The word formation of verbal nouns in the Russian language is dealt with by morphemics. Morphemics is a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words and word forms of a language, organized by minimal significant linguistic units - morphemes. The tasks of morphemics include determining the function of the morpheme as a unit of language [Zubova, Menshikova: 5]. IN this study morphemes such as suffixes are considered, and their main word-formation function is the formation of verbal nouns.

In Russian word formation of verbal nouns, a suffixal method of word formation is used, which also includes a suffixless method, which is sometimes also called truncation of the verb stem. The suffixal method is the formation of words by attaching a suffix to the generating (in this case, verbal) stem. This is the most productive way of word formation in the Russian language [Zubova, Menshikova: 123]. In the Russian language, verbal nouns are formed according to a transpositional word-formation type - within the framework of this word formation, the derived word and the generating stem are different parts of speech [Zubova, Menshikova: 142].

Suffixless way of forming nouns

As a result of truncation of the verb stem, the following types of nouns are formed:

Masculine nouns, masculine-neuter variety of the first substantive declension with the meaning of abstract action. Motivating verbs - verbs of types I and V with an infinitive stem in - a and type X with a stem in - and: let - start; find - search; bring - bringing.

Other types and subtypes of motivating verbs are less common: salute - salute; split - split; inspect - inspection.

Motivating verbs structure: simple: walk - move; catch - catch; buzz - buzz; verbs with suffixal morphs - a-, - va-: lack of sleep - lack of sleep; tide - tide; perfective prefix verbs: to overwhelm - to overwhelm; scatter - scatter;

Nouns of this type are not formed from type I verbs with a stem in - e, type IV, verbs with - nichat/-ichat.

When forming a derivative, the final vowel of the verb stem is not preserved. The finals of infinitive stems - ova - and - irova- are also cut off: trade - bargaining; flirt - flirt; finals - well - and - willow - in those cases when the basics with these finals can be considered motivating: swing/swing - swing; pawn - pledge; knock - knock.

The basis of the present tense of a verb can appear in nouns motivated by verbs of types VI, VII, IX. For example: grow - growing, grew ( 1 face shape singular present and past tense, respectively) - height; howl - howl howl; calling - calling(1st person singular present tense) - call[GrSRLYA: 142].

When forming masculine derivatives, the following alternations occur: the final soft consonant of the verb base with the hard one: pickle - pickle; to come - arrival; [k] - [h]: click - cry; scream - scream; [p"] - [pl"]: scream - scream; [w"] - [sk]: squeak - squeak; [zh"] - [zg]: squeal - squeal; alternation vowels V root: sniff - glanders; murmur - murmur; push - pressure; calculate - miscalculation; press - press.

Words of this type mean actions regardless of the duration and nature of their occurrence. Often they take on the meaning of a single act (a glance, a sneeze, a freeze). Secondary subject meanings: instrument of action, device: tray, drive; object and result of action: we'll take it out, cutout, undermining; location: corral, entrance, exit.

This type is productive in technical terminology, in colloquial and artistic speech, especially derivatives motivated by prefixed verbs. Derivations motivated by verbs without prefixes are used in artistic speech [GrSRLYA: 143].

Nouns feminine I substantive declension with the meaning of an abstract action or state. This type is not productive. The number of such verbal nouns in modern Russian is limited ( pay, payment, surcharge, spending, loss, cost, embezzlement, weed, mordant, poison, reprisal, government, crossing, living, pickings, profit, merit, service, length of service cool down, cold, praise, praise, theft, theft, loss, loss, attack, conversation, annoyance dozing, thought, riding, thirst, drought, protection, game, hassle, resentment, guardianship, siege, crossing, chase, mercy, damage, bait, embellishment, oath, missing, Job, parting, reprisal, argument, cold, bustle, yearning, threat, delight).

Words of this type belong to the hard declension with alternation of paired soft consonants with hard ones. There are exceptions [GrSRLYA, p. 144]: [d] - [g] disappear - loss; [t"] - [h] spoil - damage; [b] - [bl"] row (row) - rowing; [v] / [v"] - [vl"] trade - trade; [p"] - [pl"] buy - purchase.

Another unproductive type of derivatives is a noun of the same educational structure as the previous type, denoting an inanimate object characterized by the action of a motivating verb ( meta, litter, estimate, sign, reward, fence, block, frame, seasoning, food, curtain, dam, burden, again, support, horseshoe, gilding, glaze, half-past, yarn, seedling, loan). The morphological characteristics here are the same as in the previous type of derivatives.

Feminine nouns of the second substantive declension with the meaning of an abstract action or state, motivated mainly by simple verbs: scold - scold; tremble - tremble; cut - cut; drizzle - drizzle.

When forming verbal nouns of this type, the final vowel of the verb stem disappears. The following alternations occur: paired hard consonants at the end of the verb stem with soft ones: preach - sermon; posterior lingual consonants With hissing: to lie - a lie; irregular ratio basics: help (help) - help.

This type is productive in colloquial and artistic speech.

Nouns of the pluralia tantum group with the meaning of abstract action: bother - trouble.

It is possible to cut off the final base - willow - and reverse alternation [g] - [d]: to gossip - gossip: to negotiate - negotiations. In this case, the final vowel of the stem is cut off. [GrSRLYa: 145]

Verb-motivated nouns are usually formed by adding a suffix to the past tense stem. In this case, the final vowel of the verb stem in the structure of the noun may or may not be preserved. Sometimes a noun suffix is ​​attached to the stem of the present tense form of the verb, but such forms are rare and are described separately [GrSRLYa: 46].

Nouns with the meaning of abstract action. Suffixes of nouns with the meaning of abstract action.

Suffix - nij-

Neuter nouns with suffixes - nij-/-enij-/-anij-/-тj-/-иj - denote an action on the verb. Morphs - nij - and - tij - appear in the position after the final vowel of the infinitive stem, while the first of them is after the vowels [a], [e], and the second - mainly in formations with monosyllabic verbal roots after [a], [and ], [o], [y]. Morphs - enij-/-anij-/-тij - appear in the position after the consonant, joining the stem of the infinitive, the final vowel of which is cut off. It is also possible to attach these morphs to the present tense stem. The morph - anij - in this case appears only after sibilants and [j].

Morphs - nij-/-enij - are highly productive, while - anij - and - uij - are not productive.

Nouns with the morph - nij - are motivated by the following groups of verbs:

Verbs of types I, V, X with the base on - a - and type II on - ova-: blink-blink, punish-punishment, draw-drawing, hold-hold. Also, among motivating verbs there are verbs with suffixal morphs - iva-, - va-, - a - ( cutting down - cutting down, finishing the game - finishing the game); - ova-, - irova-, - izirova - ( design - design, theorize - to theorize); - stvova-, - nicha - ( wakefulness, aping), prefix-suffixal, suffixal-postfixal with suffix morphs - a-, - ova - ( make public - making public, fraternize - fraternization, use - use, freeze - freezing), perfective prefix verbs ( conquer - conquest); prefix-postfix, prefix-suffix-postfix with suffix morphs - a-, - willow - ( find out - inquiry, grow - growth, tapping - tapping) [GrSRLYa: 65].

Verbs of types I and X in - e - ( smolder - smolder, endure - patience), including suffixal and prefix-suffixal with the suffix morph - e - ( grow old - aging) and prefix ( master - mastery, blush - redness).

Verbs of other types and subtypes: sing - singing, publish - publication, set - task. In some cases, when forming a verbal noun, the final - va - stem of the verb “falls out”: intend - intention, to be perplexed - bewilderment, suspect - suspicion.

Nouns with the morph - enij - are motivated by the following groups of verbs:

Type X verbs with stems - and - ( smoke - smoking, store - storage), including suffixal, prefixal-suffixal and suffixal-postfixal with the morph - and - ( complicate - complication); perfective prefix verbs ( extract - extraction, displace - displace); prefix-postfix perfective ( reign - reign). When nouns are formed from verbs of this group, there is an alternation of consonants: [t`] - [h]: shine - glow; [t`] - [w`]: illuminate - lighting; [d`] - [g]: iron - ironing; [d`] - [j`]: walk - walking; [st`] - [w`]: to take revenge - vengeance; [zd`] - [zh`]: pile up - piling up; [s`] - [w]: wear - wearing; [z`] - [g]: distort - distortion; [b`] - [bl`]: weaken - weakening; [v`] - [vl`]: melt - melting; [m`] - [ml`]: feed - feeding; [n`] - [pl`]: strengthen - strengthening; [f`] - [fl`]: graph - graphing.

Verbs types VI and VII,1. In this case, the fundamentals of the present tense are motivating. Here paired hard consonants alternate before morph suffixes with soft ones: [d] - [d`]: attack (attack) - attack; [t] - [t`]: read (read) - reading; [s] - [s`]: save (save) - salvation; [р] - [р`]: rub (ru) - friction. Rear lingual [k] and [g] alternate with hissing [h] and [zh]: neglect (neglect) - neglect, pound (pushing) - pounding.

Verbs of types III and IV. To form a verbal noun, either an infinitive stem is used, in which [y] - [ov`] alternate, or a past tense stem in - g with alternating [g] - [zh]. The first case is demonstrated by the following examples: arise - emergence, dare - boldness, disappear - disappearance. The second case includes: plunge - plunge, erupt - eruption, vomit - vomit.

Some verbs of types I, II and V form derivatives by cutting off the final and the stem: know - knowledge, fall - fall, rotate - rotation. Before the suffix they alternate: [b] - [b`], [v] - [v`], [d] - [d`], [s] - [s`], [t] - [t`], [ g] - [g], [p] - [pl`]. In the case of the verb read - reading there is an alternation of root vocalism [and] - [?]. The finals - ova - and - iva - of verb stems are absent in the following cases: worry - excitement, stretch - stretching etc. [GrSRLYa: 66]

Separate verbs of other types that form verbal nouns with this inflection: twirl - twirl, wash - ablution, forget - oblivion rot - decay, beat - beating, kill - murder e (obsolete).

Nouns with the morph - tij-

When forming verbal nouns with the morph - tij - verbs like:

I, 4-5: inflate - bloat, shed - shedding, sew - sewing;

VII, 2-3: live - life (life), sail - sailing, accept - acceptance;

IX: crucify - crucifixion, conceive - conception. In this case, there may be an irregular ratio of the bases: hug - hug, undertake - enterprise;

individual verbs of other types and subtypes and isolated verbs: bend - bend, to be - being, depart - departure;

The morph - anj - appears in formations motivated by verbs give And succeed: give - alms, succeed - success. Also, with verbs finish And endeavor with cutting off the final vowel of the infinitive stem: ending, diligence.

In nouns with the morph - иj- (-j-) the following act as motivators:

Verbs of types I and X with stems ending in - a, - and: have fun - fun, suffocate - suffocation, trust (entrust) - trust, communion - communion;

Verbs of type II, mainly nastvovat, in which the final -ova- is cut off: to be in distress - disaster, act - action, wander - wandering, parade - procession etc.[GrSRLYA: 67]

• A verbal noun (also a deverbative) in a number of inflected languages, including Russian, is a noun formed directly from a verb. Examples: walking (from walk), eating (from eat).

  In many semantic and syntactic properties, the verbal noun is close to a gerund (although it is believed that, say, there is no gerund in the Russian language).

  From one verbal stem it is possible to form two types of verbal nouns: deverbative of the action name - lat. nomen actionis (sowing, transformation, salvation) and name actor or sender of the action - lat. nomen agentis (sower, transformer, rescuer).

  IN German There are two types of verbal nouns: the substantivized infinitive, or “name of the process” (examples: sein - das Sein, schwimmen - das Schwimmen, etc.) and “name of the result” in -ung. Most verbs can form both the first and second forms; from “static” verbs, only the first form is usually formed; from “dynamic” verbs, both forms can be formed (the first has a more abstract meaning).

  In relation to oriental languages, the verbal noun is traditionally called “masdar” (Arabic: مصدر‎). It is the source of word formation according to the opinion of scientists of the Basri school of morphology. They argue this by saying that it only points to a certain concept or state. It is simpler and more elementary than a verb, which is burdened with a connection with time and the person of the actor. For example: شُكْرٌ غُفْرَانٌ “gratitude” - “ShuKRun” (the concept is not associated with time or with the figure), “forgiveness” - GuFRaanun (also there is not even a hint of an answer to the questions: “when?” and “who?”)

  Verbal nouns are widely used in various language styles:

  In socio-political and specialized literature as terms formed in various ways:

  using the suffix -ni-e (-ani-e, -eni-e), for example: concreting, loosening, denationalization, questioning, subtraction, addition, coordination, management;

  with the help suffix -k-a, for example: masonry, putty (process and result of the process); if there are options of both types (engraving - engraving, marking - marking, pressing - pressing, grinding - grinding), the first option has a more bookish character;

  in a suffix-free way, for example: fly-out, press, firing, measuring, dumping, in the presence of options (heating - heating, firing - burning, draining - draining) the forms on -nie retain a large degree of bookishness.

  In official business speech, for example: The nomination of candidates has begun; The negotiations ended with the establishment diplomatic relations; An agreement was reached to extend the agreement for the next five years; The request for leave has been granted.

  In the headlines, for example: Launch of the space complex; Showing new films; Presentation of orders and awards; Return to homeland. The usual formulation of plan items is phrases with a verbal noun as the main word.

VERBAL FORMATIONS

Words of different parts of speech formed from a verb stem. Verbal adverbs. Adverbs formed from gerunds that have lost their aspectual, tense and voice meanings. Lying, sitting, standing, playfully, sneaking.

Verbal prepositions, see verbal prepositions (preposition in the article).

Verbal adjectives.

1) Adjectives formed from a verb stem in a suffixal way, preserving only genetic connection with verbs. Tanning, copying, bathing, wedding, drying, sharpening (with the suffix -linen). Exclamatory, fortune-telling, desirable, selective, inventive, observant, approving, offensive, cool, irritable, common (with the suffix -telny). Seasoned, sluggish, burnt, belated, mature, icy, petrified, numb, faded, rotten, ripe (with the suffix -l-y, go back to Old Russian participles). Hanging, flammable, rattling, seething, prickly, lying, flying, standing, loose, walking (with the suffixes -ach- (-yach-), -uch- (-yuch-), go back to Old Russian participles).

2) Participial formations, i.e. participles that have lost aspectual and tense meanings, as well as verbal control (adjectival participles). Boiled, faceted, gifted, torn, fried, invited, frozen, wounded, torn, salted, dried (with the suffixes -i-, -en-). Excited, desirable, sophisticated, exhausted, skilled, devoted, confused, reserved, confident, moderate, intensified (with the suffixes -ni-, -enn-). Acceptable, replaceable, curable, fossil, unbearable, inaccessible, indelible, inimitable, waterproof, fireproof, unfading, tangible (with the suffixes -m-, -em-). Brilliant, defiant, vital, meaningful, beginning, suitable, stunning, coming, sparkling, threatening (with suffixes -ush-(-yush-), -ash- (yush-), sometimes complex formations). Fallen, passed (with the suffix -sh-). Beaten (turn of phrase), cracked (voice), inveterate (scoundrel), crumpled (suit), flattened (nose), stale (air), etc. (with the suffix -t-).

Verbal nouns. Nouns formed from verbal stems and denoting an objectified action (state, process), i.e., representing it in an abstract sense. Verbal nouns are formed:

a) in a non-affix way of word formation: import, swing, export, swim, heating, heating, roasting, threshing, catching, shooting, blowing up, transportation, truancy, rental, decay

b) by a suffixal method of word formation: renting, floundering, wandering, drilling, returning, speaking, rewarding, taking possession, providing, finishing, appearing, acquiring, scattering, managing, establishing (with the suffixes -n-e (-n-e), - ani-e, -eni-e)', shaving, swelling, taking, closing, washing, pressing, development (with the suffix -ti-e (-t-yo) - unproductive); cooking, pasting, carting, pouring, dressing, salting, cutting, laying, driving, breaking, cleaning, reading ( with-suffix -k-a); robbery, division, payment (with the suffix -hedgehog-); bombing, division, cramming, feeding (with the suffix -ezhk-a); threshing, shooting, carving, shooting, walking (with the suffix -b-a).

Verbal nouns are widely used in all styles of speech (scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial). They developed a variety of synonymous relationships (division - division, heating - heating, passage - penetration), especially between the words na -nie and -ka (cooking - cooking, uprooting - uprooting, melting - melting, cutting - cutting, grinding - grinding) . However, their use requires caution, since their lack of basic verbal categories can lead to ambiguity in the utterance. Wed : “On the agenda is the issue of implementing the plan” (it is not clear whether we will be talking about the results of implementation, about the progress of implementation, or about measures for its implementation). In language fiction Sometimes artificial formations are created and used as a technique of parodic stylization to resemble clerical speech. Equally prohibited are gouging out eyes and biting off the nose. . . removal of the head (Saltykov-Shchedrin). The provincial government, having received this report, entered into this kind of reasoning: since the flying in and breaking of glass by a crow shows clear negligence on the part of the persons whose supervision the public places are directly subject to, then assign the amount spent to the perpetrators... (Pisemsky). The killing occurred due to drowning (Chekhov).

Dictionary of linguistic terms. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of words and what VERBAL FORMATIONS are in the Russian language in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• EDUCATION
  FOR LEGAL ENTITIES THE PROCEDURE IS EXPLICITLY-NORMATIVE - see THE EXPLICITLY-NORMATIVE PROCEDURE FOR FORMATION OF LEGAL ENTITIES...
• EDUCATION in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  STATE-LIKE - see QUASI-STATES ...
• ZURABASHVILI VERBAL-SEMANTIC EXPERIMENT V Explanatory dictionary psychiatric terms:
  (Zurabashvili A.D., 1955). Modification of the associative experiment, taking into account the ontogenetic development of speech signaling. Includes the following variants of the associative experiment, reflecting various evolutionary-dynamic stages...
• HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , highest level vocational education; level of qualifications in the specialty obtained at higher education institutions educational institutions(universities) on the basis of complete secondary education, ...
• HAUSA (LANGUAGE)
  language of the Hausa people. Distributed in Northern Nigeria and adjacent areas of Niger, as well as in Cameroon, Dahomey, Ghana and some ...
• FRANCE
• FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY in Bolshoi Soviet encyclopedia, TSB.
• UNIVERSITIES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (from Latin universitas v totality, community), higher educational and scientific institutions that train specialists in a set of disciplines that make up the fundamentals scientific knowledge. Story …
• UKRAINIAN SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR (Ukrainian Radyanska Socialistichna Respublika), Ukraine (Ukraine). I. General information The Ukrainian SSR was founded on December 25, 1917. With the creation...
• NOUN in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  part of speech, a class of full-valued words (lexemes), which includes the names of objects and animate beings and can appear in a sentence...
• USSR. SOCIAL SCIENCE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  sciences Philosophy Being an integral part of world philosophy, the philosophical thought of the peoples of the USSR has traveled a long and complex historical path. In spiritual...
• USSR. PUBLIC EDUCATION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  education The development of culture and education of the peoples of the USSR has a long history. Back in the 4th-5th centuries. in Georgia and Armenia at churches...
• USSR. NATURAL SCIENCES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  Science Mathematics Scientific research in the field of mathematics began to be carried out in Russia in the 18th century, when Leningrad became members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences...
• SECONDARY SCHOOL in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  a comprehensive school, an educational institution aimed at providing students with systematized knowledge of the fundamentals of science, as well as the relevant skills and abilities that are necessary ...
• UNITED STATES OF AMERICA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  States of America (USA). I. General information The USA is a state in North America. Area 9.4 million...
• SEMITIC LANGUAGES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  languages, one of the branches of the Afroasiatic, or Semito-Hamitic, family of languages. Distributed in Arab countries (Iraq, Kuwait, states on the southern coast of the Persian...
• SELISH LANGUAGES in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  languages, Salish (Salish) languages, a group of closely related American Indian languages ​​(Chehalis, Skomish, Kalispell, Bella Coola, Coeur d'Alene, etc. - about ...
• RUSSIAN SOVIET FEDERAL SOCIALIST REPUBLIC, RSFSR in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• PRETEXT in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  a category of function words (or function part of speech) used in many languages ​​(for example, Indo-European, Semitic) to express various relationships between dependent...
• PEDAGOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (Greek: paidagogike), the science of specially organized, purposeful and systematic activities for the formation of a person, about the content, forms and methods of upbringing, education...
• MORPHOLOGY in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (from the Greek morphe - form and...logy), part of the natural language system that ensures the construction and understanding of its word forms; ...
• CHINA in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB.
• HIGHER EDUCATION in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  education, a set of systematized knowledge and practical skills that allow solving theoretical and practical problems according to the training profile, using and creatively developing...
• ASSYRIAN (NEW SYRIAN) LANGUAGE in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
  (New Syrian) language, the general name of modern Eastern Aramaic dialects (Urmi, Salamas, Jilu, Tiari, Mosul, etc.), belonging to the family of Semito-Hamitic languages. On...
• ELEMENTARY EDUCATION V Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron.
• PASSIVE VOICE
  (gram.) - voice (see), indicating that the subject is the bearer of the action expressed by the verb, the starting point of which lies outside the subject. In S....
• PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  This term was first used by the French Minister of Public Education Durui, who in a circular on the transformation of secondary education (1863) proposed two...
• in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  I Contents: I. Primary public education in general. II. Primary public education abroad: Austria-Hungary, England, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Holland, Denmark, ...
• VERB in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  A verb is a part of speech in Indo-European languages ​​that means an unstable quality or property of an object (like an adjective and a noun), but, on the contrary, a well-known ...
• UNIVERSITY EXTENSION in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  this is the name of the movement towards democratization higher education, which began in the second half of the 19th century. in England and America and spread to...
• ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
• UNIVERSITY in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
• THERMOCHEMISTRY
  ? department of chemistry dealing with transformations internal energy bodies in heat at chemical processes. Almost every chemical reaction related to...
• PASSIVE VOICE in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  (grams) ? voice (see), indicating that the subject is the bearer of the action expressed by the verb, the starting point of which lies outside the subject. In S....
• PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
• PRIMARY PUBLIC EDUCATION in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.
• ROCKS in the Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron.

Verbal noun (Verbal noun) – special kind, characteristic of many languages. In Russian these are nouns such as running(from run), singing(from sing) and others. These nouns are formed either by truncation (run-run), or in a suffix way (singing-singing).

Verbs and verbal nouns are two parts of speech that have a procedural connotation in their semantics (meaning): a verb denotes an action, process or lack of action, and a verbal noun means the result of an action.

1. Formation of verbal nouns

Verbal nouns have different ways of formation. The first and most productive of them is adding inflection – ing to the verb stem:

A verbal noun is usually translated by a noun and/or subordinate clause:

He’s got that silly slighting way of talking.He has a disgusting way of speaking.

The second method of formation is affixal, that is, adding a suffix or, conversely, truncation it. Accordingly, this method there are two subspecies:

1) affix

2) affixless

Pay attention to the following examples of verbal nouns and verbs:

The company made an increase in prices.The company raised prices.

What an insult! I was so angry with his words!What an insult! I was so angry at his words!

Don't insult me! I'm your boss!Don't insult me! I'm your boss!

I was made redundant, so I have to make do with bargains from sales.I got laid off, so I have to buy on sales.

Be carefully: that drug may contain poisons. Caution: This medicine may contain poisons.

My friend Stacy asked me to organize her wedding.My friend Nastya asked me to organize her wedding.

This organization isn't’ t reliable. This company is not reliable.

1. Gerund and verbal noun

Verbal nouns- these are nouns that are formed from verbal stems, they denote an objectified action (process, state) and represent it in an abstract sense.

Verbal nouns are formed :

—in an affix-free way education:

Removal; walking; catching; swimming; heating.

—suffix way:

Awarding;drilling;collecting;wandering;laying;pouring;cleaning;threshing;shooting; ba;hotba.

Verbal nouns are used in all styles of speech:

Scientific; conversational; journalistic; official business.

The most important difference between verbal nouns is that they denote not an object, but a process. Sometimes such nouns also include the source of this action, for example, amplifier (from the verb to strengthen).

Such a noun can be raised to a verb.

So, the processes:

• walk - take a walk
• accommodation - to live
• establishment - establish
• connection - connect

• First, about the concept itself: verbal nouns are those entities that are derived/formed from verbs and, as a result, denote some kind of action.

  They can be distinguished by the suffixes with which they are formed. These are the following suffixes: -chik-//-schik-, -tel-, -zn-, -ish-, -nii-//-eniy-.

  Examples of verbal nouns:

  • loader (to load);
  • imagination (to imagine);
  • contemplation (to contemplate);
  • listener (listen);
  • accommodation (to reside);
  • inspection (inspect).

• Verbal nouns are nouns formed from verbs using a suffix (for example, improvement (suffix -eny-) from improve) or without a suffix (for example, departure from fly out) and denoting a phenomenon as an action, process.

  Verbal nouns (so-called deverbatives) are those nouns that are formed from verbs or directly related to verbs. There is a direct lexical relationship between such nouns and verbs that have the same root as them.

  There is no point in memorizing a list of suffixes and endings that we may encounter in verbal nouns. This is both difficult and illogical.

  A much better way is to understand the meaning of the word and understand if it has cognate (related) verbs.

  For example.

  1. Shot. It's a noun. Is it verbal or not? There are verbs shoot and shoot. The latter is the starting morphological point that we need. The word shot can be considered a verbal word.
  2. Mother. Mommy. Mommy. There are no verbs to mother, to mother. Nouns are not verbal.
  3. Carrot. Carrot. There are no verbs: carrot or carrot. Therefore, carrot is not a verbal noun. Just like carrots. See how simple it is? There are no signs of a verbal process in carrots and there cannot be.

  The question may arise: How can you find out whether a noun arose from a verb or a verb from a noun? When defining verbal nouns, this is not so important. We will not consider the entire etymological chain. If only these two parts of speech were close neighbors of this chain.

  Verbal or deverbatives, we call nouns derived from verbs that have the meaning of objectified action. The deverbative, as a rule, can be completely replaced by a descriptive verb phrase:

  • the entrance is the place where one enters;
  • a bookmark is an item that is pawned;
  • we call coercion a process directly related to the verb to coerce;
  • decision is the process or result of the action of the verb decide.

  In Russian deverbatives are formed as follows:

  1) using a wide variety of suffixes (suffixal method):

  • -TEL- with the meaning of the producer of the action: to educate the educator; cast a spell; listen listener; undertake entrepreneur;
  • -CHIK- (-CHIK-) with the meaning of the producer of the action: defector to run across; load loader; saw sawyer (note that some of these words are formed from nouns: buoy buoy; lantern lamplighter);
  • -L- with meanings of both the producer of the action and the process: throw a throw; imagine imagined; catch catching; poison bickering;
  • -TO-: forge forging; hint hint; embroider embroidery;
  • -B-: fight fight; mow mowing; drive; chase;
  • -OTN-, -N-: run around; gnawing gnawing;
  • -ISCH-: escape shelter; moor shelter; to ashes (book) ashes;
  • -OK-: add makeweight; give a gift; bite a stub;
  • -ZN-: live life, fear fear; to have a disease;
  • -ACII-: integrate integration; urbanize urbanization;
  • -NIY-, -ENIY-: survey questionnaire; rearrange the arrangement;
  • -TIY-: curse curse; take taking, be - being.

  (I note that the last sound of the suffixes -ATSIY-, -NIY-, -ENIY-, -TIY- is in the letter E, only the second sound designated by it is an inflectional ending);

  2) suffixless way of word formation:

  • view view;
  • to raid;
  • retell retelling, etc.

  So, together they help us distinguish deverbatives from other nouns. general meaning grammatical (objective action), and suffixes. But they cannot be distinguished by suffixes alone, since in the language there are homonym suffixes, for example, the diminutive -OK- and the augmentative ISH- form nouns from nouns (sometimes verbal ones): cart; move walker; cold chill; house house, watermelon watermelon.

  Verbal nouns- a term that has a self-explanatory name. It is easy to conclude that such nouns are formed from a verb. They have a lexical meaning associated with the process of action itself, its result, part refers to the person who performs the action, etc.

  Basically, the names of such materialized actions are formed using suffixes, for example:

  send - sending;

  reforge - reforging;

  whitewash - whitewash;

  dwell - dwelling;

  delight - admiration.

  And these nouns denote a process or its result:

  salt - pickling - pickling;

  cook - boil - jam;

  smoke - smoking - smoking;

  inlay - inlay.

  I will find many verbal nouns formed with the help of suffixes among the words naming a person by profession, occupation, hobby:

  run - run un,

  swim - pilaf ec,

  instruct - instruct op,

  stage - stage box,

  interview - interview er.

  A huge layer of Russian vocabulary belongs to verbal nouns formed with the help of the invisible morpheme - the zero suffix.

  The suffix(s) are cut off from the generating stem of the verb as unnecessary, and using the zero suffix the following nouns are obtained:

  alloy - alloy;

  exchange - exchange;

  rest - rest;

  sunbathe - tan;

  frighten - fright;

  prick - prick;

  trade - bargaining;

  scold - scold.

  Verbal nouns can be formed from verbs using various suffixes or formed in a suffixless way.

  Examples of suffixes:

  Build -> Builder.

  Stab -> Kolschik.

  These 2 suffixes are directly used to form a noun, which denotes an object that performs a particular action. That is, if there is some action ( expressed by a verb), that is, the person who performs this action.

  Mock -> Mockery. Spend the night -> Overnight.

  Examples suffixless formation of verbal nouns:

  Run -> Run.

  Sunbathe -> Tan.

  Verbal nouns are nouns formed from a verb, which is clearly understood from the names of these nouns.

  How can you tell whether a noun is derived from a verb, or, conversely, whether a verb is derived from a noun? This is not difficult, since nouns formed from verbs denote not an abstract object, but an action, a process of action.

  For comparison: break - breaking (a process, the noun is clearly verbal) and print - print (print is an independent word, denotes an object, here it is immediately clear that this verb is derived from a noun, and the verb has also lost part of the meaning of the noun: printing is not necessary in print, or on a typewriter, or on a computer).

  Other examples of verbal nouns:

  Measuring, knowing, climbing, cooking, etc.

  Verbal nouns are those formed from verbs. They denote objectified action.

  Verbal nouns are often used in official business speech. They make the text heavier and give a bureaucratic touch. Examples of such nouns: payment, condition, disposal, implementation, questioning, agreement, management, nomination, renewal, provision, writing, application, establishment, arrival, avoidance, maintenance, replenishment.

  You need to use such verbs carefully, they introduce ambiguity.

  Example: The meeting will focus on implementing the plan. It is not clear what we will be talking about - the results, progress or implementation activities.

  Verbal nouns are also called mazdar. They exist not only in Russian.