Learning syntax causes certain difficulties, which is primarily due to the variety of structures and concepts. differs by the presence of several predicative parts that can be independent. This is a compound sentence. Or they can be dependent and main - this is a complex sentence. In the article we're talking about about SPP with attributive clauses.

Complex sentence with subordinate connection of parts

Sentences, where one part is main and the other dependent, can be different in their structure and in the meaning of the subordinate parts. If the subordinate part of the NGN responds to cases, then this is an explanatory part. For example:

• Peter claimed that he was not at the meeting.
• Catherine understood why they were doing this work.
• The cat knew that she would be punished for her antics.

In cases where a question of circumstance is asked to the subordinate clause, this is a sentence. For example:

• They met in the park after the demonstration ended.
• Since a storm began, the boat trip had to be postponed.
• Maxim was where his friends lived.

For SPPs with attributive clauses, the question “which” is asked. For example:

This bird, which has flown over the sea several times, is called a loon.

The boy, whose parents worked at a facility in Sochi, showed excellent results in sports.

The estate, which is located within the reserve, is a museum.

Punctuation in NGN

What punctuation marks are used in a complex sentence? In Russian grammar, it is customary to separate the main clause from the subordinate clause with commas. In most cases, it precedes a conjunction or is a member of a sentence; you can ask a question to it): " The tourists stopped for the night in a tent camp because they still had a long way to go to the mountains."

There are many examples when a comma is placed at the end of the main part, but not before a conjunction/conjunctive word (this is especially often observed in SPPs with attributive clauses): " The path to the source lay through a gorge, the location of which was known to few."

In cases where the subordinate clause is located in the middle of the main clause, commas are placed on both sides of the dependent clause: " The house they moved into was larger and brighter."

Punctuation marks are placed according to the same syntactic rules: after each part there is a comma (most often before conjunctions/conjunctive words). For example: " When the full moon rose, the children saw the mysterious splashing of sea waves, the sounds of which they had heard for a long time."

Subordinate clause

• The attributive dependent part reveals some characteristics of the word indicated in the main part. Such a subordinate clause is comparable to a simple definition: " It was a wonderful day"/ "It turned out to be a day that we had been dreaming about for a long time." The difference is not only syntactic, but also semantic: if definitions name the object directly, then the subordinate part draws the object through the situation. With the help of allied words, SPPs with subordinate attributive clauses are added. Example sentences:

• The car that Maria bought in Japan was reliable and economical.
• Misha brought apples from the orchard, where pears and plums also grew.
• The father showed tickets to Venice, where the whole family will go in September.

At the same time, there are allied words that are basic for such sentences: “which”, “whose”, “which”. Others are considered non-essential: “where”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “from where”.

Features of the subordinate clause

Having briefly described the main characteristics of the structures, we can make a short summary of “SPP with a subordinate attributive”. The main features of such proposals are revealed below:

Pronominal-defining sentences

From SPPs with subordinate attributives, where the dependent part refers to a noun with a demonstrative pronoun, it is necessary to distinguish those that depend on the demonstrative pronoun itself. Such sentences are called pronominal attributive sentences. For comparison: " Those who have not passed will not be allowed to take the test. laboratory work"/ "Those students who have not passed the laboratory work will not be allowed to take the test." The first sentence is pronominal-definitive, since in it the subordinate part depends on the demonstrative pronoun “that”, which cannot be removed from the sentence. In the second sentence, the dependent clause refers to the noun “students”, which has a demonstrative pronoun “those” and can be omitted, therefore it is a attributive clause.

Exercises on the topic

The “SPP with subordinate attributive” test will help to consolidate the theoretical information presented above.

1. Which sentence contains an IPP with a subordinate clause?

a) Yegor was informed about what had happened late, which he did not like.

b) Due to the fact that the meeting was delayed, the lawyer was late for the meeting.

c) The grove, where many birches grew, attracted mushroom pickers after the rain.

d) The sea was calm when they reached the shore.

2. Find a pronominal attribute among the sentences.

a) He has not yet been seen as he was yesterday at the meeting.

b) The city that appeared on the horizon was Beirut.

c) Everyone liked the idea that came into his head.

d) The school her sister went to was in another city.

3. In which answer option does the subordinate part break the main part?

a) He will not understand Pushkin who has not read him with his soul.

b) The water in the river, which was located on the outskirts of the city, was cold.

c) His friend, whom he met at the conference, was invited to his birthday.

d) Vasily called the doctor, whose number was given by Daria Nikolaevna.

4. Indicate the subordinate clause.

a) He knew where the cargo was delivered from.

b) The country where he came from was in the center of Africa.

c) Where Mikhail came from was known only to his father.

d) She went to the window from where the voices were coming.

5. Indicate a sentence with a pronominal clause.

a) The street that ran parallel to the avenue was the oldest in the city.

b) The one in the yellow suit turned out to be Ipatov’s wife.

c) The girl that Nikolai met in the park was a friend of his sister.

d) Lydia was attracted by the song that the children performed on stage.

Difficult to subordinate called offer, parts of which are grammatically unequal and are connected by subordinating conjunctions or allied words.

Part complex sentence, subordinating the subordinate clause is called main sentence . A part of a complex sentence that is syntactically dependent on another is called subordinate clause . The main and subordinate clauses are interconnected: they are united by meaning and construction.

Complex sentences include the main thing and one or more subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are subordinate to the main clause and answer the questions of the members of the sentence.

The subordinate clause can appear after the main clause, in the middle of it, or before it.

For example: You should only read those books who teach to understand the meaning of life, the desires of people and the motives of their actions. (M. Gorky.) The branches of the trees seemed shaggy and, when the breeze came, made a slight noise with the first green noise. (G. Skrebnitsky.) If the language weren't more poetic n, there would be no art of words - poetry. (S. Marshak.)

The place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main clause can be depicted graphically:

[=], (which =).

[-= and, (when --), =].

(If - =), [=]

Subordinate clauses are separated from the main clause by commas. If the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause, it is separated by commas on both sides.

If there are several subordinate clauses in a complex sentence, then they can explain not only the main clause, but also each other.

For example: 1) When in my hands new book , I feel, that something living, speaking, wonderful had entered my life.(M. Gorky.) 2) Painting is also important because that the artist often notices what we do not see at all.(K. Paustovsky.)

In the first complex sentence, the main clause is explained by two subordinate clauses. In the second complex sentence, the main clause is Painting is also important because; first clause - what the artist often notices is - explains the main thing, and itself is explained by the second subordinate clause - what we don't see at all .

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words in complex sentences

Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause (or to another subordinate clause) by subordinating conjunctions (simple and compound) or allied words (relative pronouns), which are presented in the table:

Subordinating conjunctions are not members of the subordinate clause, but serve only to attach subordinate clauses to the main or other subordinate clause.

For example: It’s bitter to think that life will pass without grief and without happiness, in the bustle of daily worries.(I. Bunin.)

Conjunctive words not only attach subordinate clauses to the main clause (or other subordinate clause), but are also members of subordinate clauses.

For example: In autumn, birds fly to places where it is always warm. I don't know why he did it.

In these sentences the connecting words Where And For what are circumstances.

The conjunction word requires special comment which. It can act as different members of a sentence: subject, predicate, inconsistent definition, circumstances and additions. To determine the syntactic function of a conjunctive word which, you need to find out which word of the main sentence it replaces, substitute it in place of the allied word and determine which member of the subordinate clause it is.

For example: Village, which located on the river bank, very beautiful. In this sentence there is a conjunctive word that refers to the noun village. If you substitute the word village in a subordinate clause, you get: Village located on the shore. In this sentence the word village performs the function of the subject, therefore, in the subordinate part of the original sentence there is a conjunctive word which is also subject.

Compare: The lake we approached turned out to be clean and deep. “I met a man whom I had not seen for a long time.

Some of the allied words turn out to be homonymous to unions, that is, in some cases they act as unions, and in others - as allied words.

To distinguish a conjunction from an allied word, you must remember:

1) in some cases the conjunction can be omitted, but the conjunction word cannot:

For example: Tanya says that the grass grows at night. (V. Belov.) - Tanya says: “The grass grows at night”;

2) a union can only be replaced by another union.

For example: When (if) work is pleasure, life is good.(M. Gorky.)

3) A conjunctive word can only be replaced by a conjunctive word or those words from the main sentence to which the subordinate clause relates,

For example: Remember the songs that the nightingale sang.(I. Bunin.)

Word What is a conjunctive word, since it cannot be omitted, but can be replaced with a conjunctive word which ( Remember the songs that the nightingale sang) and the words of the song ( Remember the songs: the nightingale sang these songs).

The ability to distinguish between conjunctions and allied words is necessary for the correct intonation of a sentence, since often allied words are the semantic center, they are highlighted by logical stress.

What, how And When can be both conjunctions and allied words

To distinguish these allied words and conjunctions, you should remember that:

1) for allied words What And How logical stress usually falls;

2) you can ask a semantic question about them and determine which member of the sentence they are;

3) they cannot be removed from the sentence without violating the meaning, but they can be replaced with synonymous allied words.

Compare: I knew our house needed renovation. - I knew: our house needed repairs.

House, What standing opposite, in need of renovation. - The house opposite is in need of renovation.

When distinguishing between a union word and a conjunction When you should rely on the meaning of the subordinate parts. In subordinate clauses and often in subordinate clauses When is a conjunctive word, in all other cases When- union:

For example: I remember well the day we met. Nobody knew when he appeared in our city. When the snowstorm ends, you can go for a walk.

The role of demonstrative words in the subordination of sentences

Indicative words can sometimes be used in the main part of a complex sentence that, such, all, everyone, no one, there, then etc.

The role of demonstrative words in the organization of complex sentences is not the same.

Firstly , they may be structurally necessary (sentence with this subordinate clause cannot be built without them).

For example: I'm the one no one loves. The inclusion of correlative words necessary for the structure of a sentence is mandatory for the structural diagram of such NGNs:

Secondly , correlative words can be optional, their role in the sentence in this case is intensifying and emphatic (correlative words can be omitted without loss of meaning):

He remembered that man which I was visiting Petrov.

Demonstrative words are members of the main sentence.

Features of joining subordinate clauses to the main one

The subordinate clause is attached by conjunctions and allied words to the entire main sentence, but the meaning of the subordinate clause explains:

- one word (one member of the main sentence);

For example: The village where Evgeniy was bored was a charming place. (A. Pushkin.) I guessed a long time ago that we are kindred at heart. (A. Fet.) Having loaded the rifle, Andrei again rose above the pile of stones, wondering where to shoot. (M. Bubennov.);

- phrase;

For example: She was standing there fabulous silence, which comes with frost. (P. Pavlenko.) And for a long time I'll be so kind as to I am the people that I awakened good feelings with my lyre... (A. Pushkin.) These snows glowed with a ruddy shine so fun, so bright, that, it seems, he would have stayed here forever. (M. Lermontov.);

- all the main proposal: The house stood on a slope, so the windows to the garden were very low to the ground. (S. Aksakov.) The darker the night became, the brighter the sky became brighter. (K. Paustovsky.)

. The subordinating connection in such a sentence is determined by the dependence of one part on the other, that is main part presupposes the obligatory continuation of thought. The subordinate clause is subordinate to the main clause and answers the questions of the sentence. For example: "I know who did it". Both parts of a complex sentence are connected by conjunctions and allied words. In this example there is a conjunctive word Who. The subordinate part can be located before the main part, inside it, or follow it. Sometimes a complex sentence may have several subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause is separated from the main clause by commas. If the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main one, then it is separated by commas on both sides (for example, He imagines that he will be leaving tomorrow for quite a long time.).

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✪ Complex sentence. Punctuation marks in complex sentences| Russian language

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History of the study

The question of a complex sentence almost always boiled down to the question of the nature of the subordinate clause and its types. The term “subordinate clause” was first used in the 19th century in the works of A. Kh. Vostokov and N. I. Grech. Later, I. I. Davydov proposed a classification that is close to today, including additional (explanatory), attributive and adverbial clauses. The question was further developed thanks to the works of F.I. Buslaev. He made attempts to classify adverbial subordinate clauses.

Among the grammarians who examined subordinate clauses, E. F. Budde, V. A. Bogoroditsky, A. M. Peshkovsky, L. A. Bulakhovsky, A. B. Shapiro and I. G. Cherednichenko should be especially highlighted. The structural-semantic principle in the consideration of subordinate clauses was used by S. E. Kryuchkov and L. Yu. Maksimov. This principle (as opposed to the functional-semantic one) allows us to give more full description sentence, since he considers what and how the sentence is attached, taking into account the semantic relationships of the two parts of the complex sentence.

Species

Types of subordinate clauses

Subordinate clauses are classified into explanatory, attributive, adverbial and connecting clauses. The first ones answer the question more often Who? or What?, they are characterized by conjunctions and allied words: who, what, how, when, why and so on. The latter answer the question more often Which? and have conjunctions and allied words which, which, which, which, which.

Adverbial clauses are divided into sentences:

• by purpose ( why?, for what purpose?),
• places ( from where?, where?, where?),
• time ( when?, what time?),
• reasons ( why?, why?),
• conditions ( under what conditions?, in what case?),
• course of action ( how?, how?),
• comparisons ( How? how much?),
• concessions ( no matter what? in spite of what?).

There are also subordinate clauses of consequence and connecting clauses.

Types with several subordinate clauses

Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses are divided into the following types:

• WITH consistent submission - the first subordinate part is subordinate to the main one, and each subsequent one is subordinate to the previous subordinate part.
• With homogeneous subordination- subordinate clauses refer to one word in the main part or to the entire main part.
• With parallel subordination(or heterogeneous) - different types of subordinate clauses are subordinated either to the entire main clause or to different parts of the main clause.

Difficult to subordinate called offer, parts of which are grammatically unequal and are connected by subordinating conjunctions or allied words.

Part complex sentence, subordinating the subordinate clause is called main sentence . A part of a complex sentence that is syntactically dependent on another is called subordinate clause . The main and subordinate clauses are interconnected: they are united by meaning and construction.

Complex sentences include a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are subordinate to the main clause and answer the questions of the members of the sentence.

The subordinate clause can appear after the main clause, in the middle of it, or before it.

For example: You should only read those books who teach to understand the meaning of life, the desires of people and the motives of their actions. (M. Gorky.) The branches of the trees seemed shaggy and, when the breeze came, made a slight noise with the first green noise. (G. Skrebnitsky.) If the language weren't more poetic n, there would be no art of words - poetry. (S. Marshak.)

The place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main clause can be depicted graphically:

[=], (which =).

[-= and, (when --), =].

(If - =), [=]

Subordinate clauses are separated from the main clause by commas. If the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause, it is separated by commas on both sides.

If there are several subordinate clauses in a complex sentence, then they can explain not only the main clause, but also each other.

For example: 1) When I have a new book in my hands, I feel, that something living, speaking, wonderful had entered my life.(M. Gorky.) 2) Painting is also important because that the artist often notices what we do not see at all.(K. Paustovsky.)

In the first complex sentence, the main clause is explained by two subordinate clauses. In the second complex sentence, the main clause is Painting is also important because; first clause - what the artist often notices is - explains the main thing, and itself is explained by the second subordinate clause - what we don't see at all .

Subordinating conjunctions and allied words in complex sentences

Subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause (or to another subordinate clause) by subordinating conjunctions (simple and compound) or allied words (relative pronouns), which are presented in the table:

Subordinating conjunctions are not members of the subordinate clause, but serve only to attach subordinate clauses to the main or other subordinate clause.

For example: It’s bitter to think that life will pass without grief and without happiness, in the bustle of daily worries.(I. Bunin.)

Conjunctive words not only attach subordinate clauses to the main clause (or other subordinate clause), but are also members of subordinate clauses.

For example: In autumn, birds fly to places where it is always warm. I don't know why he did it.

In these sentences the connecting words Where And For what are circumstances.

The conjunction word requires special comment which. It can act as different members of a sentence: subject, predicate, inconsistent definition, adverbial and complement. To determine the syntactic function of a conjunctive word which, you need to find out which word of the main sentence it replaces, substitute it in place of the allied word and determine which member of the subordinate clause it is.

For example: Village, which located on the river bank, very beautiful. In this sentence there is a conjunctive word that refers to the noun village. If you substitute the word village in a subordinate clause, you get: Village located on the shore. In this sentence the word village performs the function of the subject, therefore, in the subordinate part of the original sentence there is a conjunctive word which is also subject.

Compare: The lake we approached turned out to be clean and deep. “I met a man whom I had not seen for a long time.

Some of the allied words turn out to be homonymous to unions, that is, in some cases they act as unions, and in others - as allied words.

To distinguish a conjunction from an allied word, you must remember:

1) in some cases the conjunction can be omitted, but the conjunction word cannot:

For example: Tanya says that the grass grows at night. (V. Belov.) - Tanya says: “The grass grows at night”;

2) a union can only be replaced by another union.

For example: When (if) work is pleasure, life is good.(M. Gorky.)

3) A conjunctive word can only be replaced by a conjunctive word or those words from the main sentence to which the subordinate clause relates,

For example: Remember the songs that the nightingale sang.(I. Bunin.)

Word What is a conjunctive word, since it cannot be omitted, but can be replaced with a conjunctive word which ( Remember the songs that the nightingale sang) and the words of the song ( Remember the songs: the nightingale sang these songs).

The ability to distinguish between conjunctions and allied words is necessary for the correct intonation of a sentence, since often allied words are the semantic center, they are highlighted by logical stress.

What, how And When can be both conjunctions and allied words

To distinguish these allied words and conjunctions, you should remember that:

1) for allied words What And How logical stress usually falls;

2) you can ask a semantic question about them and determine which member of the sentence they are;

3) they cannot be removed from the sentence without violating the meaning, but they can be replaced with synonymous allied words.

Compare: I knew our house needed renovation. - I knew: our house needed repairs.

House, What standing opposite, in need of renovation. - The house opposite is in need of renovation.

When distinguishing between a union word and a conjunction When you should rely on the meaning of the subordinate parts. In subordinate clauses and often in subordinate clauses When is a conjunctive word, in all other cases When- union:

For example: I remember well the day we met. Nobody knew when he appeared in our city. When the snowstorm ends, you can go for a walk.

The role of demonstrative words in the subordination of sentences

Indicative words can sometimes be used in the main part of a complex sentence that, such, all, everyone, no one, there, then etc.

The role of demonstrative words in the organization of complex sentences is not the same.

Firstly , they may be constructively necessary (a sentence with a given subordinate clause cannot be constructed without them).

For example: I'm the one no one loves. The inclusion of correlative words necessary for the structure of a sentence is mandatory for the structural diagram of such NGNs:

Secondly , correlative words can be optional, their role in the sentence in this case is intensifying and emphatic (correlative words can be omitted without loss of meaning):

He remembered that man which I was visiting Petrov.

Demonstrative words are members of the main sentence.

Features of joining subordinate clauses to the main one

The subordinate clause is attached by conjunctions and allied words to the entire main sentence, but the meaning of the subordinate clause explains:

- one word (one member of the main sentence);

For example: The village where Evgeniy was bored was a charming place. (A. Pushkin.) I guessed a long time ago that we are kindred at heart. (A. Fet.) Having loaded the rifle, Andrei again rose above the pile of stones, wondering where to shoot. (M. Bubennov.);

- phrase;

For example: She was standing there fabulous silence, which comes with frost. (P. Pavlenko.) And for a long time I'll be so kind as to I am the people that I awakened good feelings with my lyre... (A. Pushkin.) These snows glowed with a ruddy shine so fun, so bright, that, it seems, he would have stayed here forever. (M. Lermontov.);

- all the main proposal: The house stood on a slope, so the windows to the garden were very low to the ground. (S. Aksakov.) The darker the night became, the brighter the sky became brighter. (K. Paustovsky.)

In the Russian language, it is customary to divide sentences into simple ones, which include one grammatical basis, and complex ones, which include several subjects and predicates that are not homogeneous members. In grade 9, the program involves studying various types of complex sentences. These include complex sentences (examples of which will be given below), as well as complex and non-union sentences. At the beginning of the course, we study in detail what BSC is in Russian (Compound Sentence).

BSC classification

As the name of the term suggests, a compound sentence is called complex sentence With coordinating connection, which can be expressed using coordinating conjunctions or some particles. Unlike phrases where it is used subordinating connection and one part of the sentence is dependent (that is, it cannot be used separately from the main one), in the SSP both parts are equal. Below is a table with examples of compound and complex sentences from works.

The coordinating connection in a sentence can take on the following meanings:

1. Connective relations are used in cases where it is necessary to show the sequence of two actions or to emphasize their simultaneity: The clock showed midnight And There was finally silence in the house. Communication is formed through alliances And, Yes,Also, Same and some particles: neither... nor.
2. Relationships between parts of a sentence can be divisive when it is necessary to indicate a change of events, their alternation or comparison: Not that he imagined not that and in fact, something bright flashed in the sky. In this case the conjunction is used or, as well as various repeating particles: either... or,not that... not that and others.
3. Comparative relations are used to draw attention to the identity of two parts of the BSC using namely or that is: I'm very afraid of heights namely The roofs of multi-story buildings and endlessly long flights of stairs scare me.
4. Explanatory relations include various kinds of specification, clarification, expressed in words A, But,which means, and also etc.: Everything was fine in the country house, But The roof leaked a little.
5. Gradational relationships are those relationships in the BSC that involve further development: If not It will be possible to finish the construction by the end of the week, then at least you will already have done half the work. Conjunctions are used for communication not only that... also, not only... but also, not to say that... but and others.

In addition, comparative relations are sometimes divided into 3 more small categories, which include comparative relations themselves (this includes phrases with conjunctions oh yeah), adversatives (to express inconsistency using ah, but) and concessional (using only).

Types of coordinating conjunctions

To connect grammatical bases, auxiliary parts of speech are used - conjunctions and, in some cases, particles. Unions in the SSP usually divided into three categories:

• connecting: and, yes and, too;
• separating: either, not that... not that, or;
• adversative: however, but, but, but.

In addition, complex conjunctions differ in their composition. Most of them consist of one or two words ( yes, also, but, or, but) and is used only in one part of the SSP:

We wouldn't make it until sunset Yes comrades came to the rescue.

However, double conjunctions are also distinguished, which are used in both parts of the phrase ( not only... but also, either... or, or... or):

Or Tomorrow there will be a thunderstorm with heavy rain, or It will be hot all day.

Conjunctions in the SSP are usually found at the beginning of the second part of the sentence (or at the beginning of both parts, if we are talking about a double conjunction). Exceptions are too, also and particle same, which can be located in the middle of a phrase:

January turned out to be unusually warm, February Same I was in no hurry to please the guys with snow.

The location of the conjunction in the phrase and the type to which it belongs must be known in order to correctly place punctuation marks (if necessary).

Basic rules of punctuation

As with all other types of complex sentences, most often in SSP it is necessary to separate one part from the other by using a comma before the coordinating conjunction or particle.

We could have arrived today, but unexpected circumstances prevented our plans.

Either Pavel did not receive her message, or there were problems on the line again.

However, it is important to remember that coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. In such cases, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basics and understand whether the subjects and predicates are homogeneous, as in the following simple sentence:

Bees or wasps often fly into your apartment in the summer and can sting someone.

In addition, punctuation in BSC is not limited to commas. Some phrases use punctuation marks that are more typical of a non-union connection.

Semicolon and dash

In some cases, other punctuation marks should be used instead of a comma. If a sentence is very common (it has participles or participial phrases, introductory words, a large number of homogeneous members) and there are already commas inside, you should separate one part of the phrase from the other using a semicolon:

The guys went to the pond, despite the beginning of rain, visited their neighbor, and walked along an abandoned forest path; but only in the evening they were allowed to go home.

In situations where one part of the BSC is sharply opposed to another or when the second part is a consequence of the first, a dash must be placed between them:

A blow and he fell.

Besides, punctuation errors in phrases with a coordinating connection arise not only when determining the correct punctuation mark. Sometimes there are complex sentences that lack both commas and dashes.

When punctuation marks are not used

Keep in mind that there are some cases where a comma is not required. For example, if two simple sentences in a complex sentence are connected by single conjunctions And, Yes, or, or and have some common element, then no punctuation is needed between them. As common element may act:

1. Common minor member (usually an object or adverbial): His parents have cows and pears growing on their farm.
2. General subordinate clause (in the event that subordination is used in a sentence along with an essay): While my brother was walking, my mother went to the store and my sister started baking a pie.
3. The general part of the sentence connected by a non-union connection (only when both parts of the SSP reveal the content of the phrase in more detail): The girl was overcome by despair: the last tram had left and the last bus had left.
4. General introductory word:As you know, our planet has the shape of a ball and the Moon revolves around it.

In addition to the indicated cases, a comma is not placed before connecting and disjunctive conjunctions if they are united by intonation:

How much time is left before the exams and when should you start preparing for them?- interrogative intonation.

Let it end old year and a new one will begin!- an incentive offer.

How charmingly an experienced musician plays and how amazingly fine-tuned his ear is!- both parts are united by an exclamation.

Punctuation is not required in denominative sentences (without a predicate), if the conjunction is not double:

Amazing beauty and a completely inexplicable sight.

However, this rule does not apply to titles of books, films, etc.:

Irony of Fate, or Enjoy Your Bath!

A comma is not needed in vaguely personal sentences, but only when the same performer of the action is implied:

Lunch was brought to the patients and then the dirty dishes were taken away.

It is not easy to remember all the listed rules and special cases. The easiest way to master the information received is to complete several tasks to consolidate the skill.

Examples of exercises

Task 1. Make diagrams for compound sentences from fiction(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Explain punctuation marks.

They wandered around the island for a long time without any success, but finally the pungent smell of chaff bread and sour sheepskin put them on the trail.

First you need to determine the subjects and predicates: they wandered And brought the smell. Thus, in sentence 2 grammar basics s, and they are connected to each other by a union But.

To draw up a BSC diagram, each part is indicated by square brackets, between which a coordinating conjunction is indicated: […], But […].

Punctuation marks are explained as follows: comma before the conjunction But separates 2 parts of the BSC; finally isolated on both sides, since this is an introductory word.

The generals looked at these peasant efforts, and their hearts played merrily.

It is necessary to highlight the grammatical basics: the generals were watching And hearts played. The connection between the parts of the sentence is ensured using a connecting conjunction And. The SSP scheme looks like: […], And […].

A single comma separates two simple parts of a complex sentence.

I wanted to give them a scolding, but they were frozen, clinging to him.

The first sentence in a complex sentence is incomplete: the subject is omitted, the predicate is omitted - wanted to give. The second sentence is ordinary, two-part; its grammatical basis is they are numb. Communication is made using an adversative conjunction But. The diagram looks like this: […], But […].

A comma before a conjunction divides a complex sentence into two parts; the second comma indicates the participial phrase.

The man now collected wild hemp, soaked it in water, beat it, crushed it - and by evening the rope was ready.

In the first part we observe homogeneous predicates - picked, soaked, beat, crushed, related to the subject man. The second part is not complicated at all: the rope was ready. The diagram looks like: […] - And […].

Commas are added because there are several homogeneous members. The dash is necessary because the second part of the phrase is a result of the first.

Task 2. Determine which of the sentences are complex.

(1) The sixth-graders left the school building in a friendly crowd and, looking at the carefree sunny sky, walked to the bus stop. (2) There was already a roomy bus there that was supposed to take them to Vyborg. (3) The guys were already completely ready for the trip, but the teacher had not arrived yet. (4) Either her trolleybus was delayed, or her naughty daughter did not want to let her go to another city for the whole day.

(5) An elderly driver got off the bus and looked thoughtfully at the slightly confused schoolchildren. (6) Not only the guys were looking forward to the excursion, but he himself dreamed of finally escaping from the cramped, stuffy city.

To find the BSC, you need to determine which phrases contain 2 or more grammatical stems. Sentences 2, 3, 4 and 6 fit this condition. Phrases numbered 1 and 5 are simple with homogeneous predicates.

SSP and SPP ( complex sentences) differ in methods of communication: in the SSP, coordinating conjunctions are used, in the SPP, subordinating conjunctions and allied words are used. Let us determine by what means the connection between simple parts is carried out. With the exception of sentence 2, where a conjunctive word was used which, all other phrases are connected using double ( either... or, not only... but also) and single coordinating conjunctions ( But). Therefore, phrases 3, 4 and 6 belong to the BSC.

Task 3. Complete parsing:

Began summer holidays, and we, of course, went to rest in the countryside.

Syntactic parsing is carried out in stages. In some cases, some steps are omitted (for example, determining the type of union); below is the most complete version of the analysis:

• Characterize it by the purpose of the statement and emotional coloring: narrative (does not contain a call to action or a question) and non-exclamatory.
• Determine the number of grammatical stems: holidays have started And we went on vacation. Therefore, the sentence is complex.
• The connection between the basics is ensured using a coordinating conjunction And. This means that the sentence is complex.
• Perform a separate analysis of the first simple sentence. Since it has both a subject and a predicate, it is two-part. The presence of a minor member (definitions summer) indicates prevalence. The proposal is not complicated in any way. The subject is expressed by a noun, the predicate by a verb, and the definition by an adjective.
• The second part is also two-part. It is spread by circumstance countryside. An introductory word acts as a complication Certainly. The subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, compound predicate- two verbs, one of which is in the infinitive form, adverbial - a noun.
• The diagram looks like: […], and […].

The syntactic analysis of any other sentence in which there is a coordinating connection is performed in a similar way.