* (Red and white stars (English).)
** (Between us (French).)
Note
Anniversary * For the first time - magazine. "Lef", M.-P, 1924, No. 2.
* (Notes to the poem "Anniversary" were compiled by V. Makarov.)
Written in connection with the 125th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin, celebrated in the country on June 6, 1924.
The surviving autograph of the poem bears the date “12/VII-1926.” apparently by the editor when preparing the text for the first publication.
IN recent years Throughout his life, Mayakovsky more than once returned to defending his position in relation to the classics, primarily to Pushkin, citing the poem “Anniversary” to confirm his thoughts.
I'm now free from love and from posters. - It's about about the severance of a love relationship with L. Yu. Brik (“free from love”) and about the cessation of Mayakovsky’s work on posters for Glavpolitprosvet (1922).
The bear's skin of jealousy lies clawed.- Here Mayakovsky returns to one of his metaphorical motifs of the poem “About This”: “Through the first grief, the senseless, ardent, brain of extortion, the beast scrapes,” etc.
“Koopsakh” - in this case the abbreviated name of the Sugar Industry Cooperation is given; its signs and advertising posters depicted a sugarloaf on a blue background with radiating different sides orange rays.
Red and While Stars (English) are transoceanic shipping companies. Back in 1924, Mayakovsky intended to go to America, but did not receive a visa.
...I need to be sure right now in the morning...- Mayakovsky paraphrases lines from Chapter VIII of “Eugene Onegin”: “I must be sure in the morning that I will see you in the afternoon.” Mayakovsky knew many of Pushkin's works by heart and often read them aloud. Georgian actress Nato Vachnadze, who visited the poet in 1926, recalls: “At the appointed time, I came to Vladimir Vladimirovich at the Lubyanka... On the table, near the ottoman, lay a volume of Pushkin. “So, everyone is angry with me for my poems without iambics, but I don’t fall asleep without Pushkin - this is my favorite book,” Mayakovsky told me” (“Mayakovsky in the memories of family and friends.” M., “Moscow Worker”, 1968).
They say - I am the subject of i-n-d-i-v-i-d-u-a-l-e-n!- Mayakovsky is referring to the facts of his literary biography related to the attitude of modern (including Lefov’s) criticism to the poem “About This.”
Between us... Nadson got involved.- Nadson. Semyon Yakovlevich (1862-1887) - Russian poet His poetry. especially in the last years of her life, she expressed disappointment, powerlessness, a feeling of hopeless melancholy that gripped wide layers of the petty-bourgeois intelligentsia in late XIX century, Proposing to send Nadson “somewhere in Shcha,” Mayakovsky emphasizes that in poetry, which does not carry creative power (despite the fact that in the initial period civil themes occupied a prominent place in Nadson’s work), one cannot see a continuation and development of the traditions of Pushkin and Nekrasov
Dorogoichenko, Alexey Yakovlevich (1894-1947) - Soviet writer who began his creative path ordinary verses.
Gerasimov, Mikhail Prokofievich (1889-1939), Kirillov, Vladimir Timofeevich (1890-1943) - poets of the literary group "Kuznitsa".
Rodov - see notes to the poem "I Protest!" (p. 380).
Well, what about Bezymensky?! So... nothing... carrot coffee.- Bezymensky A.I. (1898-1973) - Soviet poet. His poems of those years, revolutionary in content, were in some cases sluggish in form.
True, we have Aseev Kolka. This one can. His grip is mine. But you have to earn how much! Small but family.- Aseev (Stalbaum), Nikolai Nikolaevich (pseudonyms: Bul-Bul and, collective, Asgotret - from the first syllables of the surnames: Aseev N. N., Gorodetsky S. M., Tretyakov S. M.) * (1889-1963) - Soviet poet, one of the active participants in the magazine "Lef", a member of its editorial board. In his review of Aseev, Mayakovsky noted not only the positive side of his talent (“This one can”) - the main thing that, in Mayakovsky’s opinion, connected their friendship - but also drew attention to negative side Aseev’s creativity, which is what the second part of the description given to him is about (“But you have to earn how much!”). This implies the danger that Mayakovsky warned Aseev against: literary haste, insufficient polishing, and in some cases unclear civic position. Mayakovsky was characterized by a sense of great responsibility for the quality of Soviet poetry as a whole, and he expressed in his definition the thought expressed by K. Marx: “A writer, of course, must earn money in order to be able to exist and write, but in no case should he exist and write in order to earn money" (K. Marx and F. Engels. Soch., 2nd ed. M., State Publishing House of Political Literature, 1955, vol. 1, p. 76). Creative communication with V.V. Mayakovsky (since 1913) helped shape Aseev’s talent.
* (See I. F. Masanov. Dictionary of pseudonyms. Ed. All-Union Book Chamber, M., 1941 - 1949, vols. 1, 3 and M., 1956-1960, vols. 1, 4.)
Aseev, like Mayakovsky, accepted the Great October Socialist Revolution without hesitation, but his attitude towards it was not as clear and definite as Mayakovsky’s. Aseev understood that life was taking him in the “direction of the new,” but “this new was not yet a worldview.” “For me... it was rather a way out of the old, an opportunity, a premonition, something that was expressed in a short definition “it won’t get worse,” a definition that put many on the path of no return” (Aseev N. Diary of a Poet. Leningrad, 1929, page 41). "But just like acceptance October Revolution for Aseev did not mean her complete understanding, and his closeness to Mayakovsky could not in itself be a guarantee against possible creative mistakes. To be convinced of this, it is enough to compare such works as “About This” (1923) by V. Mayakovsky and “Lyrical Digression” (1924) by N. Aseev (V.P. Rakov. Mayakovsky and Soviet poetry of the 20s. M. , "Enlightenment", 1976, p. 164). Aseev’s poem “Lyrical Digression” primarily reflected the poet’s confusion in connection with the revival of the petty-bourgeois element during the NEP period.
Add all missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
You(1) Capulet(2) follow me,
And I'm waiting for you (3) Montagues (4) in Villafranca
On this matter during the day.
So (5) on pain of death - disperse!
(William Shakespeare)
Explanation (see also Rule below).
Let's give the correct spelling.
This time let the people disperse.
You, Capulet, follow me,
And I'm waiting for you Montagues, in Villafranca
On this matter during the day.
So, on pain of death - disperse!
Commas 1 and 2; 3 and 4 for calls; 5 for an introductory word.
Answer: 12345
Answer: 12345
Relevance: Current academic year
Difficulty: normal
Codifier section: Punctuation marks in sentences with words and constructions that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence
Rule: Task 18. Introductory words and appeal
Task 18 tests the ability to put punctuation marks on words that are grammatically unrelated to the sentence. These include introductory words (constructions, phrases, sentences), plug-in constructions and addresses
In the Unified State Exam 2016-2017, one part of tasks 18 will be presented in the form of a narrative sentence with introductory words
The dacha (1) can be (2) called the cradle from which for each of us the comprehension of the world began, initially limited to the garden, then to the huge street, then to the plots and (3) finally (4) to the entire country side.
The other part (judging by the demo version and the book by I.P. Tsybulko Standard Examination Materials 2017) will look like this:
Place punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
Listen (1)maybe (2)when we leave
Forever this world, where our souls are so cold,
Perhaps (3) in a country where they do not know deception,
You (4) will be an angel, I will become a demon!
Swear then to forget (5) dear (6)
For a former friend, all the happiness of heaven!
Let (7) the gloomy exile, condemned by fate,
It will be heaven for you, and you will be the universe for me!
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Let's look at the rules and concepts necessary to complete this type of task.
17.1 General concept of introductory words and the basic rule for highlighting them.
Introductory words are words (or phrases) that are not grammatically related to the sentence and introduce additional semantic nuances. For example: Obviously, communication with children develops many good qualities in a person; Fortunately, the secret remains a secret.
These meanings are conveyed not only by introductory words, but also introductory sentences. For example: Evening, do you remember, the blizzard was angry... (Pushkin).
The introductory units are adjacent to plug-in structures, which contain various additional comments, amendments and clarifications. Plug-in structures, like introductory ones, are not related to other words in the sentence. They abruptly break the sentence. For example: Foreign Literature Magazines (two) I ordered to be sent to Yalta ; Masha talked to him about Rossini (Rossini was just coming into fashion), about Mozart.
The main mistake of most writers is related to inaccurate knowledge of the list of introductory words. Therefore, first of all, you should learn which words can be introductory, which groups of introductory words can be highlighted, and which words are never introductory.
GROUPS OF INTRODUCTORY WORDS.
1. introductory words expressing the speaker’s feelings in connection with what was said: fortunately, unfortunately, unfortunately, to chagrin, to horror, unfortunately, what good...
2. introductory words expressing the speaker’s assessment of the degree of reliability of what he said: of course, undoubtedly, of course, indisputably, obviously, certainly, probably, perhaps, truly, perhaps, should be, it seems, in all likelihood, apparently, essentially, essentially, I think... This group of introductory words is the most numerous.
3. introductory words indicating the sequence of thoughts presented and their connection with each other: firstly, so, therefore, in general, means, by the way, further, however, finally, on the one hand… This group is also quite large and insidious.
4. introductory words indicating techniques and ways of forming thoughts: in a word, in other words, in other words, or rather, more precisely, so to speak...
5. introductory words indicating the source of the message: they say, in my opinion, according to..., according to rumors, according to information..., in opinion..., in my opinion, I remember...
6. introductory words representing the speaker’s address to the interlocutor: you see, you know, understand, forgive, please agree...
7. introductory words indicating an assessment of the measure of what is being said: at most, at least...
8. introductory words showing the degree of commonality of what was said: it happens, it happens, as usual...
9. introductory words expressing the expressiveness of the statement: All jokes aside, it’s funny to say, to be honest, between you and me...
17.1. 1 THE following words ARE NOT INTRODUCTORY WORDS and therefore are not set off with commas in the letter:
literally, as if, in addition, suddenly, after all, here, there, hardly, after all, ultimately, hardly, even, precisely, exclusively, as if, as if, just, meanwhile, almost, therefore, therefore, approximately, approximately, moreover, moreover, simply, decisively, as if... - this group includes particles and adverbs, which are most often mistakenly isolated as introductory ones.
by tradition, by advice..., by order..., by request..., by order..., by plan... - these combinations act as non-isolated (not separated by commas) members of the sentence:
On the advice of her older sister, she decided to enter Moscow State University.
By order of the doctor, the patient was put on a strict diet.
17.1. 2 Depending on the context, the same words can act either as introductory words or as members of a sentence.
MAYBE and COULD BE, MUST BE, IT SEEMED (SEEMED) act as introductory ones if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported:
Maybe, will I come tomorrow? Our teacher has been gone for two days; May be, he got sick. You, there must be, this is the first time you encounter such a phenomenon. I, Seems, I saw him somewhere.
The same words can appear as predicates:
What can meeting you bring me? How can a person be so unnecessary! It should be yours independent decision. This all seems very suspicious to me. Note: you can never remove its predicate from a sentence, but the introductory word can.
OBVIOUSLY, POSSIBLY, VISIBLY turn out to be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of the statement:
You, obviously, do you want to apologize for your actions? Next month I Maybe, I'm going to go on vacation. You, visible, do you want to tell us the whole truth?
These same words can be included in predicates:
It became obvious to everyone that we needed to look for another way to solve the problem. This became possible thanks to the coordinated actions of the fire brigade. The sun is not visible because of the clouds.
SURELY, TRUE, EXACTLY, NATURALLY turn out to be introductory when indicating the degree of reliability of what is being reported (in this case they are interchangeable or can be replaced with words of this group that are close in meaning) - You, probably (=must be), and you don’t understand how important it is to do it on time. You, right, is that same Sidorov? She, exactly, was a beauty. All these discussions naturally, so far only our assumptions.
These same words turn out to be members of the sentence (circumstances) - He translated the text correctly (= correctly, circumstance of the course of action). I don’t know for sure (=certainly, the circumstance of the course of action), but he had to do it to spite me. The student accurately (=correctly) solved the problem. This naturally (=naturally) led us to the only correct answer.
BTW is an introductory word if it indicates a connection of thoughts:
He's a good athlete. By the way, he studies well too.
This same word does not act as an introductory word in the meaning of “at the same time”:
I'll go for a walk, by the way, I'll buy some bread.
BY THE WAY it turns out to be an introductory word, indicating the connection of thoughts:
Her parents, friends and by the way, best friend against the trip.
This word can be used as a non-introductory word in the context:
He made a long speech, in which he among other things noted that he would soon become our boss.
FIRST OF ALL, as an introductory word, it indicates the connection of thoughts:
First of all(=firstly), is it necessary to raise such a sensitive topic at all?
The same word can act as an adverbial adverb of time (= first):
First of all, I want to say hello from your parents.
It must be said that in the same phrase “first of all” can be considered either introductory or not, depending on the will of the author.
REALLY, UNDOUBTEDLY, UNCONDITIONALLY, ACTUALLY will be introductory if they indicate the degree of reliability of what is being reported:
From this hill really(=exactly, in fact, without any doubt), the most best view. Undoubtedly(=really, really), your child is capable of music. He, undoubtedly, read this novel. - or to the method of forming thoughts - Here, actually, and the whole story.
The same words are not introductory if they appear in other meanings:
I really am what you imagined me to be (=in reality, in fact). He was undoubtedly a talented composer (= without a doubt, in fact). She is certainly right in offering us such a simple way to solve the problem (=very, quite right). I had nothing actually against the school, but I didn’t want to go to this one (=in general, exactly). The words “really” and “unconditionally,” depending on the intonation proposed by the speaker, can be either introductory or not in the same context.
AND, Then, she turned out to be a celebrity. Next, we will tell you about our conclusions. Thus(=so), our results do not at all contradict those obtained by other scientists. She's smart, beautiful and, finally, she is very kind to me. Well, in the end, what do you want from me? Typically, sentences containing the above words complete a series of enumerations; the words themselves have the meaning “and also.” In the context above, the words “firstly”, “secondly”, “on the one hand”, etc. may appear. “Thus” in the meaning of the introductory word turns out to be not only the completion of the enumeration, but also the conclusion.
The same words are not highlighted as introductory in the meanings: “in this way” = “in this way”:
In this way he was able to move the heavy cabinet.
Typically, time adverbials, such as “first,” are found in the previous context. "Later" = "then, after that":
And then he became a famous scientist.
“Finally” = “at the end, finally, after everything, as a result of everything”:
Finally, all matters were successfully completed. Usually in this meaning the particle “-that” can be added to the word “finally”, which cannot be done if “finally” is an introductory word. In the same meanings as indicated above for “finally”, the combination “in the end” is not introductory:
In the end (= as a result) an agreement was reached.
HOWEVER, it is introductory if it is in the middle or at the end of a sentence:
Rain, however, was already in its second week, despite weather forecasters’ forecasts. How cleverly I however!
"However" does not appear to be introductory at the beginning of a sentence or at the beginning of a clause complex sentence, when it acts as an adversative conjunction (=but): However, people did not want to believe in his good intentions. We didn't expect to meet, but we were lucky.
Please note that sometimes the word “however” can appear at the beginning of a sentence, but not serve as a conjunction: However, it's incredibly difficult.
GENERALLY is introductory in the sense of “generally speaking” when it indicates the way thoughts are formed:
His works at all, is of interest only to a narrow circle of specialists. In other meanings, the word “in general” is an adverb meaning “in general, completely, in all respects, under all conditions, always”:
Ostrovsky is for Russian theater what Pushkin is for literature in general. According to the new law, smoking in the workplace is generally prohibited.
In my opinion, in your opinion, in our opinion, in your opinion, they are introductory, indicating the source of the message:
Your child, in my opinion, caught a cold. This, in your opinion, proves something? The word “in his own way” is not introductory: He is right in his own way.
OF COURSE is most often introductory, indicating the degree of reliability of the statement:
We, Certainly, are ready to help you with everything.
Sometimes this word is not isolated if it is intonationally highlighted with a tone of confidence, conviction. In this case, the word “of course” is considered an intensifying particle: I certainly would have agreed if you had warned me in advance.
IN ANY CASE, it is more often introductory and used for evaluation:
I, anyway, I would not like to remember this. These words anyway, indicate the seriousness of his attitude to life.
In the meaning “always, under any circumstances” this combination is not introductory:
I anyway was supposed to meet him today and talk to him.
IN REALLY, more often than not, it is NOT introductory, speaking in the sense of “really” - Petya is really good at computers. I really have nothing to do with this. Less often, this phrase turns out to be introductory if it serves to express bewilderment, indignation - What are you, in fact, are you pretending to be a smart guy?
IN TURN it can be introductory when it indicates a connection of thoughts or a way of forming a thought:
Among the many contemporary writers, Vladimir Sorokin is of interest, and among his books, in turn, we can especially highlight “Novel”. Having asked me to help him with his work, he in turn, also did not mess around. The same phrase can be non-introductory in the meaning “in response”, “for one’s part” (= when it’s the turn) - Masha, in turn, talked about how she spent the summer.
MEANS is introductory if it can be replaced by the words “therefore”, “therefore”:
The message is complex Means, it must be submitted today. The rain has already stopped Means, we can go for a walk. If she fights us so hard, Means, she feels she is right.
This word may turn out to be a predicate, close in meaning to “means”:
The dog means more to him than his wife. When you are truly friends with a person, it means that you trust him in everything. “So” can appear between the subject and the predicate, especially when they are expressed by infinitives. In this case, a dash is placed before “means”:
To be offended means to admit that you are weak. To be friends means to trust your friend.
ON THE CONTRARY, it is introductory if it indicates a connection of thoughts:
He didn't want to offend her, but vice versa, tried to ask her for forgiveness. Instead of playing sports, she vice versa, sits at home all day.
The combination “and vice versa”, which can act as a homogeneous member of a sentence, is not an introductory combination; it is used as a word that replaces a whole sentence or part of it:
In spring, girls change: brunettes become blondes and vice versa (i.e. blondes become brunettes). The more you do, the more high marks you get, and vice versa (i.e. if you study little, the grades will be bad; the comma before “and” ends up at the end of part of the sentence - it turns out like a complex sentence, where “on the contrary” replaces its second part). I know that he will fulfill my request and vice versa (i.e. I will fulfill it, there is no comma before “and”, since “on the contrary” replaces a homogeneous subordinate clause).
AT LEAST is introductory if evaluation matters:
Misha, at least, knows how to behave, and does not pick his teeth with a fork.
This phrase can be used in the meaning “no less than”, “at least”, then it is not isolated:
At least she will know that her father did not live his life in vain. At least five from the class must take part in cross-country skiing.
FROM VIEWPOINT is introductory meaning “in opinion”:
From my grandmother's point of view, a girl shouldn't wear trousers. Her answer from the examiners' point of view, worthy of the highest praise.
The same phrase can have the meaning “in relation to” and then it is not introductory:
The work is going according to plan in terms of timing. If we evaluate the behavior of some heroes literary works from the point of view of modern morality, it should be considered immoral.
IN PARTICULAR, it stands out as an introductory one if it indicates the connection of thoughts in the statement: She is interested in in particular, the question of the contribution of this scientist to the development of the theory of relativity. The company takes an active part in charitable activities and, in particular, helps orphanage № 187.
If the combination IN PARTICULAR happens to be at the beginning or end of the connecting structure, then it is not separated from this structure (this will be discussed in more detail in the next section):
I love books about animals, particularly dogs. My friends, in particular Masha and Vadim, vacationed in Spain this summer. The specified combination is not distinguished as an introductory one if it is connected by the conjunction “and” with the word “in general”:
The conversation turned to politics in general and, in particular, to the latest government decisions.
It is MAINLY introductory when it serves to evaluate a fact and highlight it in a statement: The textbook should be rewritten and, mainly, add such chapters to it... The room was used on special occasions and, mainly, for organizing ceremonial dinners.
This combination may be part of a connecting structure; in this case, if it appears at its beginning or end, it is not separated from the structure itself by a comma:
Many Russian people mainly representatives of the intelligentsia did not believe the government's promises.
In the meaning of “first of all”, “most of all” this combination is not introductory and is not isolated:
He was afraid of writing mainly because of his illiteracy. What I like about him mainly is his attitude towards his parents.
FOR EXAMPLE, it will always be introductory, but it is formatted differently. It can be separated by commas on both sides:
Pavel Petrovich is an extremely attentive person to his appearance, For example, he takes good care of his nails. If “for example” appears at the beginning or at the end of an already isolated member, then it is not separated from this phrase by a comma:
In many big cities, For example in Moscow, an unfavorable environmental situation is developing. Some works of Russian writers, For example"Eugene Onegin" or "War and Peace" served as the basis for the creation feature films not only in Russia, but also in other countries. In addition, after “for example” there can be a colon if “for example” comes after a generalizing word before a series of homogeneous members:
Some fruits can cause allergies, For example: oranges, tangerines, pineapple, red berries.
17.1.3 There are special cases of placing punctuation marks with introductory words.
To highlight introductory words and sentences, not only commas, but also dashes, as well as combinations of dashes and commas can be used.
These cases are not included in the course high school and are not used in Unified State Examination tasks. But some phrases that are often used need to be remembered. Here are examples from Rosenthal's Punctuation Handbook.
So, if the introductory combination forms an incomplete construction (a word is missing that is restored from the context), then it is highlighted with a comma and a dash: Makarenko repeatedly emphasized that pedagogy is based On the one side, on unlimited trust in a person, and on the other hand- high demands placed on him; Chichikov ordered to stop for two reasons: On the one side to give the horses a rest, on the other hand- to relax and refresh yourself(comma before subordinate clause“absorbed” by the dash); On the one side, it was important to make an urgent decision, but caution was required - on the other hand.
17.2 General concept of circulation and the basic rule for its isolation.
First included in Unified State Exam assignments in 2016-2017. Students will have to look for appeals in poetic works, which makes the task much more difficult.
Addresses are words that name the person to whom the speech is addressed. The address has the form of the nominative case and is pronounced with a special intonation: Tatiana, dear Tatiana! With you now I'm shedding tears. Appeals are usually expressed by animate nouns, as well as adjectives and participles in the meaning of nouns. For example: Take advantage of life living . In artistic speech, inanimate nouns can also be addresses. For example: Make noise, make noise, obedient sail ; Don't make noise rye, ripe ear.
Personal pronouns You And You, as a rule, act not as a reference, and as the subject: Sorry, peaceful valleys and you, familiar mountain peaks and you, familiar forests!
17.1.2. There are also more complex rules for highlighting requests.
1. If the address at the beginning of the sentence is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation mark is placed after it (the word following the address is written with capital letter): Old man! Forget about the past; Young native of Naples! What did you leave on the field in Russia?
2. If the address is at the end of a sentence, then a comma is placed before it, and after it - the punctuation mark required by the content and intonation of the sentence: Think about it master of culture; Hello to you, people of peaceful labor!; Are you here, cute?; You're a pig brother…
3.Repeated requests are separated by a comma or exclamation point: The steppe is wide, the steppe is deserted, why are you looking so gloomy?; Hello, wind, threatening wind, tailwind world history! ; Vaska! Vaska! Vaska! Great!
4. Homogeneous addresses connected by a union And or Yes, are not separated by commas: Sing, people, cities and rivers! Sing, mountains, steppes and fields!; Hello, sunshine and a cheerful morning!
5. If there are several addresses to one person located in different places in the sentence, each of them is separated by commas: Ivan Ilyich, give orders, brother, about snacks; ...I because Thomas, isn't it better, Brother, break up?
6. If a common address is “broken” by other words - members of the sentence, then each part of the address is separated by commas general rule: Tighter, horse, hit, hoof, minting a step! ; For blood and tears, thirsty for retribution, we see you, forty-first year.
Job source: Solution 4352. Unified State Exam 2017. Russian language. I.P. Tsybulko. 36 options.
Task 17. Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s).
started gossip
delight the soul with it.
Alexander Sergeich (1)
(5) really (6) sorry,
what's today
you are no longer alive.
(V.V. Mayakovsky)
Solution.
In this task you need to use commas to highlight introductory words or references.
1. Find words in the text that answer the question “who, what?” If such a word is not the subject of a sentence, it is an address. Separate with commas.
started gossip
delight the soul with it.
Alexander Sergeich (1)
don't listen. (2) you (3) them!
2. Find introductory words in the text.
(5) really (6) sorry,
what's today
you are no longer alive.
Maybe is an introductory word that indicates the degree of probability. Indeed, in the middle of the sentence it is an adverb and is not separated by commas; it is an adverb.
3. We write down the numbers where commas should appear in the sentence.
