conventional unit of time, which historically meant a single cycle of seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). In most countries, the calendar year is 365 or 366 days long. Currently, the year is also used as a time characteristic of the revolution of planets around stars in planetary systems, in particular the Earth around the Sun.

The calendar year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars is 365 days in non-leap years, and 366 days in leap years. The average length of the year is 365.2425 days for the Gregorian calendar and 365.25 days for the Julian calendar.

The calendar year in the Islamic calendar contains 353, 354 or 355 days - 12 lunar months. The average length of the year is 354.37 days, which is less than the tropical year, and therefore Muslim holidays “roam” according to the seasons.

The calendar year in the Hebrew calendar contains 353, 354 or 355 days in a common year and 383, 384 or 385 days in a leap year. The average length of the year is 365.2468 days, which is close to the tropical year.

The length of the tropical year (the time between the two spring equinoxes) is 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds. The difference in the length of the tropical year and the average Julian calendar year (365.25 days) is 11 minutes 14 seconds. From these 11 minutes and 14 seconds, one day is added up in approximately 128 years.

Over the centuries, a shift in the day of the vernal equinox, with which church holidays are associated, was noticed. TO XVI century the vernal equinox occurred approximately 10 days earlier than March 21, which is used to determine the day of Easter.

To compensate for the accumulated error and avoid such a shift in the future, in 1582 Pope Gregory XIII carried out a calendar reform. To make the average calendar year more consistent with the solar year, it was decided to change the rule of leap years. As before, a year whose number was a multiple of four remained a leap year, but an exception was made for those that were a multiple of 100. From now on, such years were leap years only when they were also divisible by 400.

In other words, a year is a leap year in two cases: either it is a multiple of 4, but not a multiple of 100, or a multiple of 400. A year is not a leap year if it is not a multiple of 4, or it is a multiple of 100, but not a multiple of 400.

The last years of centuries ending in two zeros are not leap years in three cases out of four. Thus, the years 1700, 1800 and 1900 are not leap years, since they are a multiple of 100 and not a multiple of 400. The years 1600 and 2000 are leap years, since they are a multiple of 400. The years 2100, 2200 and 2300 are not leap years. In leap years, an additional day is introduced - February 29. The Catholic world lives according to the Julian calendar. Unlike the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar takes into account only one object - the Sun.

Now we live according to the Julian calendar (new style), before the revolution we lived according to the Gregorian calendar (old style). The difference between the old and new styles was 11 days in the 18th century, 12 days in the 19th century, and 12 days in the 20th century. XXI centuries- 13 days. In the 22nd century, this difference will already be 14 days. The Gregorian calendar was introduced when Soviet power from February 14, 1918 (after January 31, it was no longer February 1, but immediately the 14th). The last leap year was, the next one will be.

1996, 1992, 1988, 1984, 1980, 1976, 1972, 1968, 1964, 1960, 1956, 1952, 1948, 1944, 1940, 1936, 1932, 1928, 1924, 1920, 16, 1912, 1908, 1904, Gregorian According to the calendar, 1900 is a non-leap year, according to the Julian calendar it is a leap year. 1896.

Note: For most computer and mobile systems, valid dates are from December 13, 1901, 20:45:54 GMT to January 19, 2038, 03:14:07 GMT. (These dates correspond to the minimum and maximum value of a 32-bit signed integer.) For Windows, valid dates are from 01/01/1970 to 01/19/2038.

In the Julian and Gregorian calendars, a leap year is a year that consists of 366 days. Thus, it differs from the usual one by the presence of an “extra” day. In the Julian calendar, every fourth year is a leap year. As for the Gregorian, its approach to determining a leap year is similar, but with a few exceptions.

What are leap years in the Gregorian calendar?

To be considered a leap year, the year number must first be divisible by four. Regarding zero years, from which centuries begin, they are considered leap years only if their number is a multiple of 400. So, for example, the year 2000 is a leap year, while the year 1900 is not.

Regarding the question of how many days are there in a leap year, the most widely used Gregorian calendar in the world contains 366 days. The “extra” day is February 29th. Thus, people born on this day officially celebrate their birthday once every four years. This interesting feature leap years.

Where does the extra day come from?

Our planet constantly revolves around its celestial body - the Sun. Full turn The Earth completes in 365 days and a few hours. This period of time is called a “year”. For ease of calculation, the “extra” few hours are not taken into account for three years. In the fourth year, the additional hours are added up and, as a result, you get an “extra” day, which is usually added to every fourth February.

Leap years: list for the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries

Taking into account the above-mentioned rules for determining leap years, it is possible to form a list of them over the past centuries. So, in the 19th century these were: 1804, 1808, 1812, 1816, 1820, 1824, 1828, 1832, 1836, 1840, 1844, 1848, 1852, 1856, 1860, 1864, 1868, 1872, , 1880, 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896.

In the 20th century, leap years, respectively, were 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, , 1976, 1980, 1984 , 1988, 1992, 1996.

As for the 21st century, in which we are all lucky to live, the leap years were 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012. The next leap year will be 2016.

The mysticism of leap year

Despite the fact that the origin and features of leap years have long been studied and are absolutely clear, many people are wary of their arrival. It just so happens that a leap year is considered something strange and in some places even dangerous. However, if you analyze history, in ordinary years there were no fewer different kinds of cataclysms and negative events than in leap years. Therefore, you should not attach any special significance to leap years.

2016 is a leap year. This is not such a rare occurrence, because every 4 years the 29th day appears in February. There are many superstitions associated with this year, but is it really so dangerous? Let's try to figure this out, whether leap years are different in any way. The 21st century list regarding leap years is maintained on the same principle as before.

Leap year: definition

We all know that there are 365 days in a year, but sometimes there are 366. What does this depend on? First of all, it should be noted that we live according to the Gregorian calendar, in which those that contain 365 days are considered ordinary years, and leap years are those that are one day longer, respectively 366 days. This happens because periodically in February there are not 28, but 29 days. This happens once every four years, and this very year is usually called a leap year.

How to determine a leap year

Those years whose numbers can be divided without a remainder by the number 4 are considered to be leap years. A list of them can be found in this article. Let's say the current year is 2016, if we divide it by 4, then the result of division is a number without a remainder. Accordingly, it is a leap year. In a normal year there are 52 weeks and 1 day. Each subsequent year shifts by one day in relation to the days of the week. After a leap year, the shift occurs immediately by 2 days.

It is counted from the first day of the vernal equinox to the beginning of the next one. This period, precisely, does not have exactly 365 days, which are indicated in the calendar, but several more.

Exception

The exception is the zero years of centuries, that is, those with two zeros at the end. But if such a year number can be divided without a remainder by 400, then it is also considered a leap year.

If we consider that the extra hours in a year are not exactly six, then the missing minutes also affect the calculation of time. It was calculated that for this reason, in 128 years, one extra day would pass in this way. In this regard, it was decided that not every fourth year should be considered a leap year, but that those years that are divisible by 100, except those that are divisible by 400, should be excluded from this rule.

The history of the leap year

To be more precise, in Egyptian solar calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar, there are not exactly 365 days in a year, but 365.25, that is, plus another quarter of a day. The extra quarter of a day in this case is 5 hours 48 minutes and 45 seconds, which was rounded up to 6 hours, constituting a quarter of the day. But adding such a small unit of time to the year every time is impractical.

Over four years, a quarter of a day turns into a full day, which is added to the year. So February, which has fewer days than normal months, adds an extra day - and only a leap year has a February 29th.

Leap years: a list of years from the past and the 21st century. Example:

It was decided to adjust the calendar year in accordance with the astronomical year - this was done so that the seasons always occurred on the same day. Otherwise, the boundaries would shift over time.

From the Julian calendar we switched to the Gregorian calendar, which differs from the previous one in that a leap year occurs once every four years, and according to the Julian calendar - once every three years. Russian Orthodox Church and still lives according to the old style. It is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Hence the celebration of dates according to the old and new styles. Thus, Catholics celebrate Christmas according to the old style - December 25, and in Russia according to the Gregorian calendar - January 7.

Where did the fear of a leap year come from?

The word "leap year" comes from the Latin phrase "bis sextus", which translates as "second sixth".

Most people associate leap year with something bad. All these superstitions started with Ancient Rome. IN modern world days are counted from the beginning of the month, but in ancient times it was different. They were counting the days left until the beginning of the next month. Let’s say, if we say February 24, then the ancient Romans in this case used the expression “the sixth day before the beginning of March.”

When a leap year occurred, an additional day appeared between February 24 and 25. That is, in a normal year there were 5 days left until March 1, and in a leap year there were already 6, which is why the expression “second sixth” came about.

With the onset of March, the fast ended, which lasted five days, if you start from February 24, but when you add an extra day, the fast already lasted, accordingly, 1 day longer. Therefore, they considered such a year to be bad - hence the superstition about the unluckiness of leap years.

In addition, the superstition comes from the fact that only in a leap year is Kasyanov celebrated, which falls on February 29. This holiday is considered mystical. In this regard, for a long time people have been trying not to do big things in such years, not to get married, not to have children, etc. Despite the simplicity of the algorithm for determining a leap year, some may wonder: “Which years are leap years?”

Leap years of the 19th century: list

1804, 1808, 1812, 1816, 1820, 1824, 1828, 1832, 1836, 1840, 1844, 1848, 1852, 1856, 1860, 1864, 1868, 1872, 1876, 1880, 1884, 1888, 1892, 1896.

Leap years of the 20th century: their list is as follows:

1904, 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996

What years are leap years? The list of years of the current century will be constructed similarly to the previous ones. Let's take a look at it. Leap years (list) of the 21st century will be calculated in the same way. That is, 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020, etc.

Signs associated with leap year

This year, according to legend, you cannot change your usual environment. This can be understood as moving to a new place of residence, looking for a new job.

It was believed that marriages entered into this year could not bring happiness, and weddings were not recommended.

You also can’t do anything, start new things. This includes opening a business or building a house.

Let's answer the question: which years are leap years? List of 19th, 20th and 21st centuries:

It is better to postpone long trips and travel.

You can't celebrate your baby's first tooth.

Since ancient times, such years were considered dangerous, bringing many deaths, diseases, wars and crop failures. People, especially superstitious ones, fear the onset of such a year, having already prepared in advance for the worst. But are they really that dangerous?

Opinion about established superstition

The Church does not see anything bad in these years, explaining the phenomenon of a leap year as just changes in the calendar that were once made. Based on statistics, such years are no different from ordinary ones. Even if we take the issue of marriage in a leap year, which predicts a short life in marriage, then the number of divorces of “leap marriages” is no greater than among those couples who got married in ordinary years.